This talk will describe an experimental research demonstrating the benefit of including numeric uncertainty information in weather forecasts intended for non-experts. Our results suggest that numeric uncertainty estimates (e.g. 30% chance) allow users to better differentiate situations that do and do not require precautionary action while also increasing understanding and trust in the forecast. People appear to understand that all forecasts involve uncertainty and find forecasts that acknowledge it explicitly more plausible. Moreover, these benefits are not dependent on higher education or special abilities—they extend to a broad range of users. However, this work also suggests that it is important to present numeric uncertainty estimates in a manner that is compatible with the way in which people process information and with their decision goal.
","","","",0,0,"Experimental research demonstrating the benefit of including numeric uncertainty information in weather forecasts intended for non-experts suggests that numeric uncertainty estimates (e.g. 30% chance) allow users to better differentiate situations that do and do not require precautionary action while also increasing understanding and trust in the forecast.","2021-06-18T00:00:00","ac04f20b1d8a54db334115e03ab259473fb23b25"], [15547,"The Influence of Media Attention and Equity Incentives on Corporate Tax Avoidance in the Information Age","Jin-yu Tian","In today's information age, media attention has had a profound impact on the governance of capital markets. As a medium of information technology, it plays the role of corporate external governance to a certain extent. This article uses the 2014-2019 A-share listed companies as a research sample, and examines the impact of media attention and the incentives of listed companies' executives on corporate tax avoidance. An empirical study found that the higher the degree of media attention of listed companies, the lower the degree of corporate tax avoidance; the stronger the level of equity incentives for listed company executives, the stronger the degree of corporate tax avoidance. The research in this article has enriched the media's attention to relevant literature that affects corporate tax avoidance, provides empirical data for corporate tax avoidance theory, and at the same time introduces executive equity incentive variables, expands the research on the factors that affect corporate tax avoidance, helps companies conduct governance more effectively, and provides construction Sexual opinion.","Proceedings of the 2021 1st International Conference on Control and Intelligent Robotics","","International Conference on Control and Intelligent Robotics",10,0,"The research in this article has enriched the media's attention to relevant literature that affects corporate tax avoidance, provides empirical data for Corporate tax avoidance theory, and at the same time introduces executive equity incentive variables that helps companies conduct governance more effectively.","2021-06-18T00:00:00","ab5894abc0dfc481ed5668efd2bdc034372a12e2"], [15548,"Source discernment the root of all information literacy?","Marijke Unger, Maja Svanberg, Miritt Zisser","Is source discernment at the root of all information literacy? In todays media landscape, finding information is easy. Finding information that is scientifically correct and trustworthy is much more difficult. An added problem for students today is that all this available information come in similar formats. When all information is presented as a pdf on your screen, how do you know what you re reading? How is a first year student with no previous academic experience really supposed to discern between a scholarly article, a book chapter, a conference article, a white paper, a popular science article, a scientific report and a doctoral thesis? And yet the ability to do so is fundamental for the information evaluation process. If you are not sure what you are reading, how can you evaluate the quality of the information? To ease our studentsway into academic writing we now start our information literacy teaching with identifying different sources of information. Reference writing and information searching are then taught from this angle. Student assignments and feedback from teachers show that this seems to improve the quality of the sources the students use in their work as well as their ability to write correct references. We would like to discuss this with colleagues from other universities with similar or other experiences. The questions we would like to focus on are: How a first year student with no previous academic experience is really supposed to discern between different types of scholarly and non-scholarly information materials and how we as library instructors can help our students with this? What are the experience of other librarians and are there any good examples of strategies or classroom exercises?","Septentrio Conference Series","","Septentrio Conference Series",0,0,"","2021-06-18T00:00:00","6053b715621cab7d9dd4199ad5801b22bb656ec1"], [15549,"Information in the pursuit of social reform","L. McDonald","","Information and the History of Philosophy","","Information and the History of Philosophy",1,0,"","2021-06-18T00:00:00","697d671bd9b2f88b80898bf3f53b8bfea9c3d8b1"], [15550,"The racialization of information","Reiland Rabaka","","Information and the History of Philosophy","","Information and the History of Philosophy",0,0,"","2021-06-18T00:00:00","31506db85eeb949f4aca24aa36e6a11db081f4ac"], [15551,"Deepfakes, Privacy, and Freedom of Speech","Christa J. Laser, E. Goldman","Inauthentic media depictions can harm a persons privacy and reputation and pose a risk to broader society, as well. Deepfake technology allows the creation of a type of inauthentic media using deep machine learning techniques, using a computer to quickly swap or simulate faces, voices, and movements. \n \nIn a blog post on the YourWitness Blog (yourwitness.csulaw.org), Professor Christa Laser argues that Notice and Takedown procedures available in copyright law can be expanded to protect persons from deepfakes. Professor Eric Goldman thinks that such a reform would inhibit the dissemination of truthful information.","SSRN Electronic Journal","","Social Science Research Network",0,0,"In a blog post on the YourWitness Blog, Professor Christa Laser argues that Notice and Takedown procedures available in copyright law can be expanded to protect persons from deepfakes.","2021-06-18T00:00:00","24b13062eeefdc7c0bc5b9e8bcfe11a3a0ef89fb"], [15552,"The six faces of ignorance in online piracy: How not knowing shapes the practices of media consumption","T. Karger, Iveta Jansov","Abstract The aim of this study is to explore the interrelation between online piracy and ignorance. It brings together literature on both piracy and ignorance and theorizes the role that ignorance plays in media consumption. The empirical analysis first demonstrates how ignorance is used by the members of the Czech Pirate Party to avoid liability for operating a website that streams copyright content. Then, it draws upon interviews with the members of convergent audiences to account for six dimensions of ignorance that are employed by users at the end of the media distribution chain. An argument is made that the concept of ignorance accounts for a set of seemingly paradoxical findings, providing a single frame of reference within which they might be explained. Finally, a perspective is put forth that invites the study of ignorance outside of formal organizations and questions the prevailing association of strategic ignorance with established positions of power.","Economy and Society","","Economy and Society",47,0,"","2021-06-18T00:00:00","d7f1736f58ae993774b30a5e6f67e1e560542ed7"], [15553,"A deep-learning-based image forgery detection framework for controlling the spread of misinformation","Ambica Ghai, P. Kumar, Samrat Gupta","PurposeWeb users rely heavily on online content make decisions without assessing the veracity of the content. The online content comprising text, image, video or audio may be tampered with to influence public opinion. Since the consumers of online information (misinformation) tend to trust the content when the image(s) supplement the text, image manipulation software is increasingly being used to forge the images. To address the crucial problem of image manipulation, this study focusses on developing a deep-learning-based image forgery detection framework.Design/methodology/approachThe proposed deep-learning-based framework aims to detect images forged using copy-move and splicing techniques. The image transformation technique aids the identification of relevant features for the network to train effectively. After that, the pre-trained customized convolutional neural network is used to train on the public benchmark datasets, and the performance is evaluated on the test dataset using various parameters.FindingsThe comparative analysis of image transformation techniques and experiments conducted on benchmark datasets from a variety of socio-cultural domains establishes the effectiveness and viability of the proposed framework. These findings affirm the potential applicability of proposed framework in real-time image forgery detection.Research limitations/implicationsThis study bears implications for several important aspects of research on image forgery detection. First this research adds to recent discussion on feature extraction and learning for image forgery detection. While prior research on image forgery detection, hand-crafted the features, the proposed solution contributes to stream of literature that automatically learns the features and classify the images. Second, this research contributes to ongoing effort in curtailing the spread of misinformation using images. The extant literature on spread of misinformation has prominently focussed on textual data shared over social media platforms. The study addresses the call for greater emphasis on the development of robust image transformation techniques.Practical implicationsThis study carries important practical implications for various domains such as forensic sciences, media and journalism where image data is increasingly being used to make inferences. The integration of image forgery detection tools can be helpful in determining the credibility of the article or post before it is shared over the Internet. The content shared over the Internet by the users has become an important component of news reporting. The framework proposed in this paper can be further extended and trained on more annotated real-world data so as to function as a tool for fact-checkers.Social implicationsIn the current scenario wherein most of the image forgery detection studies attempt to assess whether the image is real or forged in an offline mode, it is crucial to identify any trending or potential forged image as early as possible. By learning from historical data, the proposed framework can aid in early prediction of forged images to detect the newly emerging forged images even before they occur. In summary, the proposed framework has a potential to mitigate physical spreading and psychological impact of forged images on social media.Originality/valueThis study focusses on copy-move and splicing techniques while integrating transfer learning concepts to classify forged images with high accuracy. The synergistic use of hitherto little explored image transformation techniques and customized convolutional neural network helps design a robust image forgery detection framework. Experiments and findings establish that the proposed framework accurately classifies forged images, thus mitigating the negative socio-cultural spread of misinformation.","Information Technology & People","","",109,9,"The synergistic use of hitherto little explored image transformation techniques and customized convolutional neural network helps design a robust image forgery detection framework that accurately classifies forged images, thus mitigating the negative socio-cultural spread of misinformation.","2021-06-17T00:00:00","cfbf703ffef0ea2170a1b3135832676f5cc154f0"], [15554,"Text Analysis Methods for Misinformation-Related Research on Finnish Language Twitter","J. Jussila, A. Suominen, Atte Partanen, Tapani Honkanen","The dissemination of disinformation and fabricated content on social media is growing. Yet little is known of what the functional Twitter data analysis methods are for languages (such as Finnish) that include word formation with endings and word stems together with derivation and compounding. Furthermore, there is a need to understand which themes linked with misinformationand the concepts related to itmanifest in different countries and language areas in Twitter discourse. To address this issue, this study explores misinformation and its related concepts: disinformation, fake news, and propaganda in Finnish language tweets. We utilized (1) word cloud clustering, (2) topic modeling, and (3) word count analysis and clustering to detect and analyze misinformation-related concepts and themes connected to those concepts in Finnish language Twitter discussions. Our results are two-fold: (1) those concerning the functional data analysis methods and (2) those about the themes connected in discourse to the misinformation-related concepts. We noticed that each utilized method individually has critical limitations, especially all the automated analysis methods processing for the Finnish language, yet when combined they bring value to the analysis. Moreover, we discovered that politics, both internal and external, are prominent in the Twitter discussions in connection with misinformation and its related concepts of disinformation, fake news, and propaganda.","Future Internet","","Future Internet",47,7,"This study utilized word cloud clustering, topic modeling, and word count analysis and clustering to detect and analyze misinformation-related concepts and themes connected to those concepts in Finnish language Twitter discussions and discovered that politics, both internal and external, are prominent in the Twitter discussions in connection with misinformation.","2021-06-17T00:00:00","3dd59ff522c956302dbb9f7f5a7b1a34be347e00"], [15555,"Investigating Misinformation Dissemination on Social Media in Pakistan","D.W.G. Haroon, Hammad Arif, Ahmed Abdullah Tariq, Fareeda Nawaz, I. Qazi, M. Mustafa","Fake news and misinformation are one of the most significant challenges brought about by advances in communication technologies. We chose to research the spread of fake news in Pakistan because of some unfortunate incidents that took place during 2020. These included the downplaying of the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic, and protests by right-wing political movements. We observed that fake news and misinformation contributed significantly to these events and especially affected low-literate and low-income populations. We conducted a cross-platform comparison of misinformation on WhatsApp, Twitter and YouTube with a primary focus on messages shared in public WhatsApp groups, and analysed the characteristics of misinformation, techniques used to make is believable, and how users respond to it. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to compare misinformation on all three platforms in Pakistan. Data collected over a span of eight months helped us identify fake news and misinformation related to politics, religion and health, among other categories. Common elements which were used by fake news creators in Pakistan to make false content seem believable included: appeals to emotion, conspiracy theories, political and religious polarization, incorrect facts and impersonation of credible sources.","ArXiv","","arXiv.org",30,0,"A cross-platform comparison of misinformation on WhatsApp, Twitter and YouTube with a primary focus on messages shared in public WhatsApp groups is conducted, and the characteristics of misinformation, techniques used to make is believable, and how users respond to it are analysed.","2021-06-17T00:00:00","3a006ba9b60cad6529ffcc2068558bf9e5949306"], [15556,"Countering Public Misinformation","Maxime Lepoutre","This chapter examines how we should counteract the dangers posed by misinformation (such as fake news and conspiracy theories) in public discourse. Legal norms suppressing misinformation are an even less promising response here than with hate speech. Yet speech-based responses also face grave difficulties: the damage wrought by misinformation is often sticky, or difficult to reverse. The chapter offers two recommendations for counterspeech that targets misinformation. The first draws on the negative/positive distinction introduced in Chapter 3: unlike negative counterspeech, positive counterspeech can rebut misinformation without triggering the properties that render it sticky. This insight casts doubt on the popular practice of online fact-checking. Second, the chapter recommends adopting a diachronic conception of counterspeech: verbally responding to misinformation should be a continuous process, which pre-empts as well as follows misinformation. Only if it takes this diachronic form can counterspeech keep the most resilient types of misinformation, like conspiracy theories, from taking root.","Democratic Speech in Divided Times","","Democratic Speech in Divided Times",0,0,"","2021-06-17T00:00:00","dc0061f92bab5ac2a0605372dc9a5733ab3f682c"], [15557,"Disinformation, Stochastic Harm, and Costly Filtering: A Principal-Agent Analysis of Regulating Social Media Platforms","Shehroz S. Khan, J. R. Wright","The spread of disinformation on social platforms is harmful to society. This harm may manifest as a gradual degradation of public discourse; but it can also take the form of sudden dramatic events such as the 2021 insurrection on Capitol Hill. The platforms themselves are in the best position to prevent the spread of disinformation, as they have the best access to relevant data and the expertise to use it. However, mitigating disinformation is costly, not only for implementing detection algorithms or employing manual effort, but also because limiting such highly viral content impacts user engagement and potential advertising revenue. Since the costs of harmful content are borne by other entities, the platform will therefore have no incentive to exercise the socially-optimal level of effort. This problem is similar to that of environmental regulation, in which the costs of adverse events are not directly borne by a firm, the mitigation effort of a firm is not observable, and the causal link between a harmful consequence and a specific failure is difficult to prove. For environmental regulation, one solution is to perform costly monitoring to ensure that the firm takes adequate precautions according to a specified rule. However, a fixed rule for classifying disinformation becomes less effective over time, as bad actors can learn to sequentially and strategically bypass it. Encoding our domain as a Markov decision process, we demonstrate that no penalty based on a static rule, no matter how large, can incentivize optimal effort. Penalties based on an adaptive rule can incentivize optimal effort, but counter-intuitively, only if the regulator sufficiently overreacts to harmful events by requiring a greater-than-optimal level of effort. We offer novel insights for the effective regulation of social platforms, highlight inherent challenges, and discuss promising avenues for future work.","ArXiv","","arXiv.org",45,1,"Encoding the domain as a Markov decision process, it is demonstrated that no penalty based on a static rule, no matter how large, can incentivize optimal effort, but counter-intuitively, only if the regulator sufficiently overreacts to harmful events by requiring a greater-than-optimal level of effort.","2021-06-17T00:00:00","e5b5b8fafbd198c9d2615c76c308389c65c42589"], [15558,"9 - The Danger of ADOS: How Disinformation Campaigns Threaten Reparations and Pan-African Movements through Digital Media","Jessica Ann Mitchell Aiwuyor","Abstract","CODESRIA Bulletin","","Codesria Bulletin",56,0,"","2021-06-17T00:00:00","5eb89843004f713da5f7645777c3362be552a19d"], [15559,"Falling for fake news: the role of political bias and cognitive ability","Edson C. Tandoc, J. Lee, M. Chew, Fan Xi Tan, Z. Goh","ABSTRACT Through a nationally representative survey involving 855 social media users in Singapore, this study proposes and tests a framework to explain why people believe in fake news. Guided by work on dual process models that theorize that individuals engage in either thorough or automatic processing, this study finds that both cognitive ability and political bias predict the extent to which individuals fall for fake news. While both exert direct effects on the extent to which individuals believe in fake news, they also exert indirect effects through how they lead individuals to different news consumption patterns.","Asian Journal of Communication","","Asian Journal of Communication",71,13,"","2021-06-17T00:00:00","a6a39c6e3c7f03acf0cb54c41c340ec6caa567b8"], [15560,"Prevalence and Propagation of Fake News","Banafsheh Behzad, Bhavana Bheem, D. Elizondo, Deyana Marsh, Susan E. Martonosi","ABSTRACT In recent years, scholars have raised concerns on the effects that unreliable news, or fake news, has on our political sphere, and our democracy as a whole. For example, the propagation of fake news on social media is widely believed to have influenced the outcome of national elections, including the 2016U.S. Presidential Election, and the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. What drives the propagation of fake news on an individual level, and which interventions could effectively reduce the propagation rate? Our model disentangles bias from truthfulness of an article and examines the relationship between these two parameters and a readers own beliefs. Using the model, we create policy recommendations for both social media platforms and individual social media users to reduce the spread of untruthful or highly biased news. We recommend that platforms sponsor unbiased truthful news, focus fact-checking efforts on mild to moderately biased news, recommend friend suggestions across the political spectrum, and provide users with reports about the political alignment of their feed. We recommend that individual social media users fact check news that strongly aligns with their political belief and read articles of opposing political bias. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.","Statistics and Public Policy","","Statistics and Public Policy",45,1,"The model disentangles bias from truthfulness of an article and examines the relationship between these two parameters and a reader's own beliefs to create policy recommendations to reduce the spread of untruthful or highly biased news.","2021-06-17T00:00:00","cf029aba5401951c0b50ed8632ed914b186acfc4"], [15561,"Is the Age of Impartial Journalism Over? The Neutrality Principle and Audience (Dis)trust in Mainstream News","Markus Ojala","ABSTRACT This exploratory study addresses the relationship between audience trust in the news media and the ideal of neutrality in journalism. It starts from the premise that, at a time when national conservatism is on the rise as a political movement in Western societies, journalism is less and less recognised as a neutral actor in politics. Therefore, efforts to present itself as such may be damaging journalisms credibility and trustworthiness among its publics. The article examines this premise on the basis of a representative survey of Finnish media audiences and three focus group interviews, asking how Finns expressed trust or distrust of the mainstream news media is connected to their perceptions about journalisms neutrality and impartialityor lack thereofin political debate. The findings indicate that while the large majority of Finnish audiences express trust in the mainstream news media, they are divided when it comes to their level of confidence in journalisms neutrality. Moreover, both trust and perceptions of neutrality are strongly associated with audiences political outlook. We conclude that audience distrust of the media mainly reflects the difficulties that mainstream journalism faces in giving an equal voice to all political groups and views at a time of heightened ideological contestation.","Journalism Studies","","Journalism Studies",69,11,"","2021-06-17T00:00:00","cef25f4b5adef9c23fb54f5fea0eaf180ab626d1"], [15562,"Policy liberalism and source of news predict pandemic-related health behaviors and trust in the scientific community","Madeleine Reinhardt, Matthew B. Findley, Renee A Countryman","In March of 2020, the United States was confronted with a major public health crisis caused by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). This study aimed to identify what factors influence adherence to recently implemented public health measures such as mask-wearing and social distancing, trust of scientific organizations like the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) on information pertaining to the pandemic, and level of perceived risk. Data were collected from June 30, 2020 to July 22, 2020 on 951 adult residents of the United States using an online survey through Microsoft Forms. Multiple linear regression was used to identify the strongest predictors for compliance to pandemic-related health measures, trust in the scientific community, and perceived risk. Results showed that the strongest predictor of all variables of interest was degree of policy liberalism. Additionally, participants who consumed more conservative news media conformed less to the pandemic health guidelines and had less trust in the scientific community. Degree of policy liberalism was found to have a significant moderating effect on the relationship between gender and conformity to pandemic-related health behaviors. These findings have concerning implications that factors like degree of policy liberalism and source of news are more influential in predicting adherence to life-saving health measures than established risk factors like pre-existing health conditions.","PLoS ONE","","PLoS ONE",58,4,"Degree of policy liberalism was found to have a significant moderating effect on the relationship between gender and conformity to pandemic-related health behaviors, which has concerning implications that factors like degree of policy liberals and source of news are more influential in predicting adherence to life-saving health measures than established risk factors like pre-existing health conditions.","2021-06-17T00:00:00","e6f406aecf963b8480c6c8c09f6c51268f786478"], [15563,"Same Scandal, Different Standards: The Effect of Partisanship on Expectations of News Reports about Whistleblowers","Megan Duncan, Mallory R. Perryman, Brittany Shaughnessy","ABSTRACT This experiment (N = 591) tests whether audiences adjust their standards for what qualifies as fair journalism based the transparency of news editors, the source of the news, and the target of an accusation. In the context of a whistleblower scandal, the results suggest the relationship between the audience members ideology and the news story publisher and target influence what details the audience thinks journalists should reveal. Additionally, we find transparency from editors can alter those perceptions.","Mass Communication and Society","","Mass Communication & Society",49,0,"","2021-06-17T00:00:00","8e84ee9e27629a559de775191bf9d751d4bea28a"], [15564,"GOVERNMENT COMMUNICATION AND INTERNET RESPONSES: PROFILE OF PRIME MINISTER KRIJNIS KARI IN SELECTED DIGITAL MEDIA USERS COMMENTS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC","Vineta Kleinberga","Perceptions play a pivotal role in assessment of efficiency of government communication. Informed by the strategic narrative conceptual framework this study looks at perception of government communication in Internet comments during three essential dates in conquering the COVID-19 pandemic in Latvia: introduction of emergency situations on March 12 and November 6, 2020, and introduction of a curfew on December 29, 2020. The study uncovers how often and how the main spokesperson in government communication the Prime Minister of Latvia Krijnis Kari is framed in comments of three online news media in Latvia (Apollo, Delfi, Tvnet) in Latvian and Russian. Using a digital tool for online comments analysis - the Index of Internet Aggressiveness (IIA), a data set is created of 244 comments, containing a key word Kari in various cases in Latvian and Russian. Qualitative content analysis is applied to extract and to compare the frequency of appearance and the framing of Kari over the course of the pandemic in Latvia. The findings reveal that Kari appears in comments significantly more after news in Latvian than in Russian, and has been commented five times more in Delfi than in Tvnet and Apollo together. The comments in Latvian are more aggressive than in Russian, and their emotional tone increases towards the end of 2020. In majority of comments the framing is negative involving attributes of irresponsibility, superficiality, indecisiveness and danger; yet positively framed rigidity and decisiveness of Kari can be observed too.IIA is an online comment analysis tool, incorporating a machine learning program, which analyses users comments on news on online news sites according to pre-selected keywords to grasp the commenters verbal aggressiveness. In March 2021 the IIA data set consists of ~25.08 million comments; ~ 616.62 million word usage in written commenting and ~ 1357.40 thousand news.","ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. RESOURCES. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference","","ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. RESOURCES. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference",17,0,"The study uncovers how often and how the main spokesperson in government communication the Prime Minister of Latvia Krijnis Kari is framed in comments of three online news media in Latvia (Apollo, Delfi, Tvnet) in Latvian and Russian.","2021-06-17T00:00:00","f701774210ca676905bbec961e6466574a057811"], [15565,"Unintended consequences and lessons learned","C. Wexler, M. Boyle, Matthew Shaffer, M. Cooper","collected and analyzed the federal campaign finance and lobbying data for this report from records compiled by the Federal Election Commission and Secretary of the Senate, respectively. Mark Cooper, director of research for the Consumer Federation of America, was an invaluable guide and resource for this report. Established by Common Cause in February 2000 as a separately chartered (501)(c) (3) organization, the Common Cause Education Fund (CCEF) seeks to promote open, honest and accountable government through research, public education and innovative programs. This study tells the story of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 and its aftermath. In many ways, the Telecom Act failed to serve the public and did not deliver on its promise of more competition, more diversity, lower prices, more jobs and a booming economy. Instead, the public got more media concentration, less diversity, and higher prices. Over 10 years, the legislation was supposed to save consumers $550 billion, including $333 billion in lower long-distance rates, $32 billion in lower local phone rates, and $78 billion in lower cable bills. But cable rates have surged by about 50 percent, and local phone rates went up more than 20 percent. Industries supporting the new legislation predicted it would add 1.5 million jobs and boost the economy by $2 trillion. By 2003, however, telecommunications' companies' market value had fallen by about $2 trillion, and they had shed half a million jobs. And study after study has documented that profit-driven media conglomerates are investing less in news and information, and that local news in particular is failing to provide viewers with the information they need to participate in their democracy Why did this happen? In some cases, industries agreed to the terms of the Act and then went to court to block them. By leaving regulatory discretion to the Federal Communications Commission, the Act gave the FCC the power to issue rules that often sabotaged the intent of Congress. Control of the House passed from Democrats to Republicans, more sympathetic to corporate arguments for deregulation. And while corporate special interests all had a seat at the table when this bill was being negotiated, the public did not. Nor were average citizens even aware of this legislation's great impact on how they got their entertainment and information, and whether it would foster or discourage diversity of viewpoints and a marketplace of ideas, crucial to democratic discourse. Now, as Congress once again takes ","Adapting Curriculum to Bridge Equity Gaps","","Adapting Curriculum to Bridge Equity Gaps",80,0,"","2021-06-17T00:00:00","be5bd99381c9998943cf9c7e5c1a32c59d227037"], [15566,"Government Environmental Information Disclosure and Environmental Performance: Evidence from China","Xiaoyang Zhu, Yunli Zhu, X. Meng","Government environmental information disclosure (GEID) is a key policy instrument in environmental governance. Local governments in China are improving the disclosure level of environmental information, but does the environmental information disclosed by local governments reflect the existing state of the local ecological environment? This paper analyzes the correlation between GEID and environmental performance and verifies whether or not the environmental information disclosed by local governments can reflect actual local ecological environment conditions. Based on data from Chinese cities, this paper adopts a multiple regression method, and the results show that the environmental information disclosed by governments can reflect the local environmental performance as a whole, and the higher the level of GEID, the better the local environmental performance; but the relationship between the two has significant regional differences. In eastern China, the higher the level of GEID, the better the local environmental performance. In central and western China, the correlation between GEID and environmental performance is not significant. In addition, it should be noted that the correlation between the level of GEID and the emission intensity of water pollutants is not significant in all regions. This study contributes to further clarifying the effectiveness of GEID policy and identifying a breakthrough for the optimization of environmental policies faced with the dilemma of serious environmental pollution and urgent economic development needs.","Sustainability","","Sustainability",76,7,"","2021-06-17T00:00:00","781f684cc73086fcd4b82055a559c89867fb3a16"], [15567,"Using Big Data to Assess Legitimacy of Plastic Surgery Information on Social Media.","C. Chartier, Justine C. Lee, G. Borschel, A. Chandawarkar","BACKGROUND\nThe proliferation of social media in Plastic Surgery has posed significant difficulties for the public in determining legitimacy of information. In this work, we propose a system based on social network analysis (SNA) to assess the legitimacy of contributors of information within a Plastic Surgery community using academic Plastic Surgery and one social media outlet as a model.\n\n\nOBJECTIVES\nThe aim of this study was to quantify the centrality of individual or group accounts on Plastic Surgery social media.\n\n\nMETHODS\nTo develop the model, we chose one high-fidelity, active, and legitimate source account in academic Plastic Surgery (@psrc1955, the Plastic Surgery Research Council) on one social media outlet (Instagram, Facebook, Menlo Park, CA, USA). We then recorded all follower-following relationships between accounts and used Gephi (https://gephi.org/) to compute five different centrality metrics for each contributor within the network.\n\n\nRESULTS\nWe identified 64,737 unique users and 116,439 unique follower-followed relationships within the academic Plastic Surgery community. Among the metrics assessed, the in-degree centrality metric is the gold standard for SNA, hence we designated this metric as the Centrality Factor (CF). Stratification of 1000 accounts by CF demonstrated that all of the top 40 accounts were affiliated with a Plastic Surgery residency program, a board-certified academic plastic surgeon, a professional society, or a peer-reviewed journal. None of the accounts in the top decile belonged to a non-plastic surgeon or non-physician, however, this increased significantly beyond the 50 th percentile.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nThis study took a data-driven approach to identifying and vetting a core group of interconnected accounts within one Plastic Surgery sub-community for the purposes of determining legitimate sources of information.","Aesthetic surgery journal","","Aesthetic surgery journal",0,0,"This study took a data-driven approach to identifying and vetting a core group of interconnected accounts within one Plastic Surgery sub-community for the purposes of determining legitimate sources of information.","2021-06-17T00:00:00","7addae7ebb5fdf09aae1bba14de69f6bffec7a3e"], [15568,"THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE RESPONSIBILITY OF CRIMINAL OFFENDERS WITHOUT LEGAL RIGHT TO DISTRIBUTE AND TTRANSMIT INFORMATION THAT HAS INSULTING CONTENT OR INSULTS (Study Number Decision : 867/Pid.Sus/2018/PN.Tjk.)","Veby Margaretha Benni, M. Nance, A. Pratiwi","In this rapidly growing era, it covers all aspects of human life including the internet and social media. Freedom of expression can now not only be expressed through oral or written but also can be poured out or delivered through social media that is currently available. The development of information technology on the one hand will make it easier for humans to carry out their activities, on the other hand can cause various problems that require serious handling.The problem in this study is how the deliberate responsibility of criminal offenders without legal rights distributes and transmits information that has a content of insult or defamation and whether the causes of the perpetrator carry out criminal acts that have a content of insult or defamation based on decision number 867 / Pid. Sus / 2018 / PN.Tjk.The research method used by the author in compiling this thesis is a normative and empirical juridical approach, using secondary and primary data obtained from literature studies and field studies, and data analysis with qualitative analysis.The results of the study indicate that the criminal offender intentionally without legal rights distributes and transmits information that has a content of insult or defamation based on decision number 867 / Pid.Sus / 2018 / PN.Tjk is in accordance with Article 45A (3) Jo Article 27 paragraph (3) of the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 19 Year 2016 concerning amendments to Law Number 11 Year 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions, imposes imprisonment for the defendant for 2 (two) years 6 (six) months and a fine of 500,000,000 IDR (five hundred million rupiahs) subside 6 (six) months and the causes of the offender carrying out criminal acts that have a content of insult or defamation based on the decision number 867 / Pid.Sus / 2018 / PN.Tjk is due to internal and external factors.The suggestion in this study is that with a lot of criminal acts of humiliation through internet media, it has been proven that the lack of public knowledge about the danger or the consequences of these actions. So when they are held accountable they are not able to account for their actions. For this reason, the government must intensify socialization so that people are wise in their activities in electronic media.","","","",0,0,"","2021-06-17T00:00:00","cbc45b457808017afee458b5f92a02e01266fbc2"], [15569,"Making political connections work better: Information asymmetry and the development of private firms in China","Guanchun Liu, G. Xin, Jing Li","","Corporate Governance: An International Review","","Corporate Governance: An International Review",60,6,"","2021-06-17T00:00:00","027415b28426d53d9d2538cccbc96c92f1d6c705"], [15570,"Issue Information","","","International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics","","International journal for numerical and analytical methods in geomechanics (Print)",0,0,"","2021-06-17T00:00:00","657b2c89f8a3da51635132e226881da46deb80c1"], [15571,"Issue Information","","","Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A","","Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. Part A",0,0,"","2021-06-17T00:00:00","65aeaddb7e81d4cdc785f217ff7c1e2d0b91e2ed"], [15572,"Issue Information","","","IEEJ Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Engineering","","IEEJ TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING",0,0,"","2021-06-17T00:00:00","2e1f0d6f8cce8b30fe6517c14b6ca7a769f641d9"], [15573,"Issue Information","","","Psychophysiology","","Psychophysiology",0,0,"","2021-06-17T00:00:00","cef55db724bf92d93d6990ea8e72a6d1b23bd715"], [15574,"Issue Information","","","Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution","","Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution",0,0,"","2021-06-17T00:00:00","fc7fb29b0b9d0be6e21b371a240cf22b229d64c8"], [15575,"Dataset for: Information easiness affects non-experts evaluation of scientific claims about which they hold prior beliefs","Lisa Scharrer, R. Bromme, Marc Stadtler","","","","",0,0,"","2021-06-17T00:00:00","c8b5063b23285f39202a0b1fe80994772bf55f38"], [15576,"Supplementary materials for: Information easiness affects non-experts evaluation of scientific claims about which they hold prior beliefs","Lisa Scharrer, R. Bromme, Marc Stadtler","","","","",0,0,"","2021-06-17T00:00:00","1765e16c183944780f810d1df3d7fdbc7753dbc0"], [15577,"Can the media breed CEO overconfidence? A sociocognitive perspective in the Chinese context","Yang Ji, Erhua Zhou, Wenbo Guo","PurposeAnchored in the role of a social arbiter, the purpose of this study is to examine whether and how media coverage has an impact on CEO overconfidence and further explore how media ownership and Confucianism affect the relationship in the Chinese context.Design/methodology/approachUsing a sample of 1,492 Chinese listed companies from 2010 to 2015, the study adopts random effects models to empirically analyze the effect of media coverage on CEO overconfidence and the roles of media ownership and Confucianism.FindingsThe paper finds that media coverage is significantly and positively associated with CEO overconfidence, and the positive relationship between media coverage and CEO overconfidence becomes stronger for state-controlled media. What is more, the influence of media coverage on CEO overconfidence is attenuated for those firms located in stronger Confucianism atmosphere. A further analysis reveals that different tenors of media coverage yield asymmetric effects.Originality/valueThe paper provides a new and solid support for the argument that media praise stimulates CEO overconfidence and increases the knowledge about under what conditions CEO overconfidence varies, broadly speaking which fosters the development of upper echelons theory (UET). Meanwhile, the results extend the literature on media effect and information processing. The findings are also beneficial to improve corporate decisions and government regulation on Chinese media systems.","","","",125,4,"","2021-06-17T00:00:00","2d6c437f7f2a826728c248ed5d6296c172ed2e2e"], [15578,"DEFINING THE MAIN TOPICS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE POLITICALLY CORRECT MEDIA DISCOURSE (BASED ON FOREIGN MEDIA)","K. Melnikova, L. Tyukina"," , . -, . . 106 , 34 , , . , .","","","",0,0,"","2021-06-17T00:00:00","0c056a0a9f3600d02b995a7bc10b82b21bad847e"], [15579,"'Masks Dont Work:' Ideology Associations and the Geospatial Propagation of COVID-19 Disinformation on Twitter","Max Erdemandi","This exploratory research examines the ideological underpinnings of geospatially diffused disinformation regarding the effectiveness of mask use in reducing the transmission of COVID-19, and the damage such falsehoods have caused in controlling the spread of the virus by exploring potential associations between disinformation tweets and CDCs case surveillance data. Consistent with previous research, our analysis of tweets collected in Nov. 2020 (n=16,753) shows evidence for the strong association between conservative political ideological and religious indicators and the tendency to traffic disinformation regarding mask use on Twitter. A geospatial analysis reveals that while COVID-19 disinformation on Twitter was widespread nationally, it concentrated in 18 states that skewed significantly more conservative, and the urban-rural divide was not as pronounced. In addition, disinformation was found to be a predictor of new COVID-related deaths.","SSRN Electronic Journal","","Social Science Research Network",0,1,"","2021-06-16T00:00:00","c134bb9e51b772c704baf9009cf766a7a7de40e6"], [15580,"Meta-learning for fake news detection surrounding the Syrian war","Fatima K. Abu Salem, Roaa Al Feel, Shady Elbassuoni, Hiyam Ghannam, Mohamad Jaber, May Farah","","Patterns","","Patterns",33,6,"The meta-learning model achieves the best performance, improving upon the baseline approaches that are trained exclusively on text features in FA-KES, and feature-importance analysis confirms that the collected features specific to the Syrian war are indeed very important predictors for the output label.","2021-06-16T00:00:00","00d56ee7cf9a9e7828224684937626867ce735e3"], [15581,"Gender Bias in Political News","R. Perloff","","","","",0,0,"","2021-06-16T00:00:00","bcdea2509c53005c89464451db0f96b9fc725dd5"], [15582,"Unpacking Political News Bias","R. Perloff","","","","",0,0,"","2021-06-16T00:00:00","2a60a1bd7d9f8f11759fce50e731d1cba596fa94"], [15583,"The Face of the Problem: How Subordinates Shield Executives from Blame","Sarah E. Croco, J. McDonald, Candace Turitto","Abstract Though avoiding blame is often a goal of elected officials, there are relatively few empirical examinations of how citizens assign blame during controversies. We are particularly interested in how this process works when an executive has been caught in a lie. Using two survey experiments, we examine whether subordinates can shield executives when they act as the face of a crisis. We first leverage a real-life situation involving the family separation crisis at the USMexico border in 2018. Respondents who read that Donald Trump falsely claimed he could not end the practice of family separation disapprove of his dishonesty. Yet this cost disappears when Trumps then-Secretary of Homeland Security, Kirstjen Nielsen, is the primary official discussed in news stories. We then replicate these findings in a fictional scenario involving a city mayor, showing that the mayor is partially shielded from negative appraisals when the city manager lies on his behalf.","Journal of Experimental Political Science","","Journal of Experimental Political Science",30,0,"","2021-06-16T00:00:00","1b31421fed344f9fbf911a0bde134da5792f2427"], [15584,"Quality of Online Information Regarding High-Risk Pregnancies","Shinhae Lee, Seonah Lee","Supplemental digital content is available in the text. Health information on the Internet can have a direct effect on healthcare decision-making. However, the quality of information online has seldom been evaluated. This study aimed to assess the quality of online information on high-risk pregnancies provided by English and Korean Web sites. Through a Google search, 30 English and 30 Korean Web sites were selected on January 2 and 3, 2020, respectively, and assessed using DISCERN, a Journal of the American Medical Association, and Health On the Net Foundation code questionnaires. The data assessed were analyzed using descriptive and nonparametric statistical tests. Overall, the information provided by the English Web sites presented higher-quality information than the Korean Web sites. Most Web sites did not provide the sources of the information presented on their Web sites, meet the Journal of the American Medical Association criteria, or provide information on complementarity. Based on our results, nurses need to be competent in assessing the quality of Web sites and the health information presented there, and nursing students need to be prepared to do so as well. Nurses are responsible for educating their patients about the possibility of incorrect information provided by Internet Web sites and informing their patients about reliable Web sites, thus assisting them to make informed decisions regarding their health.","CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing","","Computers, Informatics, Nursing",30,0,"Based on the results, nurses need to be competent in assessing the quality of Web sites and the health information presented there, and nursing studentsneed to be prepared to do so as well, and the information provided by the English Web sites presented higher-quality information than the Korean sites.","2021-06-16T00:00:00","03465d488dca655b1684b7ab9a35e831ded668e1"], [15585,"Issue Information","","ing and Indexing Services The Journal is indexed by Academic Search (EBSCO Publishing), Academic Search Alumni Edition (EBSCO Publishing), Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database (ProQuest), Agricultural & Environmental Science Database (ProQuest), CAS: Chemical Abstracts Service (ACS), Chemical Abstracts Service/SciFinder (ACS), ChemWeb (ChemIndustry.com), COMPENDEX (Elsevier), Current","International Journal of Energy Research","","International Journal of Energy Research",11,0,"The Journal is indexed by Academic Search (EBSCO Publishing), Academic Search Alumni Edition (Ebsco Publishing), Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database (ProQuest), Agricultural & Environmental Science Database ( proQuest).","2021-06-16T00:00:00","b0c15e365bffe21cc3234850ece0d09835ef25c0"], [15586,"Issue Information","","No abstract is available for this article. 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","","Earth Surface Processes and Landforms",0,0,"","2021-06-16T00:00:00","2dd7bd68ab1e3b27e0b0bbfb344a1a1d59c410b8"], [15587,"Issue Information","","No abstract is available for this article.","Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences","","Mathematical methods in the applied sciences",0,0,"","2021-06-16T00:00:00","110d1894061e2431c4389723ad055b0b6069c795"], [15588,"Inside trading with public information and market regulation","Hong Liu, Zaili Li","","Finance Research Letters","","Finance Research Letters",6,2,"","2021-06-16T00:00:00","9e6b9e5d094defcc47a1ff511a35b6c446b6e1f3"], [15589,"Mitigating information imperfections in proxy contests: The effect of dissidents' proxy solicitation","Choonsik Lee","","Journal of Corporate Finance","","",29,2,"","2021-06-16T00:00:00","03cb3cc96a64541f573843ca7687a76ab1fad5dd"], [15590,"Issue Information","","","Child: Care, Health and Development","","Child: Care, Health and Development",0,0,"","2021-06-16T00:00:00","258ec9a1514294cf88dc85b6bf7bf5c3bf01eef3"], [15591,"Issue Information","","","Diversity and Distributions","","Diversity and Distributions: A journal of biological invasions and biodiversity",0,0,"","2021-06-16T00:00:00","17597a0a7f9b45ed66bd6084c66148076067f036"], [15592,"From pandemic to infodemic: Bias information of covid-19 and ethical consideration among Indonesian youtuber","R. P. Prabawangi, M. N. Fatanti","","Development, Social Change and Environmental Sustainability","","Development, Social Change and Environmental Sustainability",0,1,"","2021-06-16T00:00:00","a400e87472c0f5ce3026abf9de00b1a09ef3dce4"], [15593,"Biases, the Beholder, and Media Effects","R. Perloff","","","","",0,0,"","2021-06-16T00:00:00","4f9c5070bc040f366903212a1adf5a4cf5bea3da"], [15594,"Exploring the Gray Area: Similarities and Differences in Questionable Research Practices (QRPs) Across Main Areas of Research","Tine Ravn, M. P. Srensen","","Science and Engineering Ethics","","Science and Engineering Ethics",47,16,"This paper explores the gray area of questionable research practices (QRPs) between responsible conduct of research and severe research misconduct in the form of fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism and is the first systematic account of variances and similarities in QRPs.","2021-06-16T00:00:00","cdf6947d0074566d60a43377caafd43d3ad01460"], [15595,"COVID-19 Vaccine Misinformation Campaigns and Social Media Narratives","Karishma Sharma, Yizhou Zhang, Y. Liu","COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy has increased concerns about vaccine uptake required to overcome the pandemic and protect public health. A critical factor associated with anti-vaccine attitudes is the information shared on social media. In this work, we investigate misinformation communities and narratives that can contribute to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. During the pandemic, anti-science and political misinformation/conspiracies have been rampant on social media. Therefore, we investigate misinformation and conspiracy groups and their characteristic behaviours in Twitter data collected on COVID-19 vaccines. We identify if any suspicious coordinated efforts are present in promoting vaccine misinformation, and find two suspicious groups - one promoting a Great Reset conspiracy which suggests that the pandemic is orchestrated by world leaders to take control of the economy, with vaccine related misinformation and strong anti-vaccine and anti-social messages such as no lock-downs; and another promoting the Bioweapon theory. Misinformation promoted is largely from the anti-vaccine and far-right communities in the 3-core of the retweet graph, with its tweets proportion of conspiracy and questionable sources to reliable sources being much higher. In comparison with the mainstream and health news, the right-leaning community is more influenced by the anti-vaccine and far-right communities, which is also reflected in the disparate vaccination rates in left and right U.S. states. The misinformation communities are also more vocal, either in vaccine or other discussions, relative to remaining communities, besides other behavioral differences. Furthermore, we investigate the COVID-19 vaccine narratives spread on social media. Besides misinformation narratives about vaccine safety, effectiveness and conspiracies, we find that rarer vaccine side-effects, reported less frequently in CDC VAERS reports, were more frequently discussed on social media, and in misinformation narratives, which also use other known tactics of science narratives distortion.","{'pages': '920-931'}","","International Conference on Web and Social Media",37,18,"Besides misinformation narratives about vaccine safety, effectiveness and conspiracies, it is found that rarer vaccine side-effects were more frequently discussed on social media, and in misinformation narratives, which also use other known tactics of science narratives distortion.","2021-06-15T00:00:00","1961715f8a24072cdb34ecf5ce4065820986b901"], [15596,"Automated Classification of Fake News Spreaders to Break the Misinformation Chain","Simone Leonardi, Giuseppe Rizzo, M. Morisio","In social media, users are spreading misinformation easily and without fact checking. In principle, they do not have a malicious intent, but their sharing leads to a socially dangerous diffusion mechanism. The motivations behind this behavior have been linked to a wide variety of social and personal outcomes, but these users are not easily identified. The existing solutions show how the analysis of linguistic signals in social media posts combined with the exploration of network topologies are effective in this field. These applications have some limitations such as focusing solely on the fake news shared and not understanding the typology of the user spreading them. In this paper, we propose a computational approach to extract features from the social media posts of these users to recognize who is a fake news spreader for a given topic. Thanks to the CoAID dataset, we start the analysis with 300 K users engaged on an online micro-blogging platform; then, we enriched the dataset by extending it to a collection of more than 1 M share actions and their associated posts on the platform. The proposed approach processes a batch of Twitter posts authored by users of the CoAID dataset and turns them into a high-dimensional matrix of features, which are then exploited by a deep neural network architecture based on transformers to perform user classification. We prove the effectiveness of our work by comparing the precision, recall, and f1 score of our model with different configurations and with a baseline classifier. We obtained an f1 score of 0.8076, obtaining an improvement from the state-of-the-art by 4%.","Inf.","","Inf.",33,15,"This paper proposes a computational approach to extract features from the social media posts of these users to recognize who is a fake news spreader for a given topic, and turns a batch of Twitter posts authored by users of the CoAID dataset into a high-dimensional matrix of features which are exploited by a deep neural network architecture based on transformers to perform user classification.","2021-06-15T00:00:00","de7183abf0060c1407eb511562483345ba39696c"], [15597,"Inaction, under-reaction action and incapacity: communication breakdown in Italys vaccination governance","K. Attwell, Tauel Harper, M. Rizzi, Jeannette Taylor, V. Casigliani, F. Quattrone, P. Lopalco","","Policy Sciences","","Policy sciences",85,15,"Why governments do not respond to public compliance problems in a timely manner with appropriate instruments, and the consequences of their failure to do so, are explored, and counterfactuals and the challenges of governing health policy in an age of disinformation are considered.","2021-06-15T00:00:00","c6cd2bcf70f3edfb3fae6dc342b61bff7b5d5b1f"], [15598,"Disinformation as a Threat to the EU National Security: Issues and Approaches","Oksana Zvozdetska","This research constitutes a relatively new area that has emerged from dealing with the spread of online disinformation and misinformation to ensure the protection of European values and democracy. The spread of both disinformation and misinformation may have a variety of consequences, such as threatening EU security and environment at risk. The author attempts to delve into approaches to identifying and understanding of the complex problem of as a multifaceted and intricate issue. Recent theoretical developments have revealed that purposeful disinformation poses a threat of undermining both the European countries information security and basic norms and democratic values, on which the institutional legitimacy and political stability of the European Union depend. A challenging problem, which arises in this domain, is the necessity to provide an objective and evidence-based understanding of the content, scale, scope, nature of the existing issue as well as to develop possible strategy to tackle it, taking into account that the problem of disinformation is deeply intertwined with the digital ecosystem and constantly innovated technologies. It should be articulated that disinformation campaigns are intensified by new technologies, such as social media. Social media is an effective way of spreading disinformation on a rapid and global basis, which in recent years has been actively used by public actors to influence both their own citizens and the global audience. Social media once proclaimed as a force for freedom and democracy, is now at the centre of research for its role in increasing disinformation, inciting violence, and declining trust in the media and democratic institutions. The researcher emphasizes that the problem that makes it difficult to study the phenomenon of disinformation is the presence of numerical terminology that denotes false information, including fakes, misinformation, propaganda, information manipulation, information disorder, hybrid warfare. The inconsistency of definitions indicates a lack of consensus among key stakeholders on the scope of understanding the issue. Clarity of goals and terminology are required to develop strategies and mechanisms to counter misinformation.","- ","","- ",0,0,"","2021-06-15T00:00:00","32ff1c5fe0db32f53d6d65cdd9296f33ae898bb5"], [15599,"Formation of a Policy for Protecting the Electoral Model of Political Participation Against Disinformation Influence (On the Example of the Policy of the European Union)","Nataliia Rotar","The article provides a comprehensive study of the peculiarities of policy formation to protect the electoral model of political participation from disinformation in the European Union. It is established that its content is determined by the synthesis of three components: (1) information, which combines the functioning of a transparent and accountable online ecosystem, development of education and media literacy, support for quality journalism as a source of formation/renewal/ transformation of motivation of citizens; (2) institutional security of electoral processes and stable functioning of the institution of elections as a space for the implementation of electoral choice of citizens of EU member states; (3) security counteracting internal and external threats of disinformation, which distort the electoral choice, by means of strategic communications. The effectiveness of anti-disinformation policy is ensured by its democratic procedure, which involved the involvement of experts (HLEG), broad public consultations on the impact of disinformation on the nature of political processes and opinion polls in EU member states. It has been proven that the tools and types of disinformation dissemination used by third parties have identified the need for legislative regulation of the process of identifying and removing disinformation content of messages on social networks and the Internet; developing a model of coordinated action at EU level to combat hybrid threats; determining the nature and level of EU dependence on foreign technologies in critical infrastructure chains; identifying ways to strengthen internal security at the level of EU institutions; development of a system of tools to counter disinformation campaigns by third countries, which are created to influence the public opinion of citizens of EU member states. It is justified that one of the results of the development of anti-disinformation policy is a clear definition of the unresolved problem to which the political and discursive practices of the political elite should be directed it is hidden foreign funding of political activities in the EU.","- ","","- ",0,1,"","2021-06-15T00:00:00","00f5084a6cd0b962b51bcba623e304d46cc22c4a"], [15600,"Deplatforming the Far-right: An Analysis of YouTube and BitChute","Adrian Rauchfleisch, Jonas Kaiser","The content moderation practice of deplatforming, i.e. the removal of undesired actors, has become common on social media platforms such as YouTube. Little research has gone into understanding the scope and impact of deplatforming. In our study, we are particularly interested in the deplatforming of far-right channels to understand the impact deplatforming has on them. To do so, we analyze two datasets: We check whether 11,198 YouTube channels have been removed in 22 months between 2018 and 2019 and for what reason. We then focus on the far-right and check whether the deplatformed far-right channels have found a new home on the alternative video platform BitChute. Our analysis shows that deplatforming is effective in minimizing the reach of disinformation and extreme speech, as alternative platforms that will allow this kind of content cannot mitigate the negative effect of being deplatformed on YouTube.","SSRN Electronic Journal","","Social Science Research Network",26,32,"Analysis shows that deplatforming is effective in minimizing the reach of disinformation and extreme speech, as alternative platforms that will allow this kind of content cannot mitigate the negative effect of being deplatformed on YouTube.","2021-06-15T00:00:00","4fe799f455b80791e58f3240d63b80028f8bad26"], [15601,"A pandemia da pandemia: a cincia por trs das fake news","E. L. Moreno","A ascenso da pandemia do COVID-19 no cenrio mundial fez crescer na populao a necessidade de conhecer um pouco melhor a Cincia. Por outro lado, as redes sociais tornaram-se um farto canal de informaes falsas ou distorcidas; mais conhecidas como fake news. Muitas dessas resvalam rapidamente populao como orientaes bem embasadas por especialistas, mas que, na via dos fatos, demonstram um outro tipo de pandemia, o da desinformao cientfica. Neste artigo, exploramos alguns dos maus exemplos de fake news associadas Cincia, revelando-lhes um sentido mais adequado e propondo tambm aproveit-las como oportunidade de aplicao como recursos pedaggicos e de conscientizao social.","","","",0,0,"","2021-06-15T00:00:00","f5d802ad859237cf288a2cba13f4698703507c27"], [15602,"STUDY OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF FAKE NEWS (HOAX) THROUGH SOCIAL MEDIA RELATED TO THE COVID-19 VACCINE AND PREVENTION EFFORTS TO SUPPORT MASS EXECUTION VACCINE IN INDONESIA","Gideon Satria Putra Sugiyanto, Annisa Sabrina Nur Arrasy, Sweeta Melanie","The COVID-19 pandemic has been going on in Indonesia for more than a year since the beginning of 2020. This pandemic has certainly had many negative impacts, both macro, and micro. The Indonesian government has made a lot of efforts to tackle this pandemic both operationally and in socialization to reduce the further spread of vaccine efforts throughout Indonesia. But unfortunately, there is the challenge of spreading fake news related to the COVID-19 vaccine that is troubling the public. The spread of fake news happened quite quickly with digital communication using social media. Research using qualitative methods examines the condition of socialization communication related to the COVID-19 vaccine, fake news, and efforts to overcome it through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The results of the study show that there has been a lot of communication and socialization carried out by the government regarding the COVID-19 vaccine but it has not been structured in one source and there is still minimal anticipation of fake news. As a result, a lot of fake news has spread widely in the community regarding COVID-19, starting from issues related to health and beyond health or safety. Efforts that can be made to minimize the spread of fake news and its dangers include collaboration with various stakeholders, mass and periodic socialization and education on various social media channels, strict penalties for spreading fake news, providing social media platforms or channels to file complaints, create educational content and creative counter-narrative.","International Journal of Law, Government and Communication","","International Journal of Law, Government and Communication",31,0,"Efforts that can be made to minimize the spread of fake news and its dangers include collaboration with various stakeholders, mass and periodic socialization and education on various social media channels, strict penalties for spreading fake news, and providing social media platforms or channels to file complaints.","2021-06-15T00:00:00","d3c16f6b5012543d70d707c6b1c8b53967ee0ab7"], [15603,"Delegitimizing the media?","J. Egelhofer, Loes Aaldering, S. Lecheler","Abstract A growing literature on the impact of fake news accusations on legacy news outlets suggests that the use of this term is part of a much larger trend of increased and delegitimizing media criticism by political actors. However, so far, there is very little empirical evidence on how prevailing politicians delegitimizing media criticism really is and under which conditions it occurs. To fill these gaps, we present results of a content analysis of media-related Facebook postings by Austrian and German politicians in 2017 (N = 2,921). The results suggest that media criticism, in general, is actually rare and that about half of it can be described as delegitimizing (i.e., characterized by incivility or absence of argumentation). Most often, media criticism is used by populist politicians, who accuse the media in general of bias and falsehoods.","Journal of Language and Politics","","",52,16,"","2021-06-15T00:00:00","e53a95ccef4feef74f7aa83f61c77d9b973d0eba"], [15604,"A Critical Analysis of the Intentional Deviation in News Editing","Whaj.M. Esmail","News Editing is the clearest coding, which reflects the writer's behavior of the editor who linguistically, socially, or culturally edits and deviates some of the source language aspects. It, furthermore, refers to the writers competence of using an influential linguistic style and preserving the SL norms and policies. At the same time, editing news presents a new horizon within a different political framework into TL. \nThe problem of news editing of the same TV in Arabic and English editions lies in discrepancies in meanings; intentional deviation and politics. For instance, BBC, which broadcasts in Arabic, has a different editing from its English edition. This study ascribes such differences to the different socio-cultural and political strategies adopted by the writer. \nThe primary objectives of the study are: \n \nFinding out the political reasons behind the discrepancy and the intentional deviation in news editing. \nIdentifying the political attitude of the original editor and the political attitude of the editor. \n \nThe data set in this study consisted of TWO edited news editing (1 from English into Arabic) and (1 from Arabic into English). These two news writings have been broadcasted on BBC English & Arabic editions. A critical-stylistic analysis has been conducted by applying Houses (2001) model of TQA.","Al-Adab Journal","","Al-Adab Journal",0,0,"","2021-06-15T00:00:00","5d1804f3ba58e4aab761c471eb6f1be6e1abdab3"], [15605,"Reproducing government politics of climate change in Thai news media","Duangkaew Dhiensawadkij","","Climate Change and Journalism","","Climate Change and Journalism",0,0,"","2021-06-15T00:00:00","01a2f1ed4c818fea505fe2e478bd45f8ba8745c0"], [15606,"Chemjobber on how to deliver bad news","special to C En Chemjobber","","Chemical & Engineering News","","Chemical & Engineering News",0,0,"","2021-06-15T00:00:00","0b99eb3dda0d72562e59cf14f75560ff85ec0956"], [15607,"Drawing from the bank of credibility: perspectives of health officials and the public on media handling of the H1N1 pandemic","M. Driedger, Ryan Maier, G. Capurro, C. Jardine","Abstract The H1N1 global pandemic of 200910 was moderate in its severity, which led many members of the public to denounce news organizations for hyping the threat posed by the virus. This outcome was troubling as it portended a potentially cynical public audience in the event of a future emerging infectious disease. As we face a new Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) with COVID-19, public trust in public health information and mediated messaging is more important than ever. Health authorities aim to inform the public through various avenues, particularly by engaging news media as a bridge to deliver pertinent information. We draw on the Trust, Confidence, and Cooperation (TCC) Model to examine how citizens and health officers evaluated news coverage of the H1N1 pandemic in Canada and the impact it had on public trust in public health recommendations. Following the H1N1 pandemic, we conducted interviews (n=28) with senior health officials in Canadian federal and provincial jurisdictions and focus groups with general population Canadians (n=130) in three provinces. Findings showed that many health officials and members of the public considered that the pandemic H1N1 was hyped in news coverage and that the immunization campaign was portrayed as chaotic, potentially affecting trust in pandemic messaging and response activities. Our results highlight the key role of news coverage in pandemic communication. Further, we recommend that health authorities complement their media engagement with direct communication with citizens; and increased training for public health officers to engage with news media and promote public trust. The lessons of this study remain crucially relevant given that legacy news media continue to be important sources of health information as the world fights to control the COVID-19 pandemic.","Journal of Risk Research","","Journal of Risk Research",61,6,"Findings showed that many health officials and members of the public considered that the pandemic H1N1 was hyped in news coverage and that the immunization campaign was portrayed as chaotic, potentially affecting trust in pandemic messaging and response activities.","2021-06-15T00:00:00","4d98238a5121fd156d848fcadfc1ff47f70b0721"], [15608,"U.S. immigration and media bias surrounding the reporting of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) and Deferred Action for Parents of Americans and Lawful Permanent Residents (DAPA) immigration policies","Kimberly Gosse","In 2012, President Barack Obama used his executive power to bypass Congress and unilaterally pass a controversial immigration policy called the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program and two years later its successor, the Deferred Action for Parents of Americans and Lawful Permanent Residents immigration policy. This MRP explores whether a media slant is salient in the editorial reporting surrounding these policies from two major U.S. political networks The FOX News Channel (FOX) and the Cable News Network (CNN).\n\nPrevious academic research (Iyengar & Hahn, 2009; Stroud, 2007) has indicated that CNNs audience tends to be left-leaning favoring the Democratic Party, while rightleaning conservative Republicans tune into FOX for their political information (Gil de Ziga, Correa and Valenzuela, 2012). Keeping this in consideration, would the political networks tailor its digital editorial content to mimic its audiences political preference?\n\nBorrowing from Benson and Woods (2015) media frames surrounding undocumented immigration, a framing analysis and a textual content analysis were employed on the digital editorial content published by FOX and CNN from July 2014 and February 2015. The findings revealed that both networks published messaging aligned with its audiences political affiliation. The FOX News Channel emphasized how undocumented immigrants were a problem for society and authorities and published content which contained antiDemocrat rhetoric and was acutely critical\nof President Obama. Conversely, the framing analysis revealed the Cable News Network was more likely to accentuate the problems for immigrants and defend President Obama and his unilateral exercises of constitutional powers.","","","",0,0,"","2021-06-15T00:00:00","db1cf06099c83eb30957cab15fb0a27a984cbd90"], [15609,"The Practices of the Journalism Bias in the Mainstream Online Media in Covering the 2019 Presidential Election","Nurul Hasfi, W. Wijayanto","Objectivity (unbiased) news is an essential journalism principle in covering political news, especially general elections. However, many studies found that violations against these principles were becoming a problem in many elections in different countries. In Indonesia, most research concerns this issue more focusing on the traditional media platform. This article has aimed to explore online media on how they covered the 2019 presidential election. This research combines quantitative and qualitative text analysis methods to investigate 320 online media articles produced by eight leading online media in Indonesia two weeks before the election. By employing the journalism principle of objectivity, the concept of framing and representation, this research found that online media in Indonesia practice biased journalism in reporting the 2019 presidential election. However, each online media has a typical media bias both quantitatively and qualitatively. This study identified two categories of journalism practice, namely partisan journalism that openly supported particular candidates and at the same time attacked the rival. Secondly, the online media category tried to be professional, but they applied journalism bias by construction framing strategy and representation for the candidate they supported. This research also highlights that the bias of online media journalism was facilitated by the general principle of digital journalism routine in Indonesia that mostly focuses on speed rather than on comprehensive information and also facilitated by the existence of the hyper-link feature that legitimizes the 'cover one side' in a single article.","Jurnal Komunikasi Ikatan Sarjana Komunikasi Indonesia","","Jurnal Komunikasi Ikatan Sarjana Komunikasi Indonesia",0,0,"","2021-06-15T00:00:00","48a4dc23d4760742da18e6b1722245a162c0468f"], [15610,"Fuel to the fire? Newspaper reporting of sexual offending across the US, UK, Norway, and New Zealand","P. Grndahl, I. J. Sandbukt, C. Friestad, R. Kristoffersen, Caitlyn P. Drinkwater, Daniel Richardson, G. Willis","Research suggests that the news media plays an important role in shaping public opinion about sex crimes and the people who commit them, thereby influencing the development of laws and policies. The media has potential to fuel non-evidence-based policies that are ineffective and counterproductive. Alternatively, the media offers a powerful vehicle for educating the public and promoting evidence-based practices and policies. The current study aimed to examine newspaper reports of sexual crimes across four countries with different criminal justice responses to sexual offending. Constructed week sampling was used to generate samples of newspaper articles over a six-month period in 2015. Episodic articles were coded to examine how people accused/charged with sexual offenses were portrayed, the extent to which articles aligned with stereotypes, and the extent to which rehabilitation was mentioned as a solution (n = 240). Episodic and thematic articles were combined to code for systemic/environmental solutions to sexual crimes (n = 290). Overall, Norwegian articles demonstrated more neutral and less informative portrayals of individuals who have sexually offended, compared to US, UK, and New Zealand. At the same time, Norwegian articles were less likely to discuss solutions to sexual offending. Rehabilitation was rarely discussed as a solution. However, environmental/systemic solutions were discussed in approximately one third of articles. Implications for framing sexual abuse as a public health problem rather than a criminal justice problem are discussed.","","","",52,0,"","2021-06-15T00:00:00","ded65c3cbb73a53a05b80902f1ac2558288f7231"], [15611,"The information source preferences and information monitoring behaviour of pregnant women in Pretoria, South Africa","O. Akanbi, Ina Fourie","Introduction. Pregnant women rely on information during pregnancy for better health outcomes. This paper investigates pregnant women's interests in services that can offer health literacy and health information through appropriate sources and channels. Method. An exploratory study was conducted in 2015 using explanatory sequential mixed methods to investigate thirty-seven women visiting two private gynaecological practices in Pretoria, South Africa. Questionnaires and an interview schedule were used for data collection. Analysis. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis were used for data analysis. McKenzie's two-dimensional everyday-life information practices model was slightly adapted as theoretical framework. Results. Knowledge of pregnant womens most preferred information sources and channels by care providers can improve maternal and infant health. Participants mostly reported some interests in information monitoring and current awareness services using mobile technologies. Pregnant women desire information monitoring on a one-off basis and/or an on-going basis. Conclusions. Information monitoring can assist with the promotion of patient-centred information and provision of reliable and new information especially by means of freely available sources. The emphasis in more affluent communities was more on well-being than maternal and infant mortality.","Inf. Res.","","Information Research",0,3,"Investigating pregnant women's interests in services that can offer health literacy and health information through appropriate sources and channels in Pretoria, South Africa finds that information monitoring can assist with the promotion of patient-centred information and provision of reliable and new information especially by means of freely available sources.","2021-06-15T00:00:00","bdcbad8a153c0b361da42acfc6f6151bdcd45fff"], [15612,"Evolution of deterrence with costly reputation information","Ulrich Berger, Hannelore De Silva","Deterrence, a defenders avoidance of a challengers attack based on the threat of retaliation, is a basic ingredient of social cooperation in several animal species and is ubiquitous in human societies. Deterrence theory has recognized that deterrence can only be based on credible threats, but retaliating being costly for the defender rules this out in one-shot interactions. If interactions are repeated and observable, reputation building has been suggested as a way to sustain credibility and enable the evolution of deterrence. But this explanation ignores both the source and the costs of obtaining information on reputation. Even for small information costs successful deterrence is never evolutionarily stable. Here we use game-theoretic modelling and agent-based simulations to resolve this puzzle and to clarify under which conditions deterrence can nevertheless evolve and when it is bound to fail. Paradoxically, rich information on defenders past actions leads to a breakdown of deterrence, while with only minimal information deterrence can be highly successful. We argue that reputation-based deterrence sheds light on phenomena such as costly punishment and fairness, and might serve as a possible explanation for the evolution of informal property rights.","PLoS ONE","","PLoS ONE",64,1,"It is argued that reputation-based deterrence sheds light on phenomena such as costly punishment and fairness, and might serve as a possible explanation for the evolution of informal property rights.","2021-06-15T00:00:00","89ff372605611fff29f77463ced380e86077a1fc"], [15613,"Towards informational safety: quality of information and uncertainties of fact machining","T. Grabinska","The paper considers the problem of information credibility. Currently, such a problem is affecting scientists, as well as ordinary people who are dependent on information networks. Hence, the Author formulates three postulates that should be observed in dealing with the quality of information: P1 identify the source of information, P2 determine the level of credibility of the information source, P3 recognize the purpose of information dissemination. The first two postulates are universal because they are applicable to all the users of information. The third becomes more and more important in the social and political choices of citizens. In scientific work, empirical facts are being transformed to empirical data (increasingly, to the form of big data) which are results of advanced registration and processing by means of technical and information science tools, such as: a) technical transforming the empirical signal into information; b) statistical selection of signals, and, next, statistical processing of the received data; c) assessment of results for suitability in applications. Other epistemic factors, however, are also involved, as: d) conceptual apparatus used for idealization (and then for interpretation), e) assessment of the results in terms of compliance with the epistemological (sometimes, also commercial or ideological) position. All these factors should be the subject of careful study of errology proposed by P. Homola.\n\n","Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces","","Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces",0,0,"The Author formulates three postulates that should be observed in dealing with the quality of information: P1 identify the source of information, P2 determine the level of credibility of the information source, and P3 recognize the purpose of information dissemination.","2021-06-15T00:00:00","dd39765558eeeff4d1b4b78dced3dfc49412156e"], [15614,"Good decisions require more than information","N. A. Cayco-Gajic, J. Zylberberg","","Nature Neuroscience","","Nature Neuroscience",14,0,"Sensory information encoding in the mouse brain is more suboptimal when mice make correct decisions than when they make incorrect ones, which can improve the ability of these brain regions to work together to make decisions.","2021-06-15T00:00:00","a40a8962d5e91ffd32ed377c995b85a47d1a2a38"], [15615,"Empirical Study on the Influence of Nutrition Information Disseminators in the Mass Media and Their Relationship Network","Jie Deng","Mass media is playing an increasingly important role in modern society. People can obtain relevant information through mass media, and can also provide a basis for people's behavioral decisions. All aspects of people's lives are affected by the mass media. In terms of obtaining nutrition information, people are gradually turning to online channels. Therefore, the influence of nutrition information disseminators in the mass media cannot be ignored. The main research is on the influence of nutrition information disseminators on the mass media and the empirical relationship network. Through sampling methods, 49% of the 50 medical and health information disseminated by the mass media are related to diet and nutrition. However, only 20% of the 50 pieces of information that ten experts agreed with the information disseminators, while the approval rate on diet and nutrition was 0 out of 38. The results show that the government and media users have a great influence on the users outside the nutritionist network. However, in the network, some academics, nutritionists and media users are the main communicators. They have close ties. Media users should disseminate high-quality nutritional information to the public through researchers, hospitals and nutritionists. And promote the second dissemination of government users.","International Journal of Multimedia Computing","","International Journal of Multimedia Computing",26,0,"The results show that the government and media users have a great influence on the users outside the nutritionist network, however, in the network, some academics, nutritionists andMedia users are the main communicators.","2021-06-15T00:00:00","d14c79d1f2f9bff37f1b62ca07081230e2789efa"], [15616,"Information Support for the Functioning of Political Institutions: Formation of Theoretical and Methodological Framework","Iryna Tsikul","The article is devoted to the study of the features of the formation of the theoretical and methodological framework of information support for the functioning of political institutions. The growing importance of information in society and the new role of communicative processes that change the political landscape, naturally aroused interest in the phenomenon of political communication, which in one form or another has always been an integral attribute of the political system. The influence of political communication in the context of a global information society against the background of a qualitative change in the forms and methods of its implementation is not only growing, but also becoming dominant. Political communication is associated with the purposeful transmission and selective perception of politically significant information, without which the dynamics of the political process is impossible. Despite the fact that the development of the information society is due to the emergence of innovative information technologies, the dissemination of information in it directly depends on the development of new communication channels and the purposeful building of information flows. The most significant part of communication channels is used in the interests of information support of political activity, as the main element of political communication. As a result of the analysis carried out, information support for the functioning of political institutions was determined as one of the directions of political communication and an element of information policy at the same time. According to the author, it is characterized by a dual nature, since it is both a function of the political system and a component of the political process. Information support in the political sphere provides for the use of all available communication channels in the interests of implementing a political strategy and solving basic problems. In addition, information support forms a kind of information cushion necessary to prepare the public for a favorable perception of the political institution. At the same time, despite the existing theoretical developments, the essence of information support for the functioning of political institutions remains a poorly studied problem of political science. The clarity of the scientific understanding of the category information support for the functioning of a political institution is also complicated by the vagueness of the interpretation of the term support, which determines the content of information activities of subjects.","- ","","- ",30,0,"","2021-06-15T00:00:00","a4ba0e003efe6de258e362a5adade0b3fe0dd10f"], [15617,"Poor Readability of COVID-19 Vaccine Information for the General Public: A Lost Opportunity","L. S. Buthun, S. Feeder, G. Poland","Background: All adults in the Unites States now have access to COVID-19 vaccines. During the vaccination process, Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) fact sheets are provided. Objective: To analyze the ease of reading (i.e., readability) of the EUA-approved fact sheets for the vaccines currently available in the United States, the V-Safe adverse event survey script, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website on COVID-19 vaccines. Design: We analyzed the readability of Pfizer, Moderna, and Janssen EUA fact sheets, as well as the V-Safe survey script and the vaccine-related information on the CDC website. Measurements: Readability factors include the following: average length of paragraphs, sentences, and words; font size and style; use of passive voice; the Gunning-Fog index; the Flesch Reading Ease index; and the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level index. Results: Only the V-Safe adverse event survey script met readability standards for adequate comprehension. The mean readability scores of the EUA fact sheets and the CDC website were as follows: Flesch Reading Ease score (mean 44.35); Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (mean 10.48); and Gunning-Fog index (mean 11.8). These scores indicate that a 10th-12th grade-level education is necessary to comprehend these documents. Conclusion: The average person in the United States would have difficulty understanding the information provided in the EUA fact sheets and CDC COVID-19 vaccine website; however, the V-Safe survey was written at an appropriate reading level. To ensure that the public fully understands information regarding COVID-19 vaccines, simplified information material should be developed.","","","medRxiv",3,0,"The average person in the United States would have difficulty understanding the information provided in the EUA fact sheets and CDC COVID-19 vaccine website; however, the V-Safe survey was written at an appropriate reading level.","2021-06-15T00:00:00","feae144d0c31c933cb7c393f8c3b3eb18bae6a6a"], [15618,"Issue Information","","No abstract is available for this article. 2021 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","","Earth Surface Processes and Landforms",0,0,"","2021-06-15T00:00:00","150f614e1fe29f0fbce6523d2c7c0f283e503045"], [15619,"A community of practice approach to enhancing academic integrity policy translation: a case study","A. Reedy, P. Wurm, A. Janssen, Alison Lockley","","International Journal for Educational Integrity","","",35,8,"","2021-06-15T00:00:00","41f375ccd0d1c44c3a7e281b0f0bea41f88ba39d"], [15620,"A community of practice approach to enhancing academic integrity policy translation: a case study","A. Reedy, P. Wurm, A. Janssen, Alison Lockley","","International Journal for Educational Integrity","","International Journal for Educational Integrity",0,1,"","2021-06-15T00:00:00","709b52d1b75f631e9194e027ad1b45d6449c7b2e"], [15621,"The Role of Information Accuracy and Outcome Transparency on Forced Distri-bution Rating System (FDRS) Bias: An Experimental Study","Fuadhillah Kirana Putri","Forced Distribution Rating System (FDRS) is a performance appraisal system that forces supervisors to distribute employee rating results according to predetermined categories. FDRS aims to distinguish high, average, and low-performing employees so that low-performing employees can be identified. In practice, the supervisor experiences problems in assessing low-performing employees because the supervisor often does not have any data about these employees, so that bias cannot be avoided. By using the Equity Theory and Social Comparison Theory, this study aims to test empirically the role of information accuracy and outcome transparency as control systems in minimizing bias in FDRS. This study used a web-based experimental method with a 2x2 design between subjects with two information accuracy treatments (high and low) and two outcome transparency treatments (high and low). The results showed that high information accuracy affects the supervisor's intentions to avoid bias in FDRS. The results also indicate that the high outcome transparency strengthens the supervisor's intentions to avoid bias in FDRS when the information accuracy is relatively high. The highest tendency for a supervisor to do bias in FDRS is in a condition when there is low information accuracy with a high level of outcome transparency","Nusantara Science and Technology Proceedings","","Nusantara Science and Technology Proceedings",25,0,"","2021-06-15T00:00:00","99e5780ae04aed3fce97b33e403ff68e3e3689e6"], [15622,"Issue Information","M. Grimble, A. Teel","Papers that do not include an element of robust or nonlinear control and estimation theory will not be considered by the journal, and all papers will be expected to include signifi cant novel content. The focus of the journal is on model based control design approaches rather than heuristic or rule based methods. Papers on neural networks will have to be of exceptional novelty to be considered for the journal. The International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control aims to encourage the development of analysis and design techniques for uncertain linear and nonlinear systems. The main focus of the journal is on the theory and design of regulating and tracking systems, but related areas such as linear and nonlinear filtering, condition monitoring and fault estimation are included. The physical modelling, simulation and identification of systems that may be uncertain or nonlinear is of interest. Papers are also welcome in the area of multi-agent systems considering coordinated control problems. Papers dealing with the general problem of consensus and synchronization that fail to demonstrate an application and/or include significant novelty will not be considered. Papers that demonstrate the potential for robust or nonlinear controllers in applications will also be welcome, but such papers must include sufficient novel material. The Journal provides a natural forum for papers on the theory and application of robust control design and estimation techniques, including H or H2 design, multi-objective optimization, and variable structure and sliding mode control design methods. Papers will also be welcome on non-optimal methods of improving the robustness of uncertain systems, such as QFT design methods. Papers on linear and nonlinear model based predictive control algorithms are also encouraged, and those concerned with linear parameter varying, switched or hybrid systems. All aspects of the theory and techniques used in nonlinear control and estimation are also included ranging from gain scheduling to networked robust or nonlinear control systems. The development of nonlinear compensation and design methods using feedback linearization, back-stepping, Lyapunov based techniques, learning control, cooperative control and agent based systems are all of interest. Contributions on numerical algorithms for robust control, using for example linear matrix inequalities, and the topics of controller tuning, commissioning and implementation are all included. EDITORIAL BOARD EDITORS","International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control","","International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control",11,0,"The Journal provides a natural forum for papers on the theory and application of robust control design and estimation techniques, including H or H2 design, multi-objective optimization, and variable structure and sliding mode control design methods.","2021-06-15T00:00:00","9e6cab8f141fb1a5bcfb19c1207a64b1f4f39daa"], [15623,"Independent media under pressure: evidence from Russia","Tom Paskhalis, Bryn Rosenfeld, Katerina Tertytchnaya","ABSTRACT Existing literature recognizes growing threats to press freedom around the world and documents changes in the tools used to stifle the independent press. However, few studies investigate how independent media respond to state pressure in an autocracy, documenting the impact of tactics that stop short of shuttering alternatives to state media. Do independent outlets re-orient coverage to favor regime interests? Or does repression encourage more negative coverage of the regime instead? To shed light on these questions, we investigate how the abrupt removal of independent outlet TV Rain from Russian television providers influenced its coverage. We find that shortly after providers dropped TV Rain, the tone of its political coverage became more positive and its similarity with state-controlled Channel 1 increased. However, these effects were short-lived. Additional evidence suggests that subscription revenue contributed to the stations resilience. These findings add to our understanding of media manipulation and authoritarian endurance.","Post-Soviet Affairs","","Post-Soviet Affairs",69,4,"","2021-06-15T00:00:00","2fa9981859fc907a808242497ad7364f1793b91d"], [15624,"ESMiE confidential enquiry: broader view besides focus on errors by birth attendants","S. Sholapurkar","1 Rowe R, Draper ES, Kenyon S, Bevan C, Dickens J, Forrester M, et al. Intrapartumrelated perinatal deaths in births planned in midwifery-led settings in Great Britain: findings and recommendations from the ESMiE confidential enquiry. BJOG 2020;127: 166575. 2 Sholapurkar SL. ESMiE confidential enquiry: broader view besides focus on errors by birth attendants. BJOG 2021;128:17134. 3 Kurinczuk JJ, Draper ES, Field DJ, Bevan C, Brocklehurst P, Gray R, et al. Experiences with maternal and perinatal death reviews in the UKthe MBRRACE-UK programme. BJOG 2014;121:416. 4 Draper ES, Kurinczuk JJ, Kenyon S (Eds). on behalf of MBRRACE-UK. MBRRACE-UK 2017 Perinatal Confidential Enquiry: Term, singleton, intrapartum stillbirth and intrapartum-related neonatal death. Leicester: The Infant Mortality and Morbidity Studies, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, 2017. 5 Blix E, Maude R, Hals E, Kisa S, Karlsen E, Nohr EA, et al. Intermittent auscultation fetal monitoring during labour: a systematic scoping review to identify methods, effects, and accuracy. PLoS One 2019;14: e0219573.","BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology","","BJOG: an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology",5,1,"The findings and recommendations from the ESMiE confidential enquiry suggest that the number of intrapartumrelated perinatal deaths in births planned in midwifery-led settings in Great Britain may be higher than previously thought.","2021-06-15T00:00:00","8353a20fb1f87d29cebf09e8756dfe9d6a28bf94"], [15625,"Misinformation versus Facts: Understanding the Influence of News regarding COVID-19 Vaccines on Vaccine Uptake","Hanjia Lyu, Zihe Zheng, Jiebo Luo","Background There is a lot of fact-based information and misinformation in the online discourses and discussions about the COVID-19 vaccines. Method Using a sample of nearly four million geotagged English tweets and the data from the CDC COVID Data Tracker, we conducted the Fama-MacBeth regression with the Newey-West adjustment to understand the influence of both misinformation and fact-based news on Twitter on the COVID-19 vaccine uptake in the US from April 19 when US adults were vaccine eligible to June 30, 2021, after controlling state-level factors such as demographics, education, and the pandemic severity. We identified the tweets related to either misinformation or fact-based news by analyzing the URLs. Results One percent increase in fact-related Twitter users is associated with an approximately 0.87 decrease (B = 0.87, SE = 0.25, and p < .001) in the number of daily new vaccinated people per hundred. No significant relationship was found between the percentage of fake-news-related users and the vaccination rate. Conclusion The negative association between the percentage of fact-related users and the vaccination rate might be due to a combination of a larger user-level influence and the negative impact of online social endorsement on vaccination intent.","Health Data Science","","Health Data Science",41,15,"The negative association between the percentage of fact-related users and the vaccination rate might be due to a combination of a larger user-level influence and the negative impact of online social endorsement on vaccination intent.","2021-06-14T00:00:00","880493f6b7640098d460da13cb7ca4abfb1e0e53"], [15626,"No Gender Bias in Audience Perceptions of Male and Female Experts in the News: Equally Competent and Persuasive","Katrine Greve-Poulsen, Frederik K. Larsen, R. Pedersen, Erik Albk","Experts are prevalent and persuasive in modern media coverage of politics. The perceived competence of experts makes them popular sources in the media, and their statements can in some cases move citizens policy opinions substantially. However, men are generally used far more as experts than women are. Because of this predominance of male experts and general biases against women, we theorize that media audiences may find women to be less competent and consequently less persuasive as experts on policy issues. We investigate this through two experiments embedded in a survey with more than 2000 respondents in Denmark. Despite advances in gender equality, women are still in the minority among experts used in the Danish news media. However, despite this current gender imbalance, we find no gender biases against women as policy experts among the Danish news media audience. There are no significant differences in the perceptions of the competence of male and female experts, and the persuasiveness of the experts are also unrelated to the gender of the expert. These results hold across different policy issues, and across practically all demographics within the media audiences. These results are relevant both to the study of gender representation in the mass media, and to the study of gender biases more generally. Furthermore, the results are important for discussions on news media selection of experts.","The International Journal of Press/Politics","","The International Journal of Press/Politics",68,7,"","2021-06-14T00:00:00","ecd66f0f62d7ece7e5e0cf8eef1132d8e3e59682"], [15627,"Identifying cheating behaviour with machine learning","Elina Kock, Yamma Sarwari, Nancy Russo, Magnus Johnsson","We have investigated machine learning based cheating behaviour detection in physical activity-based smart-phone games. Sensor data were acquired from the accelerometer/gyroscope of an iPhone 7 during activities such as jumping, squatting, stomping, and their cheating counterparts. Selected attributes providing the most information gain were used together with a sequential model yielding promising results in detecting fake activities. Even better results were achieved by employing a random forest classifier. The results suggest that machine learning is a strong candidate for detecting cheating behaviours in physical activity-based smartphone games.","2021 Swedish Artificial Intelligence Society Workshop (SAIS)","","Annual Workshop of the Swedish Artificial Intelligence Society",0,2,"Sensor data were acquired from the accelerometer/gyroscope of an iPhone 7 during activities such as jumping, squatting, stomping, and their cheating counterparts, yielding promising results in detecting fake activities.","2021-06-14T00:00:00","be37fef474985e4572c8aa6a8d07a84d2940d61b"], [15628,"Dataset of Propaganda Techniques of the State-Sponsored Information Operation of the People's Republic of China","Rong-Ching Chang, Chun-Ming Lai, Kai-Lai Chang, Chu-Hsing Lin","The digital media, identified as computational propaganda provides a pathway for propaganda to expand its reach without limit. State-backed propaganda aims to shape the audiences' cognition toward entities in favor of a certain political party or authority. Furthermore, it has become part of modern information warfare used in order to gain an advantage over opponents. Most of the current studies focus on using machine learning, quantitative, and qualitative methods to distinguish if a certain piece of information on social media is propaganda. Mainly conducted on English content, but very little research addresses Chinese Mandarin content. From propaganda detection, we want to go one step further to provide more fine-grained information on propaganda techniques that are applied. In this research, we aim to bridge the information gap by providing a multi-labeled propaganda techniques dataset in Mandarin based on a state-backed information operation dataset provided by Twitter. In addition to presenting the dataset, we apply a multi-label text classification using fine-tuned BERT. Potentially this could help future research in detecting state-backed propaganda online especially in a cross-lingual context and cross platforms identity consolidation.","ArXiv","","arXiv.org",32,7,"This research aims to bridge the information gap by providing a multi-labeled propaganda techniques dataset in Mandarin based on a state-backed information operation dataset provided by Twitter, and applies aMulti-label text classification using fine-tuned BERT.","2021-06-14T00:00:00","000e1bc628c0e9f4af7c70c029dbaf309cda6bc2"], [15629,"Fostering Information Literacy","Sarah C. Johnson, Margaret Bausman, S. Ward","Genuine collaboration between academic librarians and social work faculty in which information literacy is embedded in social work education is lacking. Drawing from the results of the authors 2016 quantitative study surveying academic social work librarians across the United States, this qualitative follow-up uses data from 27 semi-structured interviews concerning the prevalence and nature of information literacy instruction (ILI) in social work education, how ILI is introduced and sustained in social work curricula, and the alignment between ILI efforts with institutional goals, guidelines from accreditation authorities, and professional social work practice standards. The literature review engages the reader in a robust definition of information literacy as applied to social work practice and its connection to social justice and anti-oppressive pedagogy. The findings and subsequent discussion center on current systemic obstacles in ensuring social work graduates enter the profession with sufficient information literacy (IL) skills for an ethical, research-informed, data-driven practice and conclude with recommendations for the evolution of integrated ILI at a local level within social work curricula. Collaborative and sustainable partnerships among academic librarians and social work faculty are essential for educating information literate social work practitioners of tomorrow.","Advances in social work","","",23,3,"","2021-06-14T00:00:00","275a41c4587581db2423d107eb4fc4289c99a571"], [15630,"HIDING CRITICAL INFORMATION WHEN TRAINING LANGUAGE MODELS","A. Evtushenko","Machine learning language models are combinations of algorithms and neural networks designed for text processing composed in natural language (Natural Language Processing, NLP). \nIn 2020, the largest language model from the artificial intelligence research company OpenAI, GPT-3, was released, the maximum number of parameters of which reaches 175 billion. The parameterization of the model increased by more than 100 times made it possible to improve the quality of generated texts to a level that is hard to distinguish from human-written texts. It is noteworthy that this model was trained on a training dataset mainly collected from open sources on the Internet, the volume of which is estimated at 570 GB. \nThis article discusses the problem of memorizing critical information, in particular, personal data of individual, at the stage of training large language models (GPT-2/3 and derivatives), and also describes an algorithmic approach to solving this problem, which consists in additional preprocessing training dataset and refinement of the model inference in the context of generating pseudo-personal data and embedding into the results of work on the tasks of summarization, text generation, formation of answers to questions and others from the field of seq2seq.","EurasianUnionScientists","","EurasianUnionScientists",0,0,"The problem of memorizing critical information, in particular, personal data of individual, at the stage of training large language models (GPT-2/3 and derivatives), and an algorithmic approach to solving this problem is described, which consists in additional preprocessing training dataset and refinement of the model inference in the context of generating pseudo-personal data.","2021-06-14T00:00:00","900d9cdbadcb476c6227ffcec22f65162cee4c27"], [15631,"DOES CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY REDUCE INFORMATION ASYMMETRY?: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM PAKISTAN","N. Khan, Q. Malik, Ahsen Saghir, Muhammad Nauman Aslam, M. Husnain","Purpose: The work empirically investigates the effect of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on information asymmetry (IA). \nMethodology: For analysis, the study uses annual data ranging from 2007 to 2017, collected from the published reports of companies registered at the Pakistani equity market comprising the non-financial sector. An unbalanced panel of 257 companies with 2383 observations is analyzed using the generalized methods of moment (GMM) technique. \nMain findings: In line with stakeholder's theory, results disclose a negative association between the variable of CSR and IA. It suggests that investing in CSR-related activities will reduce the asymmetry of information among managers and shareholders. \nApplication of the study: Findings of the study uncover the benefits of CSR in relation to IA that must be considered while formulating any strategy both at the governmental and corporate level. Government should facilitate corporations that engage in CSR work while firms must include CSR in their policy-making as it can significantly reduce information asymmetry. \nNovelty/ originality of the study: This study provides a deep analysis in the form of behavioural association and the effect of CSR practices on information asymmetry in the context of the Pakistani non-financial sector. The study endorses the concept of CSR practices for the reduction of information asymmetry in Pakistani firms.","Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews","","Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews",72,0,"","2021-06-14T00:00:00","9c03906f63d930c06a5d17037ecd49ea8f505f61"], [15632,"Issue Information","","No abstract is available for this article.","The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings","","The Structural design of tall and special buildings",0,0,"","2021-06-14T00:00:00","990a670cf2a1d64c234be0259be9849b5ba9e049"], [15633,"Graycar, Adam (Ed.) (2020). Handbook of Corruption, Ethics and Integrity in Public Administration. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. 512 pp. ISBN: 978 1 78990 090 3.","Jan-Hinrik Meyer-Sahling","Das Handbook of Corruption, Ethics and Integrity in Public Administration wird ein zentrales neues Nachschlagewerk sein fr Wissenschaftler*innen, die ffentliche Verwaltungsforschung und Korruptionsstudien zu verbinden suchen. Der Band befasst sich mit dem Kontext der ffentlichen Verwaltung, seinem Wandel und den jeweiligen Auswirkungen auf Korruptionsrisiken; er untersucht Korruptionsfragen nach Politikfeldern und bietet damit einen neuartigen, von der Politik- und Verwaltungsforschung inspirierten Ansatz fr Korruptionsstudien; er bietet eine internationale bersicht von Anti-Korruptionsreformen aus zwlf Lndern; und er endet mit innovativen Diskussionen zu Erfahrungswerten und Erfolgsfaktoren der Korruptionsbekmpfung sowie mit Schlsselkonzepten wie Interessenkonflikten und Integritt in der ffentlichen Verwaltung. Das Handbuch entwickelt abschlieend Vorschlge, wie die Korruptions- und ffentliche Verwaltungsforschung sich gegenseitig weiter inspirieren und informieren knnen, insbesondere in Bezug auf die Messung von Korruption und die Auswirkungen von institutionellen Arrangements und Managementpraktiken in der ffentlichen Verwaltung.","dms der moderne staat Zeitschrift fr Public Policy, Recht und Management","","dms der moderne staat Zeitschrift fr Public Policy, Recht und Management",22,0,"","2021-06-14T00:00:00","89f9c2d8b9b73866486e9a6ac1705e9540b2c406"], [15634,"Market incidence of carbon information disclosure in the oil and gas industry: the mediating role of financial analysts and governance","D. Cormier, C. Beauchamp","\nPurpose\nThis study aims to assess the informativeness of carbon emission data for the stock markets and the mediating role played by financial analysts and the quality of the governance on this issue.\n\n\nDesign/methodology/approach\nRelying on structural equation modelling, the authors assess the relation between embedded CO2 disclosure or CO2 emissions disclosure and the stock market valuation (Tobin Q), considering the mediating roles played by financial analysts (external monitoring) and corporate governance (internal monitoring).\n\n\nFindings\nResults based on a sample of North American firms in the oil and gas industry are the following. The disclosure of embedded CO2 is negatively associated with a firms market value, but this association is mediated by analyst following and corporate governance. The disclosure of yearly CO2 emissions is also negatively related to stock market value, while corporate governance mediates this negative impact, and analysts following does not. Considering that yearly CO2 emissions represent short-term environmental risks, whereas embedded CO2 represents long-term environmental risks, it appears important to consider embedded CO2 when studying the impact of carbon disclosure on firm value. The authors also show that a firms environmental performance (measured by Carbon Disclosure Project CDP) is positively associated with two mediating variables (i.e. analyst following and corporate governance).\n\n\nOriginality/value\nThe study results suggest that CO2 emissions information is less relevant than embedded CO2 in attracting financial analysts when they are assessing a firms value because it represents short-term environmental risks, whereas embedded CO2 represents long-term environmental risks. Therefore, the authors consider important to include embedded CO2 when studying the impact of environmental disclosure on a firms value.\n","Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting","","",39,2,"","2021-06-14T00:00:00","c08ff0b76c3af717162b3e4a99e1e016ec5f6d0a"], [15635,"Issue Information","","","Geophysical Prospecting","","Geophysical Prospecting",0,0,"","2021-06-14T00:00:00","26882e212de9b536aeac717dbafd95f4c6c46276"], [15636,"Issue Information","","","Business Ethics, the Environment & Responsibility","","Business Ethics, the Environment & Responsibility",0,0,"","2021-06-14T00:00:00","9c513abb3aadfb5c0930deb6ddaf02f5792e5a58"], [15637,"Issue Information","","","International Journal of Auditing","","International Journal of Auditing",0,0,"","2021-06-14T00:00:00","caada0ef1a34043aceaa5afd55aba64d268b4bf7"], [15638,"Issue Information","","","Fisheries Oceanography","","Fisheries Oceanography",0,0,"","2021-06-14T00:00:00","38c071e78e6a8b42ff63e51b7ce77afed18b201a"], [15639,"Issue Information","","","Mathematical Finance","","Mathematical Finance",0,0,"","2021-06-14T00:00:00","1f3539322cdb8ad0b483b4a5c6a15e5a27ece75c"], [15640,"Issue Information","","","Acta Zoologica","","Acta Zoologica",0,0,"","2021-06-14T00:00:00","2b91757cb0259def0b12ad89301375ab2a961473"], [15641,"Issue Information","","","International Journal of Climatology","","International Journal of Climatology",0,0,"","2021-06-14T00:00:00","a7a76198356e5ba3ae6c9f56d67b567965011b2d"], [15642,"Issue Information","","","International Journal of Quantum Chemistry","","International Journal of Quantum Chemistry",0,0,"","2021-06-14T00:00:00","68a4be61d071c6d42299e88e6a7fb3fa7073b410"], [15643,"Issue Information","","","Thunderbird International Business Review","","Thunderbird International Business Review",0,0,"","2021-06-14T00:00:00","57cff824cc5068a2213dcd6b87e3047028012390"], [15644,"Issue Information","","","Thunderbird International Business Review","","Thunderbird International Business Review",0,0,"","2021-06-14T00:00:00","cd459cbab13067e55fdc59d3e365b372e6564702"], [15645,"Unfriending and Muting During Elections: The Antecedents and Consequences of Selective Avoidance on Social Media","Dam Hee Kim, S. M. Jones-Jang, K. Kenski","ABSTRACT Although selective avoidance, commonly practiced as unfriending and muting on social media, has been assumed to be at odds with the democratic ideal of deliberation, academic literature says little about its antecedents and consequences. Drawing from the framework of psychological needs for information processing, we examine whether need for cognition and need to evaluate interact to predict selective avoidance, which then facilitates political expression on social media. Analyses of a two-wave survey collected before and after the 2018 midterm election in the U.S. suggest that individuals with low need for cognition but high need to evaluate were relatively unlikely to engage in selective avoidance. However, the supposedly ideal type of citizens high on both needs tended to engage in selective avoidance intensively to further engage in political expression on social media.","Mass Communication and Society","","Mass Communication & Society",58,11,"","2021-06-14T00:00:00","e6b8baf095c5a9e061de832264c04d20e6233f03"], [15646,"People are More than Just a Statistic: Ethical, Care-based Engagement of Marginalized Publics on Social Media","Katie R. Place","ABSTRACT The purpose of this qualitative study is to answer calls to examine social media, ethical engagement, and marginalized publics. Findings suggest that strategic communication and public relations professionals ethically engage marginalized individuals on social media by a) embodying an ethic of care emphasizing compassion and respect, b) listening with sensitivity, c) considering marginalized individuals unique privacy and anonymity needs, d) ensuring transparency and accuracy of messaging, and e) forging trusting relationships through an embodiment of authenticity. Ultimately, this study suggests that social media practice must continue to advance care-based ethical social media engagement of marginalized publics in ways that relate to them as unique individuals deserving of compassion and empathy beyond mere codes of ethics or universal, duty-based philosophies.","Journal of Media Ethics","","",67,9,"","2021-06-14T00:00:00","2f800528231396f6f05f60f6043328bd147d997d"], [15647,"The Effect of Health and Economic Costs on Governments Policy Responses to COVID19 Crisis under Incomplete Information","G. Bel, scar Gasulla, Ferran A. Mazaira-Font","Abstract The COVID19 pandemic has become an unprecedented health, economic, and social crisis. The present study has built a theoretical model and used it to develop an empirical strategy, analyzing the drivers of policyresponse agility during the outbreak. Our empirical results show that national policy responses were delayed, both by government expectations of the healthcare system capacity and by expectations that any hard measures used to manage the crisis would entail severe economic costs. With decisionmaking based on incomplete information, the agility of national policy responses increased as knowledge increased and uncertainty decreased in relation to the epidemic's evolution and the policy responses of other countries.","Public Administration Review","","PAR. Public Administration Review",98,24,"The empirical results show that national policy responses were delayed, both by government expectations of the healthcare system capacity and by expectations that any hard measures used to manage the crisis would entail severe economic costs.","2021-06-13T00:00:00","406f6e3099d122895a91b6304f5b6a30f2900157"], [15648,"How event information is trusted and shared on social media: a uses and gratification perspective","Sung-Eun Kim, Hye-Lina Kim, Samuel Lee","ABSTRACT This study explored the gratification factors of event-focused social media content that affect information sharing and information trust and ultimately the intention to attend an event. It also investigated how non-content factors moderate these relationships. The findings showed that the gratification factors (i.e., informational, entertaining, remunerative, and relational) of social media content significantly influence event attendees intention to share information, perceived information trust, and thus their intention to attend the event. Non-contents (i.e., visual design and information overload) act as a critical moderator altering the effects of the gratification factors on attendees intention to share and information trust.","Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing","","Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing",132,19,"","2021-06-13T00:00:00","2c6be666ed14f517cb7b52f1d242941f3b97fe52"], [15649,"Issue Information","","","Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research","","Australian journal of grape and wine research",0,0,"","2021-06-13T00:00:00","ec1f4b442aff7327f6ca6931d61bb2a96db09492"], [15650,"Issue Information","","","Statistics in Medicine","","Statistics in Medicine",0,0,"","2021-06-13T00:00:00","5cc175399892323e950ef70acff1f830e687ddc6"], [15651,"Issue Information","","","Global Change Biology","","Global Change Biology",0,0,"","2021-06-13T00:00:00","9ae274e394eccbaf1c96b3de2ed18d8d48fcb0f3"], [15652,"A Recent Regulatory Update on Consequences of Data Integrity Issues and its Management in Pharmaceutical Scenario","Remya James, Srija Das, Anjali Kumari, Mikal Rekdal, Girish Pai Kulyadi, Muddukrishna Badamane Sathyanarayana","Purpose: Pharmaceutical industry ensures that data entered for various steps of drug development is accurate, which gives us confidence that the drugs produced by the industry are within specified parameters. Data integrity indicates sustaining and assuring the accuracy and reliability of data throughout the life cycle of the product. Over the years, numerous leading regulatory authorities have communicated their expectations in the form of regulations and guidance documents from the US FDA, MHRA, EMA, PIC/S and WHO, which address data management and data integrity issues. However, with an increase in digitalisation and the role of global markets, data integrity failures have increased. This results in recalls of products, warning letters, seizures, legal action and ultimately the potential for patient harm. Materials and Methods: Over the last few years, several regulatory agencies have acted against data integrity deficiencies in the pharmaceutical industry. In 2016, more than 50% of MHRA warning letters involved data integrity lapses for computerized systems were observed compared to year 2015. Broadly, the U.S. approximately has received 15 percent of the warning letters, European countries have received approximately 8 percent and the rest of the world claims approximately 15 percent from FDA in the years 2008-2018. MHRA published a guidance document on data integrity in the March 2015 and its revised draft copy was published in March 2018 which applies to GxP systems. Results: From a quality standpoint, data integrity plays a pivotal role in a companys quality system. Data management and data governance should be efficiently integrated into the quality management system. Conclusion: This article represents the evaluation of warning letters from the last ten years regarding data integrity deficiencies.","Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research","","",11,3,"Evaluation of warning letters from the last ten years regarding data integrity deficiencies in the pharmaceutical industry shows that data integrity plays a pivotal role in a companys quality system.","2021-06-13T00:00:00","54719715a2b1dfd7661d7d34035bf5a6a2494b5b"], [15653,"Does Proxy Advice Allow Funds to Cast Informed Votes?","J. Matsusaka, Chong Shu","This paper estimates to what extent proxy advice allows funds to vote as if they were informed. A funds vote is classified as informed if the fund accessed the companys proxy statement from the SECs Edgar website prior to voting. A funds proxy advisor, if any, is identified from the format of its Form N-PX filing. Our main finding, for the period 2004-2017, is that proxy advice did not result in funds voting as if they were informed more often than not it pushed them in the opposite direction and this distorting effect was particularly noticeable for ISS. The finding is robust to several strategies designed to control for endogeneity of acquiring information and seeking proxy advice, including fixed effects and instrumental variables. We also show that advice distorted votes toward policies favored by socially responsible investment (SRI) funds, and provide suggestive evidence consistent with the idea that proxy advisors slanted their recommendations toward the preferences of SRI funds because of pressure from activists.","Corporate Governance & Finance eJournal","","",31,4,"","2021-06-13T00:00:00","e45df0f9028d1b56ef14f4df1c38a3d72a47deb1"], [15654,"Identification of Online Public Shaming Using Machine Learning Framework","S. Gaikwad, Tejashri Borate, N. Ashtekar, Umadevi Lade","Social Media Platforms involve not millions but billions of users around the globe. Interactions on these easily available social media sites like Twitter have a huge impact on people. Nowadays, there is undesirable negative impact for daily life. These hugely used major platforms of communication have now become a great source of dispersing unwanted data and irrelevant information, Twitter being one of the most extravagant social media platform in our times, the topmost popular microblogging services is now used as a weapon to share unethical, unreasonable amount of opinions, media. In this proposed work the dishonouring comments, tweets towards people are categorized into 9 types. The tweets are further classifies into one of these types or non-shaming tweets towards people. Observation says out of the multitude of taking an interested clients who posts remarks on a specific occasion, lions share are probably going to modify the person in question. Moreover, it is not the nonshaming devotee who checks the increment quicker but of shaming in twitter.","","","",10,0,"In this proposed work the dishonouring comments, tweets towards people are categorized into 9 types and the tweets are further classifies into one of these types or non-shaming tweets towardsPeople.","2021-06-13T00:00:00","708c5370728e4288b97c143f58e7571c693fac51"], [15655,"Propaganda and Propagation","J. Soileau","Propaganda is more a part of twenty-first century life than ever. Children are every bit as influenced by it as the adults around them. How do children respond to various means they encounter that seek to sway their minds? Through schoolyard games and rhymes schoolchildren show that they are cognizant of all the propaganda they are handed. Their lore reflects both an acceptance of some propaganda ideas, and a cleverly framed rejection of others.","","","",0,0,"","2021-06-13T00:00:00","f7e97876426af8646707b73add4dee0b0be2fca4"], [15656,"Case Study on Detecting COVID-19 Health-Related Misinformation in Social Media","Mir Mehedi A. Pritom, Rosana Montaez Rodriguez, A. Khan, Sebastian A. Nugroho, Esraa I. Alrashydah, Beatrice N. Ruiz, Anthony Rios","COVID-19 pandemic has generated what public health officials called an infodemic of misinformation. As social distancing and stay-at-home orders came into effect, many turned to social media for socializing. This increase in social media usage has made it a prime vehicle for the spreading of misinformation. This paper presents a mechanism to detect COVID-19 health-related misinformation in social media following an interdisciplinary approach. Leveraging social psychology as a foundation and existing misinformation frameworks, we defined misinformation themes and associated keywords incorporated into the misinformation detection mechanism using applied machine learning techniques. Next, using the Twitter dataset, we explored the performance of the proposed methodology using multiple state-of-the-art machine learning classifiers. Our method shows promising results with at most 78% accuracy in classifying health-related misinformation versus true information using uni-gram-based NLP feature generations from tweets and the Decision Tree classifier. We also provide suggestions on alternatives for countering misinformation and ethical consideration for the study.","ArXiv","","arXiv.org",49,0,"This paper presents a mechanism to detect COVID-19 health-related misinformation in social media following an interdisciplinary approach and shows promising results with at most 78% accuracy in classifying health- related misinformation versus true information using uni-gram-based NLP feature generations from tweets and the Decision Tree classifier.","2021-06-12T00:00:00","d6ec3e980aa07952fbd705d3ecda50f4f50f498d"], [15657,"The Role of Media and Information Literacy during COVID-19 Pandemic and Post-Pandemic Period","A. Khanina, Alexander Zimovets, Tatiana Maksimenko","Media and information literacy in the modern world is a set of skills, abilities that allow users to analyze media messages broadcast through the media and the Internet, the ability to critically approach the received data and perceived information. The COVID-19 pandemic that swept the whole world in the spring of 2020 forced all the population of the planet to use the worldwide network and the media actively, because they became the main source of information and a means of communication. This fact was also used by \"ill-wishers\" who launched false information about the statistics of those infected with the new virus, about the means of fighting it and much more. It was information literacy and critical thinking that allowed the population not to succumb to fake news and not to lose their heads. As shown by the authors' survey, the time that the population spent on the Internet before the pandemic was less than the time that it began to spend on the Internet after the announcement of the total quarantine. This can be explained simply people had no other means of communication. However, as it was revealed as a result of the survey, people after the lifting of the quarantine regime, especially between the ages of 20 and 25, do not want to spend so much time at electronic space. According to the authors, the reason for this fact was the increased media literacy of this category for the population. People have learned to filter information flows, think critically and be skeptical about news. Nevertheless, many have switched to a distant work format and do not want to return to the previous offline mode, and for them, it is also necessary to develop media communications and increase their information literacy. Copyright 2021 by Academic Publishing House Researcher s.r.o.","International Journal of Media and Information Literacy","","International Journal of Media and Information Literacy",17,2,"It was information literacy and critical thinking that allowed the population not to succumb to fake news and not to lose their heads, and for them, it is also necessary to develop media communications and increase their information literacy.","2021-06-12T00:00:00","0fc206b6dd96be58ad21703311f11a7d3f1f1e15"], [15658,"Research on the Influence Mechanism of Epidemic Information Disclosure on Screening Authenticity Information","Xiaohui Huang, Gang Li, Yu Wang, Xiaohui Li","","Procedia Computer Science","","Procedia Computer Science",30,3,"It is proposed that information disclosure is conducive to reasonably guiding the public attitude and enhancing the ability of information screening.","2021-06-12T00:00:00","d926a165ebc5cb4e243f84ce0a244e2ae5e33409"], [15659,"Issue Information","","","Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials","","Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. Part B - Applied biomaterials",0,0,"","2021-06-12T00:00:00","784177d34739dbb4b5c1de6532413554337948ab"], [15660,"Issue Information","","","Freshwater Biology","","Freshwater Biology",0,0,"","2021-06-12T00:00:00","3db13b62b5facfd6e7d788b23a4fddd10be70e5b"], [15661,"Issue Information","","","Ecology Letters","","Ecology Letters",0,0,"","2021-06-12T00:00:00","e1dfa489370e0f53d801ee5ab5ded964ad02daf9"], [15662,"Issue Information","","No abstract is available for this article.","Geophysical Research Letters","","Geophysical Research Letters",0,0,"","2021-06-12T00:00:00","d45a650e1b270e60b092c9408568e87cf167115e"], [15663,"Issue Information","","","Color Research & Application","","Color Research and Application",0,0,"","2021-06-12T00:00:00","ec85c00935b250394bdbb7913581f772435b5bc1"], [15664,"Issue Information","","","Oral Diseases","","Oral Diseases",0,0,"","2021-06-12T00:00:00","11703271cf1634084742e15ec81abde39cbd9e49"], [15665,"Issue Information","","","Freshwater Biology","","Freshwater Biology",0,0,"","2021-06-12T00:00:00","a209b28e21dd169a212cd8883ff2c92d755d20ae"], [15666,"Threats to Democracy","V. Petrovi","Right-wing populist governments in Central and South-eastern Europe are currently abusing the emergency caused by the pandemic in order to extend their power and influence over institutions through legislative changes. The governments in Poland, Serbia, Slovenia and Hungary have raised fears by their measures to either establish authoritarian regimes and/or to reassert their grip on power during the Covid19 crisis. This text is intended to give an insight into the measures of the ruling right-wing populist parties (PiS in Poland, SNS in Serbia, SDS in Slovenia and Fidesz in Hungary) during the pandemic. On the one hand, the article intends to show that the individual governments have misused the crisis to bring independent and/or state media under their control, to conclude corrupt deals between the ruling party and government-related companies and to put pressure on other independent institutions.","Politike perspektive","","Politike perspektive",37,4,"","2021-06-12T00:00:00","322580c669aa542622855dcd61dba749527e9619"], [15667,"Why Retractions of Numerical Misinformation Fail: The Anchoring Effect of Inaccurate Numbers in the News","Marlis Stubenvoll, Jrg Matthes","Numbers can convey critical information about political issues, yet statistics are sometimes cited incorrectly by political actors. Drawing on real-world examples of numerical misinformation, the current study provides a first test of the anchoring bias in the context of news consumption. Anchoring describes how evidently wrong and even irrelevant numbers might change peoples judgments. Results of a survey experiment with a sample of N = 413 citizens indicate that even when individuals see a retraction and distrust the presented misinformation, they stay biased toward the initially seen inaccurate number.","Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly","","Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly",73,6,"","2021-06-11T00:00:00","794a591752ed7bc09c0cf80207d90c47b4ea626d"], [15668,"Countering misinformation and disinformation during contentious episodes in a divided society: Tweeting the 2014 and 2015 Ardoyne parade disputes","P. Reilly","Whereas there has been much research into the manufacture of fake news to sow disunity within liberal democracies, little is known about how information disorders affect deeply divided societies. This paper addresses that gap in the literature by exploring how digital media are used to share misinformation and disinformation during contentious public demonstrations in Northern Ireland. It does so by reviewing the literature on social media information flows during acute crisis events, and qualitatively exploring the role of Twitter in spreading misinformation and disinformation during the 2014 and 2015 Ardoyne parade disputes. Results indicate that visual disinformation, presumably shared to inflame sectarian tensions during the parade, was quickly debunked in information flows co-curated by citizens and professional journalists. Online misinformation and disinformation appeared to have minimal impact on events on the ground, although there was some evidence of belief echoes among tweeters who distrusted the information provided by mainstream media.","First Monday","","First Monday",0,1,"Results indicate that visual disinformation, presumably shared to inflame sectarian tensions during the Ardoyne parade, was quickly debunked in information flows co-curated by citizens and professional journalists.","2021-06-11T00:00:00","6ad66d1d27f0a273653a9ade23834a62d3d14932"], [15669,"A Dataset of COVID-Related Misinformation Videos and their Spread on Social Media","Aleksi Knuutila, A. Herasimenka, Hubert Au, Jonathan Bright, P. Howard","This dataset contains metadata about all COVID-related YouTube videos which circulated on public social media, but which YouTube eventually removed because they contained false information. It describes 8,122 videos that were shared between November 2019 and June 2020. The dataset contains unique identifiers for the videos and social media accounts that shared the videos, statistics on social media engagement and metadata such as video titles and view counts where they were recoverable. The dataset has reuse potential for research studying narratives related to the coronavirus, the impact of social media on knowledge about health and the politics of social media platforms.","Journal of Open Humanities Data","","Journal of Open Humanities Data",8,4,"This dataset contains metadata about all COVID-related YouTube videos which circulated on public social media, but which YouTube eventually removed because they contained false information.","2021-06-11T00:00:00","055ed1a3c81a2b9aae55c795019e3b8a40fa875b"], [15670,"Watching Them, Watching Us: How the Misinformation Beat Redefines Journalisms Relationship with Conspiracy Theories","Regina Catipon","","","","",0,1,"","2021-06-11T00:00:00","d7917b51dd84ccd9aa323460e34ef5308765a12e"], [15671,"Book Review: The Anatomy of Fake News: A Critical News Literacy Education, by Nolan Higdon and The Psychology of Fake News: Accepting, Sharing, and Correcting Misinformation, by Rainer Greifeneder, Mariela E. Jaff, Eryn J. Newman, and Norbert Schwarz (Eds.)","R. Blom","long-articulated perspectives that modern public relations was owed largely to the work of Ivy Lee and Edward Bernays. Russells monograph offers an easy-to-read, straightforward organization that segments the historical discussion of AT&Ts development of corporate public relations into seven chapters. This includes a discussion of the need for corporate publicity in the United States (Chapter 1), an examination of Hoveys contributions to corporate publicity at American Bell (Chapter 2), the establishment and design of AT&Ts Publicity Bureau (Chapter 3), the origins and impact of AT&Ts messaging that facilitated its monopoly (Chapter 4), the institutionalization of public relations thought and action at AT&T (Chapter 5), Arthur Pages work and contributions and success during the Great Depression (Chapter 6), and finally a discussion of AT&Ts management of the FCC investigation that identified the impact of the corporate public relations efforts (Chapter 7). Throughout the text, Russell demonstrates that the innovations found in experimentation were largely in the service of sustaining the monopoly that AT&T enjoyed for much of the 20th century, and that Hovey, Ellsworth, and Page were each particularly focused on serving in their roles to advance AT&Ts interests, rather than any self-aggrandizing motives we see from key figures like Lee or Bernays. Stated previously, even in deeply divergent contexts, both Pompper and Russell successfully help the discipline understand how much deeper its development runs, looking well back into the 19th century to see beyond the traditional borders, genders, socioeconomic sectors, and preconceived notions to do so. We see innovative integration of theoretical perspectives and previously underexplored research contexts, which both serve to broaden the mindset of educators, learners, and scholars about the origins of key elements of contemporary practice. Most importantly, these texts offer two exceptional models to the discipline about how to answer the call for a deeper, more diverse understanding of our discipline that speaks to the women and underrepresented people who seek to become a part of the academy and profession where people like them have long contributed to its growth and development.","Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly","","",0,0,"","2021-06-11T00:00:00","0b26e8772fbd59b9339eff41359d2b2e40fc7ea7"], [15672,"Editorial - Covid-19: A Global Challenge Misinformation, Misconceptions And Myths","U. Osuagwu","No Abstract.","Journal of the Nigerian Optometric Association","","Journal of the Nigerian Optometric Association",0,0,"","2021-06-11T00:00:00","2b4ad20d6d748ecf972f182da4cba6835e307ba9"], [15673,"The Effects of Warning Labels and Social Endorsement Cues on Credibility Perceptions of and Engagement Intentions with Fake News","T. Koch, L. Frischlich, E. Lermer","Fake news spreading virally on social media platforms is a topic of high societal and political relevance. Therefore, platforms have been experimenting with different measures of intervention. However, research on their effectiveness is still limited and dispositional factors are often neglected. We tested two promising interventions adding warning labels and removing social endorsement cues (i.e., likes) while including socio-demographic and psychological dispositions based on prior research as controls. Data from an online experiment (N = 591) shows that warning labels significantly reduced credibility perceptions of a fake news post on climate change and respective amplification intentions (i.e., liking and sharing), whereas removing social endorsement cues below a post did not have an impact. Further, credibility perceptions were associated with users political orientation. Amplification intentions differed depending on participants educational level, political leaning, and analytic thinking style, whereas the willingness to elaborate more carefully about the post varied with their age, the involvement with the topic of the fake news, and their political leaning. Our findings contribute to the research required to craft effective interventions against the spread of misinformation and identify vulnerable users.","","","",0,9,"","2021-06-11T00:00:00","09d68a9e4075b852b20ed1186d399672151f789a"], [15674,"The spread of fake news","Anthony C. Adornato","","","","",0,3,"","2021-06-11T00:00:00","29c19fe27149239127fabd61fb1059926f7f8d5c"], [15675,"DebiasGAN: Eliminating Position Bias in News Recommendation with Adversarial Learning","Chuhan Wu, Fangzhao Wu, Yongfeng Huang","News recommendation is important for improving news reading experience of users. Users' news click behaviors are widely used for inferring user interests and predicting future clicks. However, click behaviors are heavily affected by the biases brought by the positions of news displayed on the webpage. It is important to eliminate the effect of position biases on the recommendation model to accurately target user interests. In this paper, we propose a news recommendation method named DebiasGAN that can effectively eliminate the effect of position biases via adversarial learning. We use a bias-aware click model to capture the influence of position bias on click behaviors, and we use a bias-invariant click model with random candidate news positions to estimate the ideally unbiased click scores. We apply adversarial learning techniques to the hidden representations learned by the two models to help the bias-invariant click model capture the bias-independent interest of users on news. Experimental results on two real-world datasets show that DebiasGAN can effectively improve the accuracy of news recommendation by eliminating position biases.","{'pages': '2933-2938'}","","Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",35,3,"Experimental results on two real-world datasets show that DebiasGAN can effectively improve the accuracy of news recommendation by eliminating position biases.","2021-06-11T00:00:00","8248c16165e7e9093365d0e1a7327bf6e70429ba"], [15676,"How Accurate Are Accuracy-Nudge Interventions? A Preregistered Direct Replication of Pennycook et al. (2020)","J. Roozenbeek, A. Freeman, S. van der Linden","As part of the Systematizing Confidence in Open Research and Evidence (SCORE) program, the present study consisted of a two-stage replication test of a central finding by Pennycook et al. (2020), namely that asking people to think about the accuracy of a single headline improves truth discernment of intentions to share news headlines about COVID-19. The first stage of the replication test (n = 701) was unsuccessful (p = .67). After collecting a second round of data (additional n = 882, pooled N = 1,583), we found a small but significant interaction between treatment condition and truth discernment (uncorrected p = .017; treatment: d = 0.14, control: d = 0.10). As in the target study, perceived headline accuracy correlated with treatment impact, so that treatment-group participants were less willing to share headlines that were perceived as less accurate. We discuss potential explanations for these findings and an unreported change in the hypothesis (but not the analysis plan) from the preregistration in the original study.","Psychological Science","","Psychology Science",34,56,"As in the target study, perceived headline accuracy correlated with treatment impact, so that treatment-group participants were less willing to share headlines that were perceived as less accurate.","2021-06-11T00:00:00","e773b41de41b65820e24236c92e6d51b094570c4"], [15677,"A study of confirmation bias among online investors in virtual communities","Bhoomika Trehan, A. Sinha","The purpose of this study is to investigate the existence of confirmation bias among online investors participating in virtual communities. It further examines the factors such as perceived knowledge, investment experience, and gender that influence the confirmation bias. In the virtual communities, two types of participants were identified 'knowledge seekers' and 'knowledge contributors'. An online survey was conducted using structured questionnaire and the data was analysed with the application of relevant statistical tools. Investment-related virtual communities were found to be a great source of stock market-related news and investment ideas. The findings indicate that online investors exhibit confirmation bias as they join virtual communities to seek information that confirms their previous beliefs and opinions. The data was collected from online chat rooms where online investors interact and discuss investment trades. As many investors invest online without taking financial advice and guidance, their investment choices depend on their instinct and knowledge. Therefore, this study is of immense importance for both investors and investment advisors.","International Journal of Electronic Finance","","International Journal of Electronic Finance",0,4,"","2021-06-11T00:00:00","dde68c1e7dcfba590b4ef8cb34da048d190bd334"], [15678,"The politics of testing positive: an autoethnography of media (mis)representations at the start and end of different pandemics","M. Morris","Abstract This paper draws on an autoethnographic digital diary which the author began after testing positive for HIV in July 2016, until May 2021, to critically assess (mis)representations of both the AIDS and COVID-19 pandemics in the media. Drawing on insights from art, literature, queer theory and social anthropology, the paper focuses on dominant moral and political discourses to show how narratives of blame, shame and guilt about viral transmission contribute to the stigmatisation of at risk groups. Concepts of biopower and normative judgement are used to reflect on discourses which construct those who test positive for HIV or SARS-CoV-2 as reckless, risky or irresponsible subjects. The paper also analyses notes on recent media appearances made by the author to discuss their participation in the PARTNER study, which showed that HIV antiretroviral therapy eliminates the possibility of HIV transmission, including reports in The Guardian, on BBC News, on Sky News, on Channel 5 News, and in the Metro. As the former had reported that the Covid-19 crisis raises hopes of end to UK transmission of HIV, portrayals of the two pandemics are compared to explore tensions between public health and individual responsibility as normative priorities.","Culture, Health & Sexuality","","Culture, Health and Sexuality",33,1,"An autoethnographic digital diary is drawn on which the author began after testing positive for HIV in July 2016, until May 2021, to critically assess (mis)representations of both the AIDS and COVID-19 pandemics in the media to explore tensions between public health and individual responsibility as normative priorities.","2021-06-11T00:00:00","b78371e47673b65a31e938462e867e6280be4f13"], [15679,"Hacking a reputation: crisis communication and the Ashley Madison data breach","Katherine Owczar","[Para. 1] At a time where online activists are targeting and obtaining the intellectual property of companies on a regular basis, how should a company communicate and mitigate the data breach to ensure that its valued customers feel protected, or in the best case scenario, prevent it altogether? The adoption and implementation of a sound crisis communication and management strategy is thus a fundamental operative for the success of any organization. Organizational crises can fundamentally disrupt and harm companies, organizations and individuals alike; they are characterized as non-routine, severe event[s] that [can] destroy [its] reputation or operations (Koerber, 2017). When a crisis arises for an organization, it is imperative that they have a strong sense of clarity regarding the issue at hand specifically, they must understand the context and background narrative that gives interpretative shape to [its] foreground issues (Arnett, Deiuliis, Corr, 2017). Perhaps most emblematic of these background narratives is the circulation of competing information and perspectives, by both social media and traditional news sources. With the rise of social media and the 24/7 news cycle, a new sense of power and inflated ability to frame an issue has been afforded to many publics particularly due to the ability of these mediums to rapidly transmit and receive information. These affordances have the potential to be either beneficial or detrimental to a company when faced with a crisis. While an organization can benefit from strategic media relations and effective crisis communication, even the most established of firms can have their voice become convoluted or be reprimanded if communication is poorly executed.","","","",0,0,"","2021-06-11T00:00:00","438d897857dcb43e6a10b75a1f7e0d2def48fe5b"], [15680,"Reformulation of Dispute Resolution Mechanisms for Public Information Requests to Achieve Constructive Law Enforcement and Legal Certainty","Peter Jeremiah Setiawan, Xavier Nugraha, Elma Putri Tanbun","The nature of law enforcement in resolving multi-dimensional information disputes has a logical consequence on the need for constructive law enforcement. This research aims to examine the forms of law enforcement that exist in resolving disputes over requests for public information and to formulate a constructive mechanism to realize a series of law enforcement procedures with legal certainty. This research is normative legal research using a statutory and conceptual approach. The results showed that law enforcement in the settlement of public information disputes consists of the objection, non-litigation adjudication, and litigation covering civil, state administration, and criminal law. In this case, The Criminal law instruments are placed as the final law enforcement if the relevant public agency does not carry out a decision that has permanent legal force. In addition, in the context of realizing comprehensive and constructive law enforcement, a Memorandum of Understanding was held between the Information Commission and the Police to synergize and effectively implement the criminal law as a final resort.","","","",36,1,"","2021-06-11T00:00:00","db57047f254826d2ee16e3eb1ae2c3895d2e5da8"], [15681,"Performance Of Auto-Callable Reverse Convertibles, Information Disclosure Prescribed By Regulation S-K Change In 2013 Under U.S. Security Act: An Empirical Study","Cheuk Lim Lai","This thesis studies the effect of the estimated value disclosure imposed in 2013 on the realized return of the auto-callable reverse convertibles (ACRCs) in the U.S. retail market. The sample of this study consists of about 3,700 issues of ACRCs during the period from 2011 to 2015, which is collected from the Edgar database of the U.S. Security and Exchange Committee (www.sec.gov). \n\nThe comparison between product realized return and the return of underlying assets reveals that the ACRCs are underperformed by 5% on average, while further analysis shows that the return difference was broadened after the disclosure regulation. It is found that the statistical attributes of the underlying assets are critical to the product performance while they are hidden by the issuer of ACRCs. The disclosure regulation is presumed to enhance information disclosure and to further protect the investors, but the deteriorated performance of ACRCs indicates a failure of the regulation. To protect the anonymity and confidentiality, the identity of the issuer of ACRCs in our sample is removed without compromising the validity of our research. The original data is available upon request.","","","",0,0,"","2021-06-11T00:00:00","253cf7d4fe2e24d853fb70dfc70fd15f93b0a408"], [15682,"How do Investors React to Biased Information? Evidence from Chinese IPO Auctions","Jingbin He, Bo Liu, Yiyao Wang, Fei Wu","We study how institutional investors utilize potentially biased information by analyzing the effect of IPO underwriters' earnings forecasts on investors' bidding behaviors in Chinese IPO auctions. Despite the presence of upward biases in underwriters' earnings forecasts, we nd that investors' bid prices are higher in IPOs with higher earnings forecasts. The investors' positive reaction to biased information can be explained in a rational expectation model where the underwriter has valuable information about the IPO but has a biased incentive in presenting the information to investors. Consistent with the model's predictions, we find that an investor's bid price is more sensitive to the underwriter's earnings forecast when the forecast bias is expected to be smaller, when the relative precision of the underwriter's information over the investor's information is higher, and when the investor has a higher valuation of the IPO.","Capital Markets: Market Efficiency eJournal","","",59,0,"","2021-06-11T00:00:00","dbae890cdf4227ad3925601de3b03f41aedf3293"], [15683,"The right to information in the legislation on corporate relations: national and foreign regulation experience","Borys Soloviov","The purpose of the article is to carry out a theoretical and legal analysis of the right to information in national and foreign legislation on corporate relations and to develop substantiated theoretical conclusions on the improvement of national corporate legislation. Methodology. The following general scientific methods were used in the process of research object analysis: the method of analysis, synthesis, deduction, abstraction, comparison, system-structural, structural-logical methods. Comparative legal and formal legal methods have become the basis for the analysis of national and foreign corporate legislation, identification of similarities and differences in the general principles of respective legal relations regulation. Results. The study found that the right to information is a guarantee of corporate rights and legally protected interests of corporate legal entity (corporation) members, as information enables corporation members to exercise their corporate rights properly. The analysis of national legislation gives grounds to state that the legal norms enshrining the right to information in corporate legal relations and the order of its realization, are formulated unsystematically and in an abstract way. National corporate legislation acts do not contain a detailed list and types of information to which a corporation member is entitled. Scientific novelty Analysis of the main corporate legislation acts of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Commonwealth of Australia and Canada gives ground to state that the right to information in corporate relations is considered to be the right to any information about the corporation in the Anglo-Saxon legal family. Practical significance. The need of making changes to national corporate legislation acts in the process of recodification of the civil legislation of Ukraine has been proven. It has been proposed to recognize any information about the corporation and its activities as an object of corporate relations whether this information directly or indirectly concerns the exercise of members corporate rights or performance of respective duties, and to detail the way of the right to information realization in corporate legal relations.","","","",0,0,"","2021-06-11T00:00:00","7fe660c43af3f19069b254fc717ebf100340d6af"], [15684,"Issue Information","","No abstract is available for this article.","Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","","Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres",0,0,"","2021-06-11T00:00:00","0a0aa62e8cb95e09876311c08b63e5af8dec34e0"], [15685,"Issue Information","","No abstract is available for this article.","International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking","","International Journal of Satellite Communications And Networking",0,0,"","2021-06-11T00:00:00","c7c62e0529bef807c6173dd2f87419eb39837c5c"], [15686,"Issue Information","","","Flavour and Fragrance Journal","","Flavour and Fragrance Journal",0,0,"","2021-06-11T00:00:00","08d7a8a987d22ab3edd82c4622cf2a01972815d1"], [15687,"Issue Information","","","Lethaia","","Lethaia: an international journal of palaeontology and stratigraphy",0,0,"","2021-06-11T00:00:00","1574e915bfa3a632cf852175ba3480fc23c44940"], [15688,"Information sharing","Wendy Ledesma Orbegozo","","Compendium of Digital Government Initiatives in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: 2020","","Compendium of Digital Government Initiatives in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: 2020",0,0,"","2021-06-11T00:00:00","ddff6e091d2380cf4263cba8134a45c3a63ef202"], [15689,"What Social Media Facilitates, Social Media should Regulate: Duties in the New Public Sphere","Leonie Smith, Fay Niker","This article offers a distinctive way of grounding the regulative duties held by social media companies (SMCs). One function of the democratic state is to provide what we term the right to democratic epistemic participation within the public sphere. But social media has transformed our public sphere, such that SMCs now facilitate citizens right to democratic epistemic participation and do so on a scale that was previously impossible. We argue that this role of SMCs in expanding the scope of what counts as fair democratic epistemic participation, and in becoming the providers of access to the digital public sphere, brings with it duties of regulation.","The Political Quarterly","","Political quarterly (London. 1930. Print)",1,1,"","2021-06-11T00:00:00","e72af5443bf10ad6956e318821370d75cffa112e"], [15690,"Social media ethics and policies","Anthony C. Adornato","","","","",0,0,"","2021-06-11T00:00:00","feaefb306bfa9daf11ec0e58b62ffd868080d083"], [15691,"Who is ruining farmers markets? Crowds, fraud, and the fantasy of real food","Sang-hyoun Pahk","","Agriculture and Human Values","","Agriculture and Human Values",53,5,"","2021-06-11T00:00:00","422301115528e1e3f9e8115535c5be394f3e1c17"], [15692,"Who is ruining farmers markets? Crowds, fraud, and the fantasy of real food","Sang-hyoun Pahk","","Agriculture and Human Values","","Agriculture and Human Values",73,0,"","2021-06-11T00:00:00","49198f5c0fc70f545a9722634323bffccb0fd3e6"], [15693,"Quantifying the effects of fake news on behavior: Evidence from a study of COVID-19 misinformation.","C. Greene, G. Murphy","Previous research has argued that fake news may have grave consequences for health behavior, but surprisingly, no empirical data have been provided to support this assumption. This issue takes on new urgency in the context of the coronavirus pandemic, and the accompanying wave of online misinformation. In this large preregistered study (N = 3,746), we investigated the effect of a single exposure to fabricated news stories about COVID-19 on related behavioral intentions. We observed small but measurable effects on some behavioral intentions but not others-for example, participants who read a story about problems with a forthcoming contact-tracing app reported a 5% reduction in willingness to download the app. These data suggest that one-off fake news exposure may have behavioral consequences, though the effects are not large. We also found no effects of providing a general warning about the dangers of online misinformation on response to the fake stories, regardless of the framing of the warning in positive or negative terms. This suggests that generic warnings about online misinformation, such as those used by governments and social media companies, are unlikely to be effective. We conclude with a call for more empirical research on the real-world consequences of fake news. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).","Journal of experimental psychology. Applied","","Journal of experimental psychology. Applied",0,61,"This large preregistered study investigated the effect of a single exposure to fabricated news stories about COVID-19 on related behavioral intentions, and found no effects of providing a general warning about the dangers of online misinformation on response to the fake stories.","2021-06-10T00:00:00","3647a3afd1690f69c7364406694c792d536cebd2"], [15694,"Review: Vaccine Myth-Buster Cleaning Up With Prejudices and Dangerous Misinformation","P. Lffler","Although vaccines have already saved and will continue to save millions of lives, they are under attack. Vaccine safety is the main target of criticism. The rapid distribution of false information, or even conspiracy theories on the internet has tremendously favored vaccine hesitancy. The World Health Organization (WHO) named vaccine hesitancy one of the top ten threats to global health in 2019. Parents and patients have several concerns about vaccine safety, of which the ubiquitous anxieties include inactivating agents, adjuvants, preservatives, or new technologies such as genetic vaccines. In general, increasing doubts concerning side effects have been observed, which may lead to an increasing mistrust of scientific results and thus, the scientific method. Hence, this review targets five topics concerning vaccines and reviews current scientific publications in order to summarize the available information refuting conspiracy theories and myths about vaccination. The topics have been selected based on the authors personal perception of the most frequently occurring safety controversies: the inactivation agent formaldehyde, the adjuvant aluminum, the preservative mercury, the mistakenly-drawn correlation between vaccines and autism and genetic vaccines. The scientific literature shows that vaccine safety is constantly studied. Furthermore, the literature does not support the allegations that vaccines may cause a serious threat to general human life. The author suggests that more researchers explaining their research ideas, methods and results publicly could strengthen the general confidence in science. In general, vaccines present one of the safest and most cost-effective medications and none of the targeted topics raised serious health concerns.","Frontiers in Immunology","","Frontiers in Immunology",245,24,"Five topics concerning vaccines are targeted and current scientific publications are reviewed in order to summarize the available information refuting conspiracy theories and myths about vaccination, and none of the targeted topics raised serious health concerns.","2021-06-10T00:00:00","dda3f72090f71e57d80b697d73fe86e35467c62c"], [15695,"The medium and the message: Comparing the effectiveness of six methods of misinformation delivery in an eyewitness memory paradigm.","C. Greene, R. Bradshaw, Charlotte Huston, G. Murphy","Studies of eyewitness memory commonly employ variations on a standard misinformation paradigm. Participants are (a) exposed to an event (e.g., a simulated crime), (b) misled about certain details of the event and (c) questioned about their memory of the original event. Misinformation may be provided in the second step via a range of methods. Here, we directly compared the effectiveness of six misinformation delivery methods-leading questions, elaborate leading questions, doctored photographs, simple narratives, scrambled narratives, and missing word narratives. We presented 1182 participants with a video of a simulated robbery and randomly assigned them to receive misinformation about two out of four critical details via one of these methods. In line with the levels of processing account of memory, we report that methods that encourage deeper processing of misinformation result in more memory distortions. Contrary to previous reports, doctored photographs were not a successful method of implanting misinformation. The six delivery methods resulted in minimal differences in confidence and metamemory estimates, but participants were more likely to notice the presence of misinformation in the simple narrative condition. We conclude with suggestions for the selection of an appropriate method of misinformation delivery in future studies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).","Journal of experimental psychology. Applied","","Journal of experimental psychology. Applied",0,4,"It is reported that methods that encourage deeper processing of misinformation result in more memory distortions, and doctored photographs were not a successful method of implanting misinformation.","2021-06-10T00:00:00","9dcddb6d1c7ee0e357f4f8635418972481b6755d"], [15696,"Memetics of Deception: Spreading Local Meme Hoaxes during COVID-19 1st Year","Ral Rodrguez-Ferrndiz, Candelaria Snchez-Olmos, T. HidalgoMar, E. Bor","The central thesis of this paper is that memetic practices can be crucial to understanding deception at present when hoaxes have increased globally due to COVID-19. Therefore, we employ existing memetic theory to describe the qualities and characteristics of meme hoaxes in terms of the way they are replicated by altering some aspects of the original, and then shared on social media platforms in order to connect global and local issues. Criteria for selecting the sample were hoaxes retrieved from and related to the local territory in the province of Alicante (Spain) during the first year of the pandemic (n = 35). Once typology, hoax topics and their memetic qualities were identified, we analysed their characteristics according to form in terms of Shifman (2014) and, secondly, their content and stance concordances both within and outside our sample (Spain and abroad). The results show, firstly, that hoaxes are mainly disinformation and they are related to the pandemic. Secondly, despite the notion that local hoaxes are linked to local circumstances that are difficult to extrapolate, our conclusions demonstrate their extraordinary memetic and glocal capacity: they rapidly adapt other hoaxes from other places to local areas, very often supplanting reliable sources, and thereby demonstrating consistency and opportunism.","Future Internet","","Future Internet",65,2,"The results show that hoaxes are mainly disinformation and they are related to the pandemic, and they rapidly adapt other hoaxes from other places to local areas, very often supplanting reliable sources, and thereby demonstrating consistency and opportunism.","2021-06-10T00:00:00","21e86451a46eaa31cd0dd665255f52f2e3517862"], [15697,"The Fake News about Fake News","D. Coady","It is widely believed that we are facing a problem, caused by something called fake news. Governments and other powerful institutions around the world have adopted a variety of measures to restrict the reporting and dissemination of claims they deem to be fake news. Many of these measures are clear breaches of fundamental rights, including freedom of speech and freedom of the press. This chapter arsgues that, contrary to common opinion, there is no new or growing problem of fake news. There is instead a new and growing problem caused by the term fake news. Although this term has no fixed meaning it does have a fixed function. It functions to restrict permissible public speech and opinion in ways that serve the interests of powerful people and institutions.","","","",0,9,"","2021-06-10T00:00:00","5d89f1a15d6b141dcaad3276ac5cec51f592aecd"], [15698,"The Dissemination of Scientific Fake News","E. Genot, E. Olsson","Fake news can originate from an ordinary person carelessly posting what turns out to be false information or from the intentional actions of fake news factory workers, but broadly speaking it can also originate from scientific fraud. In the latter case, the article can be retracted upon discovery of the fraud. A case study shows, however, that such fake science can be visible in Google even after the article was retracted, in fact more visible than the retraction notice. We hypothesize that the reason for this lies in the popularitybased logic governing Google, in particular its foundational PageRank algorithm, in conjunction with a psychological law which we refer to as the law of retraction: a retraction notice is typically taken to be less interesting and therefore less popular with internet users than the original content retracted. We conduct an empirical study drawing on records of articles retracted due to fraud (fabrication of data) in the Retraction Watch public database. The study tests the extent to which such retracted scientific articles are still highly ranked in Google and more so than information about the retraction. We find, among other things, that both Google Search and Google Scholar more often than not ranked a link to the original article higher than a link indicating that the article has been retracted. Surprisingly, Google Scholar did not perform better in this regard than Google Search. We also found cases in which Google did not track the retraction of an article on the first result page at all. We conclude that both Google Search and Google Scholar run the risk of disseminating fake science through their ranking algorithms.","","","",24,2,"It is concluded that both Google Search and Google Scholar run the risk of disseminating fake science through their ranking algorithms.","2021-06-10T00:00:00","df37925d5bcbaec8a5fc8f6eb65d369d5d0f7fb9"], [15699,"Fake News, False Beliefs, and the Fallible Art of Knowledge Maintenance","Axel Gelfert","The term fake news, it is argued in this chapter, captures a novel kind of social-epistemic dysfunction that arises from systemic distortions of established processes of creating, disseminating, and consuming news-like content. Navigating informational environments populated by fake news requires the cultivation of epistemic routines that reduce our exposure to misleading and deceptive information, while at the same time continuing to allow us to partake in the collective growth of knowledge. Shifting the focus to epistemic routines steers a middle path between two frequently encountered dichotomous responses to the problem of fake news: viz., between emphasizing the individuals responsibility to think critically and check ones sources and advocating technological tweaks (such as automated fact-checking). While epistemic agents ought to be held responsible for the epistemic routines they commit themselves to, there is also a collective need for making the predictable effects of such choices transparent to individuals, wherever technologically possible.","","","",0,2,"","2021-06-10T00:00:00","d0bef9b37493a1a28ddc847a7c37b6127e91bfb8"], [15700,"Echo Chambers, Fake News, and Social Epistemology","Jennifer Lackey","A familiar criticism of Donald Trump is that, in watching only Fox News and similar news sources, he is creating a dangerous echo chamber for himself. Echo chambers are said to be responsible for a host of todays problems, including the degradation of democracy. This diagnosis is fundamentally incorrect, and this chapter examines the two dominant explanations of the distinctively epistemic problem with echo chambers and shows that each is wanting. Echo chambers, by themselves, are not epistemically problematic. Echo chambers are characterized in purely structural terms, but what is needed to capture what is wrong with Trumps exposure to only Fox News is content-sensitive. It is not that Trump is relying on a single source for news, but that he is relying on one that is unreliable. Finally, the chapter calls attention to the challenge of social media bots and the role of non-ideal social epistemology.","","","",0,8,"","2021-06-10T00:00:00","c83bc812babca3f3ad8d9c6508b2ea120a76e9e1"], [15701,"Fake News and Epistemic Rot; or, Why We Are All in This Together","Sanford C. Goldberg","Fake news poses an interesting test case to theories of the epistemology of testimony. If they are to illuminate the nature of the epistemic challenges and harms fake news poses to (members of) a community, the theories themselves must move beyond several overly simplistic models of communication. After developing and criticizing some of these, this chapter goes on to offer a more nearly adequate model. The distinctive feature of the theory presented is that it goes beyond the reporter (speaker) and recipient (hearer), postulating several other roles people (and technology) play in communication. The upshot of these reflections is a case for thinking of epistemic responsibility in distinctly social termsin terms of what we owe to each other as creatures who are both information-seeking and highly social.","","","",0,1,"","2021-06-10T00:00:00","c0a6d09f2d16e68309fab2640079d1345c31426d"], [15702,"Some Like It Hoax : Lessons In Regulating Fake News In Malaysia","Hafidz Hakimi Haron","The growth of digital technology promotes the positive impact of the usage of digital based media as the main source of information. Although the development has a significant positive impact to the digital economy, it is unfortunate that the online media has become a breeding ground for dissemination of false information. Worse, news from unverified sources has often been carelessly quoted by the mainstream press which shows a remarkably questionable practices and consequently shows possible regulatory gap in the enforcement of press ethical conduct. Yet, existing laws on dissemination of false information had often being criticized as draconian, anti-democratic, and viewed as the instrument of the state control over free speech. This sentiment later contributed to the abolishment of the Anti-Fake News Act 2018 - just a year after it was enacted. Nevertheless, controlling propagation of fake news has proven to be challenging to the authorities. The episodes of the spread of fake news in regard to the Covid-19 pandemic in Malaysia had stretched the authorities to choose a stricter offence under the Penal Code rather than the usual anti-fake news legislations such as the Printing Presses and Publication Act 1984 and the Communications and Multimedia Act 1998. Thus, the primary objective of this paper is to revisit the development of fake news regulatory mechanism in Malaysia, and to recommend any possible improvement to curb it in the future. The paper adopts the method of textual analysis of the legislation as well as semi-structured interviews. (C) 2021 Published by European Publisher.","","","",40,1,"The primary objective of this paper is to revisit the development of fake news regulatory mechanism in Malaysia, and to recommend any possible improvement to curb it in the future.","2021-06-10T00:00:00","983730e322692c3a1e34d760c5e6737df80416ff"], [15703,"Is Fake News Old News?","C. Novaes, J. Ridder","Do we live in a post-truth era where fake news and alternative facts run rampant? This suggestion has become a staple of recent non-fiction writing. Others disagree and suggest that contemporary fake news is really nothing new. This chapter examines what, if anything, is novel about contemporary fake news. After clarifying the meaning of fake news for the present purposes, the chapter presents three models of manipulation of public opinion and argues that they are recognizable throughout history. Next, the chapter looks at various features of contemporary fake news that could account for its novelty. Based on a survey of historical and empirical evidence, it is proposed that the novelty of contemporary fake news primarily lies in how the Internet and social media have changed the ways in which (fake) news can be distributed and consumed","","","",0,0,"","2021-06-10T00:00:00","84a63654fb674bbc71d9c0cfde4b2aa1cae157c1"], [15704,"How Vice Can Motivate Distrust in Elites and Trust in Fake News","Maura Priest","This chapter discusses the vices of epistemic insensitivity and epistemic obstruction in special relation to contemporary political divides and contemporary habits of media consumption. It argues that both vices threaten to worsen political and social divisions between self-identified conservatives on the one hand, and those that the said self-identified conservatives themselves identify as elites, liberal elites, experts, progressives, or, the left. In turn, this worsening divide worsens distrust in news sources associated with the wrong political perspective. Partisans can become increasingly suspect of all news sources outside of their own political bubble; the entrenchment of the aforementioned vices makes persons more and more likely to deem any source outside their bubble fake news.","","","",0,0,"","2021-06-10T00:00:00","9062c1d23f8f6b0daefadf92f8b6ec363d92f605"], [15705,"COVID-19, fake news, and post-truth","Vittorio Bufacchi","","Everything must change","","Everything must change",0,0,"","2021-06-10T00:00:00","74027f6c3e6774683df41c681572c40b9fe9263f"], [15706,"An Epistemic Defense of News Abstinence","S. Bernecker","If we have reason to believe that by following the news, we acquire more false beliefs than true ones or we acquire true but irrelevant beliefs, then we may be justified in taking a newsbreak. We are propositionally justified in temporarily ignoring the news either in a domain or from a source if (i) we are in a fake news environment or are justified in believing that we are, and (ii) it is cognitively difficult or time consuming to discriminate genuine from fake news or to obtain genuine news. The defense of news abstinence rests either on reliabilism about justification or the defeasibility theory. When reliabilism is combined with epistemic consequentialism, news abstinence in a fake news environment is not only epistemically permitted but also epistemically required.","","","",0,3,"","2021-06-10T00:00:00","d49e9a583ebb094732ec93a942b9e1da0a0bbb2f"], [15707,"The Virtue of Epistemic Trustworthiness and Re-Posting on Social Media","S. Wright","Re-posting fake news on social media exposes others to epistemic risks that include not only false belief but also misguided trust in the source of the fake news. The risk of misguided trust comes from the fact that re-posting is a kind of credentialing; as a new kind of speech-act, re-posting does not yet have established norms and so runs an additional risk of bent credentialing. This chapter proposes that other-regarding epistemic virtues can help us mitigate the epistemic risks that come with re-postingspecifically the virtue of epistemic trustworthiness. It further considers how an epistemically trustworthy person should regulate her re-posting behavior in light of the psychological evidence that retracting false beliefs is far more difficult than might be supposed. Behaving in an epistemically trustworthy way requires being responsive to the real risks that our actions expose others to, as well as recognizing the real ways that others depend on us.","","","",0,2,"","2021-06-10T00:00:00","2ae2d8423d503baece5e7b615edf7619488020e5"], [15708,"Listening Literacies as Keys to Rebuilding Trust in Journalism: A Typology for a Changing News Audience","Sue Robinson, Kelly E Jensen, Carlos Dvalos","ABSTRACT Using in-depth interviews and textual analyses of trust-building projects as case studies, this research explores the links between trust and news literacy. The major contribution includes a contextualized definition and formal typology for the literacies to come out of these initiatives and programs, which are well-funded by foundations, technology companies and others. In these trust-building strategies, we are asked to reimagine who is responsible for information literacy so that mainstream journalism can be revitalized. Four dimensions of news literacy for trust-building in public information exchange emerged from this dataset: civic consumption, amateur (co-)production (sharing), professional information production (newsrooms), and algorithms/technology. We find that the notion of a listening literacy within these strategies has application for not only K-12 schools, universities and regular people, but also for journalists and media platforms to restore trust in accurate information.","Journalism Studies","","",70,6,"","2021-06-10T00:00:00","76931e2db99a0dc20d86e465047503e0234b6f4b"], [15709,"Regulating Online News Portals In Malaysia Reference To Independent Press Standards Ogranisation","N. Nawang","Online news portals in Malaysia are at present not governed by any specific legislative controls. Neither the licensing regimes of the Printing Presses and Publications Act 1984 nor the Communications and Multimedia Act 1998 that govern the traditional print as well as the new communications and multimedia industries respectively apply to online news portals and other online publication platforms. The present setup is detrimental to the media industry since only the print media are controlled by pre- and post-publication laws, whilst online news portals appear to enjoy greater freedom due to the governments guarantee not to censure the Internet. The discriminatory treatment between the traditional and new media has contributed to the change in the media landscape as online news portals and other online publications are continuously preferred and gaining wide acceptance by the people in the country. In line with the proposed establishment of an independent media council in Malaysia, it is therefore pertinent to examine the regulatory mechanism that has been adopted to self-regulate the print and online media in other countries. For this reason, the present study, which is qualitative in nature, will adopt legal doctrinal and comparative","","","",19,0,"","2021-06-10T00:00:00","6e626dce19cabe26ad2e29daa1b7b6c72e803b83"], [15710,"Author response for \"Quantitative and qualitative analysis of linking patterns of mainstream and partisan online news media in Central Europe\"","Andrea Hrckova, Robert Moro, Ivan Srba, Maria Bielikova","","","","",0,1,"","2021-06-10T00:00:00","179f26f47836338d0c5cc0b3af955cb896152392"], [15711,"The Role Of Government Online Crisis Communication Framework In Strengtening Public Trust","Jamilah Jamal","Governmental crisis communication is one of public relations functions to deliver government crisis messages to public. Of late there were rising concerns on negative media coverage by international media toward the country's recent financial performance. The unfavorable news reporting from these international regulatory bodies can be seen as polemic issue which has potential to weaken the government integrity and ability in overcoming its economic crisis. The objective of this study is to examine the governmental crisis communication practices to reduce public uncertainty toward international negative media coverage on the financial crisis. To address this issue, the study integrates two models in social media crisis communication namely the networked crisis communication model (NCC) and the social-mediated crisis communication model (SMCC) to build a governmental crisis communication framework. The framework also incorporates two crisis communication elements such as negative online media coverage and public trust/distrust. The study will employ quantitative approach which involves survey on the perception among the Malaysian youth toward governmental crisis communication efforts and tests the hypotheses that has been put forward. This study contributes to enhance and establish a scientific, evidence-based guideline to fully utilise online public communication in conveying the government's initiatives and policies. The implication of the study emphasises on protecting national security through significant roles of effective public relations practices in managing governmental crisis communication to regain public trust.","","","",34,0,"","2021-06-10T00:00:00","ed24ff39ec975d77a7a4099161532148555e5863"], [15712,"Banning burkas and niqabs? Exploring perceptions of bias in media coverage of Islam and Muslims in Switzerland and their relation to peoples voting intention concerning the burka-initiative","D. Arlt","In Switzerland, Islam and Muslims are repeatedly the subject of political debates and, thus, of media reporting. While content analyses show a certain bias in Western media coverage of Islam and Muslims, relatively little is known about the audiences perspective on media bias in this context. Using data from an online survey of the Swiss population (n = 976), this study examines peoples perceptions of bias in the media coverage of Islam and Muslims in Switzerland and how it relates to their intention to vote on the popular initiative Yes to a veil ban. The study was conducted in March 2019, two years before the actual vote took place on 7 March 2021. The results show that the majority of the Swiss non-Muslim population perceives the reporting as distorted. In the studys investigation of media bias perceptions, attitudes towards Islam and Muslims, political orientation and personal contact with Muslims proved to be the most relevant influencing factors. By contrast, exposure to political information via traditional news media and social media was not associated with bias perceptions. Finally, a stronger perception that the media understate certain problems related to Islam and Muslims in Switzerland was positively related to peoples intention to vote for a national ban on wearing burkas or niqabs in public.","Studies in communication sciences","","",80,5,"","2021-06-10T00:00:00","ac199f56f16268a93211b7b64e6abe67e9a00f74"], [15713,"Fools Gold: Fakes, Frauds, and Fallacies in Philippine History by Bob Couttie (review)","Francisco Jayme Paolo A. Guiang","","Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints","","Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints",0,0,"","2021-06-10T00:00:00","c9507528e04cdc596fe44cae8671a2a8960b89d4"], [15714,"Political Information Efficacy And Sense-Making Process: Structural Equation Modelling (Sem) Approach","Suhaimee Saahar Saabar","By delivering useful facts to the target demographic, political ads play a major role during election campaigns. The purpose of this research is to examine the impact of political ads on the effectiveness of political knowledge among young voters. To consider youth voters segment, Kaid developed the idea of political information efficacy; participation in the electoral process. Meanwhile, at the same point, the engagement of young voters in the democratic process has become an important topic for the communication scholars to understand the influence of mass media toward young voters, especially in developing countries such as Malaysia. This research, therefore, analysed the impact of political ads on 374 young voters in DUN Kota Damansara, in order to understand their political knowledge effectiveness by concentrating on the internal efficacy component and the decision-making phase. Additionally, the data was analysed by PLS-SEM to build a structural model of the study. Latent variables were constructed based on the literature reviews identified such as: (1) political information efficacy, (2) information needs, (3) information use, (4) political disaffection/gap and (5) voting decision. The findings find that political information efficacy can be a strong predictor.","","","",18,0,"","2021-06-10T00:00:00","aec0ca2a98fe98dfddf8cf1daf152439e136a6de"], [15715,"Binding Tax Rate Information (WIS) as an expression of the principle of trust in public authorities and the principle of legal certainty","Zuzanna Raszczyk","Binding Rate Information (WIS) is a new tax law system institution, in force since 1st November 2019. It is a regulation introducing the possibility of obtaining a decision of the tax authority in the scope of taxing goods and services for the supply of goods, import of goods, intra-community acquisition of goods or provision of services. The issued decision is binding, and therefore provides protection for the taxpayer. In a way, this regulation is an expression of the principles of trust in public authorities and of legal certainty, which is extremely important in the field of tax law. The main research objectives of the article are the legal analysis of the new regulations regarding Binding Rate Information, and an attempt to show that the new WIS institution fully implements the principles of legal certainty and of trust in public authorities as expressed in art. 121 o.p. The author uses the dogmatic-legal method to analyze the legal texts as well as the views of doctrine and case-law.","Studenckie Prace Prawnicze, Administratywistyczne i Ekonomiczne","","Studenckie Prace Prawnicze, Administratywistyczne i Ekonomiczne",0,0,"","2021-06-10T00:00:00","e907b817eb367572caccb7abd23eb56cb196a4eb"], [15716,"Research on Residents' Privacy Information Disclosure Intention in Epidemic Environments","Shugang Li, Beiyan Zhang","The technology monitoring measures play an important role in COVID-19's prevention and control in China. However, some residents are unwilling to be monitored, and their willingness to disclose information is low, which hinders the promotion of technology monitoring. This research aims to analyze the influencing factors of residents' privacy information disclosure intention in epidemic environments based on the privacy calculus theory. Firstly, this research reviews the related research on privacy calculus, puts forward research hypotheses, and establishes a conceptual model. Then, the data were collected by questionnaire and the reliability and validity of the scale used were tested. Finally, this research uses the software of MPLUS to verify the overall fit of the model, and test the significance of the hypotheses. The research results show that information sensitivity and self-perceived efficiency will affect the privacy calculation, and then affect the residents' privacy information disclosure intention, and subjective norms, self-perceived efficacy, perceived benefits, and perceived risks will directly affect the residents' privacy information disclosure intention. These conclusions can provide guidance for the formulation of the promotion plan of technology monitoring, help the government to promote technology monitoring, improve the epidemic prevention and control ability of the society.","Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on e-Society, e-Learning and e-Technologies","","International Conference e-Society, e-Learning and e-Technologies",19,0,"The research results show that information and self-Perceived efficiency will affect the privacy calculation, and then affect the residents' privacy information disclosure intention, and subjective norms, self-perceived efficacy, perceived benefits, and perceived risks will directly affect theResidents' privacy Information disclosure intention.","2021-06-10T00:00:00","3c24130998c38ef19f312145678919058091bf7c"], [15717,"Using disclosure, common ground, and verification to build rapport and elicit information.","Rachel E. Dianiska, J. K. Swanner, L. Brimbal, C. Meissner","","Psychology, Public Policy and Law","","",0,7,"","2021-06-10T00:00:00","3dd8bf5cf94fba46675be9d9ca69607caa8ba5c3"], [15718,"Issue Information","","","Journal of School Health","","Journal of School Health",0,0,"","2021-06-10T00:00:00","04ba38fde648082b538fc93203eb0f5d4153de3a"], [15719,"Issue Information","","","Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture","","The Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture",0,0,"","2021-06-10T00:00:00","d8bec210d7bc77f845ce933197b77816fb83a430"], [15720,"Issue Information","","","Wind Energy","","Wind Energy",0,0,"","2021-06-10T00:00:00","f414c81061069cd4b3c32a5a09235e206053ab3f"], [15721,"Issue Information","","","Pest Management Science","","Pest Management Science",0,0,"","2021-06-10T00:00:00","627d45623386bc88410e9f33c9d4443a1667577e"], [15722,"Issue Information","","","X-Ray Spectrometry","","X-Ray Spectrometry",0,0,"","2021-06-10T00:00:00","7c42ae9bce24b43b5fdf9bc899ff76f41d570164"], [15723,"Issue Information TOC","","","ComputerAided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering","","Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering",0,0,"","2021-06-10T00:00:00","8c8649e4b498e928a9127a78331de953089b2c6b"], [15724,"Issue Information","","","International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control","","International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control",0,0,"","2021-06-10T00:00:00","78a1cffc8019e02dce18a5ea8e44a73f84442308"], [15725,"Issue Information","","","Biomedical Chromatography","","Biomedical chromotography",0,0,"","2021-06-10T00:00:00","66c493299c0ec56a1a5896a3da2daa7618d10879"], [15726,"Issue Information","","","Equine Veterinary Education","","Equine Veterinary Education",0,0,"","2021-06-10T00:00:00","ac9cb1bf328c637294d36cf7dde667e85a8c68c5"], [15727,"Issue Information","","","Networks","","Networks",0,0,"","2021-06-10T00:00:00","665e875a943f38db6a4fb4c64b1d9d9411800902"], [15728,"Issue Information","","","Applied Organometallic Chemistry","","Applied organometallic chemistry",0,0,"","2021-06-10T00:00:00","af7bf165f4ec4719ea0d0bb9a98a54cfefa28114"], [15729,"Issue Information","","","Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations","","Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations",0,0,"","2021-06-10T00:00:00","8ab809be0cf7e05b271da57f8b041522b1514dab"], [15730,"Issue Information","","","Journal of Fish Diseases","","Journal of Fish Diseases",0,0,"","2021-06-10T00:00:00","6a3fbc9194760c20fcbcacbeae1977e9494987a1"], [15731,"The Distinct Wrong of Deepfakes","A. de Ruiter","","Philosophy & Technology","","Philosophy & Technology",70,40,"The main argument is that deepfake technology and deepfakes are morally suspect, but not inherently morally wrong, and if so, why.","2021-06-10T00:00:00","f8feafe89219ecc9305be0f047e38a9d1ab32556"], [15732,"A Downward Spiral? A Panel Study of Misinformation and Media Trust in Chile","S. Valenzuela, D. Halpern, F. Araneda","Despite widespread concern, research on the consequences of misinformation on people's attitudes is surprisingly scant. To fill in this gap, the current study examines the long-term relationship between misinformation and trust in the news media. Based on the reinforcing spirals model, we analyzed data from a three-wave panel survey collected in Chile between 2017 and 2019. We found a weak, over-time relationship between misinformation and media skepticism. Specifically, initial beliefs on factually dubious information were negatively correlated with subsequent levels of trust in the news media. Lower trust in the media, in turn, was related over time to higher levels of misinformation. However, we found no evidence of a reverse, parallel process where media trust shielded users against misinformation, further reinforcing trust in the news media. The lack of evidence of a downward spiral suggests that the corrosive effects of misinformation on attitudes toward the news media are less serious than originally suggested. We close with a discussion of directions for future research.","The International Journal of Press/Politics","","The International Journal of Press/Politics",62,19,"","2021-06-09T00:00:00","ffe0ca4e050010a52ba46853ecc58695422d4805"], [15733,"Machine Learning Approach to Detect Fake News, Misinformation in COVID-19 Pandemic","Sirisha Bojjireddy, S. Chun, J. Geller","Fake news is false information about current events, intentionally created to mislead readers. The spread of such fake news has the potential to create a negative impact on individuals and society. With todays straightforward creation of social media posts, there has been an increasing amount of fake news, compared to traditional media in the past. We present one of the most serious societal issue of misinformation, specifically using Presidential Election and COVID-19 health related fake news. We present multi-dimensional approaches that organizations and individuals could utilize for detecting fake news, ranging from human/social approaches, to technical approaches to organizational trust/policy approaches. The Machine Learning approach as a technical solution is presented for automating the detection of fake news and misleading contents. A fake news detection web application is presented to make it easy for end users to determine whether an article is legitimate or fake.","DG.O2021: The 22nd Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research","","Digital Government Research",20,9,"This work presents one of the most serious societal issue of misinformation, specifically using Presidential Election and COVID-19 health related fake news, and presents multi-dimensional approaches that organizations and individuals could utilize for detecting fake news.","2021-06-09T00:00:00","51ce0993d4c3edc3401d46de6813d00772db0de4"], [15734,"Review 2: \"Development of a Codebook of Online Anti-Vaccination Rhetoric to Manage COVID-19 Vaccine Misinformation\"","Matthew W. Seeger","","","","",0,0,"","2021-06-09T00:00:00","9d5e40fc88a2d2ac5a24657bc75366fb2354b8be"], [15735,"Review 1: \"Development of a Codebook of Online Anti-Vaccination Rhetoric to Manage COVID-19 Vaccine Misinformation\"","T. Bolsen","","","","",0,0,"","2021-06-09T00:00:00","f050f0a8ee01972ae6b48ce101abbabb6e5e8dda"], [15736,"Reducing the spread of fake news by shifting attention to accuracy: Meta-analytic evidence of replicability and generalizability","Gordon Pennycook, David G. Rand","Simply failing to consider accuracy when deciding what to share on social media has been shown to play an important role in the spread of online misinformation. Interventions that shift users attention towards the concept of accuracy accuracy prompts or nudges are a promising approach to improve the quality of news content that users share and therefore reduce misinformation online. Here we test the replicability and generalizability of this effect among American participants by conducting a meta-analysis of all 20 accuracy prompt survey experiments (total N=26,863) completed by our group between 2017 and 2020. This approach avoids common meta-analysis pitfalls by including all studies regardless of outcome (avoiding selection bias) and using identical analyses across all studies (avoiding researcher degrees of freedom and p-hacking). The experiments used a wide range of different accuracy prompts tested using a large variety of headline sets and with participants recruited from qualitatively different subject pools. We find that overall, accuracy prompts increased sharing discernment (difference in sharing intentions for true relative to false headlines) by 72% relative to the control, and that this effect was primarily driven by reducing sharing intentions for false headlines (10% reduction relative to the control). These effects were not unique to a particular implementation of accuracy prompt, and were roughly twice as large when multiple accuracy prompts were combined. The magnitude of the accuracy prompt effect on sharing discernment did not significantly differ for headlines about politics versus COVID-19, and was larger for headline sets where users were less likely to distinguish between true and false headlines at baseline. With respect to individual-level variables, the treatment effect on sharing discernment was not robustly moderated by gender, race, political ideology, education, or value explicitly placed on accuracy, and was significantly larger for participants who were older, higher on cognitive reflection, and who passed more attention check questions. These results suggest that accuracy prompt effects are replicable and generalize across prompts and headlines, and thus offer a promising approach for fighting against misinformation.","","","",0,8,"","2021-06-09T00:00:00","0d32c0ed9e0b086b17634fe1bc29c14a9b5a5728"], [15737,"To Intervene or Not To Intervene: Cost based Intervention for Combating Fake News","Saravanan Thirumuruganathan, Michael Simpson, L. Lakshmanan","Social media platforms provide valuable and powerful means with which users can share content, comment, and communicate. They also suffer from abuse through the dissemination of fake news and misinformation. While a fair amount of work has been done on detecting fake news, on the complementary problem of limiting its propagation, progress has been modest. Once an item is detected as fake, a social media company can intervene on the item and take an appropriate action, including hard intervention (e.g., removing an account) and soft intervention (e.g., labeling the item as \"suspicious\"). Given that fake news detectors are not 100% reliable, we study the problem of developing a cost aware intervention policy which decides whether to intervene based on the truthiness and popularity of the item. Our solution, Solomon, consists of three modular components - truthiness estimation, popularity estimation (with and without intervention), and intervention policy. Our extensive experiments on real and fake news from multiple domains show that Solomon can perform effective intervention.","Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Management of Data","","SIGMOD Conference",73,5,"The solution, Solomon, consists of three modular components - truthiness estimation, popularity estimation (with and without intervention), and intervention policy which decides whether to intervene based on the truthiness and popularity of the item.","2021-06-09T00:00:00","251eefcad91f05e8babce1ced33beb1e2268c4ed"], [15738,"Distrust in Institutions: Reference and Library Instruction During an Infodemic","Abby Adams, Angela Hackstadt","Librarians strive to educate patrons and curb the spread of disinformation by providing reference services, research consultations, and instruction in information literacy. The Covid-19 pandemic has brought into stark relief deceptive information practices used to further political agendas. We focus on the dissemination of Covid-19 disinformation by the United States government, particularly the Trump White House where the federal pandemic response was centered. The consequences of Covid-19 disinformation produced at the federal level continue, such as Covid-19 denial, distrust in government institutions, distrust in science, and over 570,000 deaths in the U.S. so far. We identify different kinds of deceptive information practices deployed by the executive branch that contributed to an already fraught information ecosystem. We discuss how this affects academic librarians, students, and researchers who work with government information, as well as potential solutions found in information literacy and scholarly communication.","DG.O2021: The 22nd Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research","","Digital Government Research",26,0,"This work focuses on the dissemination of Covid-19 disinformation by the United States government, particularly the Trump White House where the federal pandemic response was centered, and identifies different kinds of deceptive information practices deployed by the executive branch that contributed to an already fraught information ecosystem.","2021-06-09T00:00:00","aae2d6be1c07f3b78441e1ff844f8810ef1ca493"], [15739,"Public Compliance: Questioning Crisis Communication of Government During Covid-19 Pandemics","J. Basyir, Rahmawati Haruna, Muh Sahran Almuhajirin","The persistence of the COVID-19 crisis has charged uncertainty and anxiety in public since March 2020. The government provides one of the strategic issues to respond to this crisis which is theology ritual so-called praying. However, public mostly do not respond to it. The data obtained from two news articles regarding to government's reaction in dealing with COVID-19 taken from tempo.co and Hans-Georg Gadamer hermeneutic method is used to analyse the data. The findings of this study indicate the symbol of theology ritual is not the crisis communication that should not be taken by government. It implicates that if the logic of text is reciprocal with the context of public, it subsequently has potential to be more accepted that means constructing public compliance.","","","",0,0,"","2021-06-09T00:00:00","728d02b8228a151ad97dbe02f888229af3c0266e"], [15740,"Information Avoidance and Overvaluation in Sequential Decision Making under Epistemic Constraints","Shuo Li, M. Pozzi","Decision makers involved in the management of civil assets and systems usually take actions under constraints imposed by societal regulations. Some of these constraints are related to epistemic quantities, as the probability of failure events and the corresponding risks. Sensors and inspectors can provide useful information supporting the control process (e.g. the maintenance process of an asset), and decisions about collecting this information should rely on an analysis of its cost and value. When societal regulations encode an economic perspective that is not aligned with that of the decision makers, the Value of Information (VoI) can be negative (i.e., information sometimes hurts), and almost irrelevant information can even have a significant value (either positive or negative), for agents acting under these epistemic constraints. We refer to these phenomena as Information Avoidance (IA) and Information OverValuation (IOV). In this paper, we illustrate how to assess VoI in sequential decision making under epistemic constraints (as those imposed by societal regulations), by modeling a Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDP) and evaluating non optimal policies via Finite State Controllers (FSCs). We focus on the value of collecting information at current time, and on that of collecting sequential information, we illustrate how these values are related and we discuss how IA and IOV can occur in those settings.","ArXiv","","arXiv.org",44,0,"This paper illustrates how to assess VoI in sequential decision making under epistemic constraints (as those imposed by societal regulations), by modeling a Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDP) and evaluating non optimal policies via Finite State Controllers (FSCs).","2021-06-09T00:00:00","a2c4ddefe7abff50a27f783a936eef1fa99681fe"], [15741,"Issue Information","","","Psychology in the Schools","","Psychology in the schools (Print)",0,0,"","2021-06-09T00:00:00","edeb8402b9c2614473e9c61ed5665b9c27a6be0f"], [15742,"Issue Information","","","International Journal of Climatology","","International Journal of Climatology",0,0,"","2021-06-09T00:00:00","25547a62f718de32a9394a0b9cb4946b0f7a261d"], [15743,"Issue Information","","","WIREs Mechanisms of Disease","","WIREs Mechanisms of Disease",0,0,"","2021-06-09T00:00:00","3896eefcd36feeb1b01292bf41e65ba0fa7e65b1"], [15744,"Issue Information","","","Plant Biology","","Plant biology",0,0,"","2021-06-09T00:00:00","7ca77aefb879751e192b4ba43f93923fd614852f"], [15745,"Issue Information","","","Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals","","Journal of labelled compounds & radiopharmaceuticals",0,0,"","2021-06-09T00:00:00","f44f993d2f79d938d9c8a5cefec82f961591b2a2"], [15746,"Issue Information","","","Ibis","","Ibis",0,0,"","2021-06-09T00:00:00","77792b32c7745ccc91fed4cff53e10a9ae5c6991"], [15747,"Issue Information","","","Maternal & Child Nutrition","","Maternal and Child Nutrition",0,0,"","2021-06-09T00:00:00","1c290db8639621bc01cb52696a60b345ccef996a"], [15748,"Issue Information","","","WIREs Forensic Science","","WIREs Forensic Science",0,0,"","2021-06-09T00:00:00","6598020b3c9da742699ace3d6a9f28fb29e26d2b"], [15749,"Issue Information","","","Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change","","WIREs Climate Change",0,0,"","2021-06-09T00:00:00","d1dfa785c1f8368b40a3b3e0207a8a977659636b"], [15750,"Issue Information","","","Palaeontology","","Palaeontology",0,0,"","2021-06-09T00:00:00","14423554aa8b04f8b580d2c298481878cd358db3"], [15751,"Issue Information","","","Ethology","","Ethology",0,0,"","2021-06-09T00:00:00","2be28a875da791274029dab161c4e862fe9474be"], [15752,"Issue Information","","","Journal of Graph Theory","","Journal of Graph Theory",0,0,"","2021-06-09T00:00:00","301307e40dd192da2c28f2c9400d7ecac158777e"], [15753,"The health belief model: How public health can address the misinformation crisis beyond COVID-19","Shandell Houlden, Jaigris Hodson, G. Veletsianos, Darren R. Reid, Chris Thompson-Wagner","","Public Health in Practice","","Public Health in Practice",11,14,"An intervention into health misinformation that relies upon the health belief model as a means to bridge the risks associated with health misinformation and the impact on individual health, beyond the current recommendations for fact checking and information literacy is proposed.","2021-06-08T00:00:00","76dc4109d3e2ce11be6b17ec57879ae6be970236"], [15754,"Tiplines to Combat Misinformation on Encrypted Platforms: A Case Study of the 2019 Indian Election on WhatsApp","Ashkan Kazemi, Kiran Garimella, Gautam Kishore Shahi, Devin Gaffney, Scott A. Hale","There is currently no easy way to fact-check content on WhatsApp and other end-to-end encrypted platforms at scale. In this paper, we analyze the usefulness of a crowd-sourced\"tipline\"through which users can submit content (\"tips\") that they want fact-checked. We compare the tips sent to a WhatsApp tipline run during the 2019 Indian national elections with the messages circulating in large, public groups on WhatsApp and other social media platforms during the same period. We find that tiplines are a very useful lens into WhatsApp conversations: a significant fraction of messages and images sent to the tipline match with the content being shared on public WhatsApp groups and other social media. Our analysis also shows that tiplines cover the most popular content well, and a majority of such content is often shared to the tipline before appearing in large, public WhatsApp groups. Overall, our findings suggest tiplines can be an effective source for discovering content to fact-check.","ArXiv","","arXiv.org",39,10,"It is found that tiplines are a very useful lens into WhatsApp conversations: a significant fraction of messages and images sent to the tipline match with the content being shared on public WhatsApp groups and other social media.","2021-06-08T00:00:00","f199e8ed71e7ac9515aebf022d43b7da719fe024"], [15755,"COVID-19 MISINFORMATION: HOW DOES SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION LITERACY PREVENT IT?","Muhammad Retsa Rizaldi Mujayapura, K. Suryadi, Sardin Sardin","This article aims to examine the importance of information literacy and scientific literacy skills to prevent exposure to misinformation in the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic. Believing in misinformation encourages behaviour that is detrimental to individuals and groups due to anxiety, fear, uncertainty, and a lack of critical thinking skills. This study uses a qualitative approach with a systematic literature review (SLR) method. Through the SLR method, this article uses various sources of empirical research by collecting data and information to analyze elements in information literacy and scientific literacy that can identify misinformation. Information literacy is considered to be more useful in preventing belief in misinformation compared to the concepts of digital literacy, media literacy, and news literacy. Information literacy skills with information verification, and supported by scientific literacy with intellectual virtue, can recognize misinformation about COVID-19 so that it can prevent individuals from believing in misinformation that can result in errors of action. Scientific information literacy needs practical intervention to the public, one of which is through the role of educational institutions.","PEDAGOGIK: Jurnal Pendidikan","","PEDAGOGIK: Jurnal Pendidikan",51,0,"","2021-06-08T00:00:00","e04784e83fb8021ec281225dc47172293f0acc54"], [15756,"Does Social Media Breed Misinformation and Conspiracies? Survey on Iraqi Undergraduate Students: The Case of COVID-19 (Preprint)","H. Numan","\n UNSTRUCTURED\n This paper aims to explore the general relationship between believing in conspiracy theories, and media preference to topics aiming to expand recent research suggesting that college students who have conspiratorial thinking tend to use social media to promote their conspiracy theories. This study surveyed a sample of 331 college students (230 male and 101 female) using the psychometric assessment of the Generic Conspiracist Beliefs Scale (GCBS), the most widely used measure of the general belief in conspiracy theories. The scale includes five related but distinct theory types: government malfeasance, extraterrestrial cover-ups, malevolent global conspiracies, personal well-being, and information control. This research demonstrated that most conspiracies that attract undergraduate students were ones that stated the reasons for the COVID-19 pandemic as a result of world conflict, as part of an international war, and as a result of the US-China trade war, and found that 58.44% of undergraduate students believe that COVID-19 is a global conspiracy. Among these, 35.67% said that this plot is part of a competition between China and the USA, 26.11% believe it is a biological war. Social media is an important part of these students information consumption: 71% prefer Facebook as the leading info resource on social media.\n","","","",0,0,"","2021-06-08T00:00:00","370deff4f722a840e6466556b398746255195801"], [15757,"Social Media, Cognitive Reflection, and Conspiracy Beliefs","Dominik A. Stecua, Mark Pickup","A growing number of Americans stay informed about current events through social media. But using social media as a source of news is associated with increased likelihood of being misinformed about important topics, such as COVID-19. The two most popular platformsFacebook and YouTuberemain relatively understudied in comparison to Twitter, which tends to be used by elites, but less than a quarter of the American public. In this brief research report, we investigate how cognitive reflection can mitigate the potential effects of using Facebook, YouTube and Twitter for news on subsequent conspiracy theory endorsement. To do that, we rely on an original dataset of 1,009 survey responses collected during the first wave of the coronavirus pandemic in the United States, on March 31, 2020. We find that using Facebook and YouTube for news increases conspiracy belief (both general and COVID-19 specific), controlling for cognitive reflection, traditional news media use, use of web-based news media, partisanship, education, age, and income. We also find that the impact of Facebook use on conspiracy belief is moderated by cognitive reflection. Facebook use increases conspiracy belief among those with low cognitive reflection but has no effect among those with moderate levels of cognitive reflection. It might even decrease conspiracy belief among those with the highest levels of cognitive reflection.","{'volume': '3'}","","Frontiers in Political Science",48,35,"","2021-06-08T00:00:00","58f08c634e653f25910cbb6bef0f619faef0ae7b"], [15758,"Soft power and information policy","A. Kostina","The ability of the mass communication culture to produce certain images and influence the consciousness of the masses in a certain way indicates that values, archetypes, and symbols affect national security just as much as economics and politics. The author shows that the reliance on the mechanisms of culture is the basis of the tools of \"soft power\", which has become an integral part of modern international politics. The article explores the etymology of the soft power concept and demonstrates that it was first put into practice in 1990 by Joseph Nye, a political scientist and professor at Harvard University, in Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power and later described in the 2004 book Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. The article shows that soft power acts as a form of foreign policy strategy, which involves the rejection of coercion and is based on the voluntary acceptance of the image of any of the countries participating in world politics and business relations, based on their attractiveness. The most powerful tools of soft power are language and culture. The article demonstrates how the mass communication media act as a factor in the formation of mass consciousness, showing the ability to act as a tool of soft power and outright disinformation. The materials of the article can be useful for students and teachers in the field of Advertising and Public Relations.","Uchenyy Sovet (Academic Council)","","Uchenyy Sovet (Academic Council)",0,0,"","2021-06-08T00:00:00","be8418df7a9206cdddab24a812f894a695bf5178"], [15759,"Authority in Canadian news : an examinatin of the voices, perspectives and interests favoured by Canadian broadcasters","E. Godo","While the mainstream new media can be said to play a variety of roles, what is certain is its potential to inform public opinion and our understanding of the world we live in, both on a national and global scale. One of the ways this is accomplished is through the use of authority; the active decision by media outlets to invoke the trust we have in certain voices while reflecting and shaping our notions of the roles of others. When given the choice between experts, political leaders, victims, etc., all genders and cultural backgrounds, whose voices are heard in mainstream media, and as a result, whose influence is reflected in the public's understanding of the world; an understanding so crucial to a functioning democracy? Filing in the gaps in this under researched area, this thesis explores the issue of how authority plays out in the Canadian national context.","","","",0,0,"","2021-06-08T00:00:00","27ecba9e4aea34e0e030e0749d1edfe3ab7a74f0"], [15760,"Informing or obfuscating stakeholders: Integrated reporting and the information environment","Elisabeth Sinnewe, Troy Yao, M. Zaman","The global development of integrated reporting (IR) is underpinned by the recognition of increased complexity of businesses and stakeholder demands for information relating to financial performance, management, corporate governance, and sustainability being provided in a single, coherent document which facilitates stakeholder decision making. This paper examines the lexical properties of IR following the introduction of the International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) Framework. Using an international sample, we find that when adopted voluntarily, IR are lengthier, use more complex language, and contain more boilerplate statements. Our findings suggest that without regulation, firms may continue to produce long and difficult to understand reports in fear of being perceived as omitting bad news. This fear might be justified as we find loss of analyst following and greater analyst uncertainty when voluntarily adopted IR is concise. In the regulated setting of South Africa, however, we find IR has become more concise, and firms that produce longer and more complex documents suffer from a deterioration of their information environment. Our findings suggest that regulators and practitioners need to be cognizant of the potential for an increased volume in reporting to obfuscate the message rather than inform stakeholders.","Business Strategy and The Environment","","",50,5,"","2021-06-08T00:00:00","92be1f2833355209a1cfd2fee4b98afc8af459ff"], [15761,"Shooting The Truth : How Photographs In The Media Betray Us","Gordana S. Icevska","This thesis investigates the manipulations photojournalists make to images that are intended to deliver news and present the reality/truth. It explores how documentary photography, which claims to present reality, has been manipulated throughout the years and analyses approaches of photographers and reactions of audiences in relation to these changes.\n\nThis thesis examines the work of four photographers (Kertesz, Cartier-Bresson, Smith and Salgado) and it includes a reveiw of photographers' codes of ethics, research on photojournalistic practice in various countries, audience surveys, interviews and surveys with photographers. The surveys include case studies of photos which were altered in various ways, with questions about the ethics of photo manipulation and the importance of disclosure of alterations. By shedding some light on past and current photo alteration practices and expectations of the public and employees in the journalism industry, this paper hopes to raise questions about and provide insight into the future of photojournalism.","","","",0,0,"","2021-06-08T00:00:00","0682d05e850517f4ccb834fc3603c76764711601"], [15762,"The Influence of Media Slant on Short Sellers","April M. Knill, Baixiao Liu, John J. Mcconnell, Glades McKenzie","Using the positive shift in tone of Fox News coverage of macroeconomic news after the Republican Bush election in 2000, we investigate whether media slant influences the investment decisions of short sellers. We find that firms headquartered in Republican-leaning townships with Fox News availability experienced a relative decrease in short interest post the 2000 election. We further find that the relative decrease is more pronounced for firms that are more subject to investors home bias. We interpret our findings to suggest that short sellers, as sophisticated as they may be, are not immune to the slant in media coverage.","DecisionSciRN: Judgement & Biases in Decision-Making (Sub-Topic)","","Social Science Research Network",54,0,"","2021-06-08T00:00:00","54e5c4dbe53eb736002592a59a257f425289faf2"], [15763,"Philip Di Salvo (2020): Digital Whistleblowing Platforms in Journalism: Encrypting Leaks. Palgrave Macmillan. 188 pages","Renate Fischer","","Digital War","","Digital War",0,0,"","2021-06-08T00:00:00","3dc04c07311531456a0fff832218c4b1436428a6"], [15764,"Information disclosure with many alternatives","S. Barber, Antonio Nicol","","Social Choice and Welfare","","Social Choice and Welfare",25,2,"It is proved that, when the set of experts is unknown, no voting rule can fully achieve this goal, but majority voting provides a unique second best solution when preference profiles are single-peaked.","2021-06-08T00:00:00","e1b54bf9212987934e30f6269198da2af011103b"], [15765,"Identifying the source of information rigidities in the expectations formation process","M. Shintani, Kz Ueda","Coibion and Gorodnichenko (2015) provide a useful framework to test the null hypothesis of full-information rational expectations against two popular classes of information rigidities, sticky information (SI) and noisy information (NI). However, the observational equivalence of SI and NI in average forecast errors gives no power in the test for one against the other. We identify the source of information rigidities by estimating the equations for the average forecast errors and variance of forecasts. The results show the importance of both SI and NI, but favor a type of NI in which agents quickly learn the underlying state.","Crawford School of Public Policy Australian National University Research Paper Series","","Social Science Research Network",20,1,"","2021-06-08T00:00:00","fe15925ad10d4300b3738b37abebbe7c3f6c2a6e"], [15766,"Exploring effective information use in an insurance workplace","C. Inskip, Sophia Donaldson","As employability has become a more visible graduate attribute, it is becoming recognised that a better understanding of information practices in work may enable a smoother transition from university to employment. This paper discusses the current state of workplace information literacy and presents the findings of research into staff experiences of information use in a City insurance firm. A framework previously developed out of phenomenographic research into nursing is employed to draw parallels and highlight differences between insurance workplace and university student terminology. Context-specific hierarchical statements using the language of the participants are developed from coded interview texts. These statements, which are drawn together in illustrative personae, provide a rich and detailed view of the participants experience of effective information use. It is suggested that a better understanding of language use in communities of practice would facilitate transition both between and within the communities.","Journal of Information Literacy","","",78,1,"","2021-06-08T00:00:00","acca4fba8f4a6a198b9f95a8ab12e96b67c7163d"], [15767,"The Moral Dilemma in Information Dissemination in a Democratic State of Digital Media","Laleye Solomon Akinyemi","Journalism is a profession charge with the responsibility of information dissemination. It also functions as the link between the government and the governed particularly in a democracy. The performance of these functions has been greatly enhanced across the globe by the advancement in information and communication particularly that of digitalization, convergence of computers, and telephony technologies. Unfortunately, these narrowed the wide gap that hitherto existed between citizen journalism and conventional journalism and consequently raised the bar of the moral responsibility that the profession owed the general public in a democracy. The practice of journalism generate problems such as; access to information, truth, censorship, corporate, national and public interests. All these undermined the ethics of responsibility on the part of the government and journalism profession. The article, therefore, attempts a critical look at journalistic practice with emphasis on the use of internet to produce, disseminate and receive information in a digital media environment like Nigeria. It argued that the transition from analogue to digital would better enhance access and dissemination of quality and comprehensive information if the ethics of responsibility is subscribed to by the journalists and the political leaders. The article is philosophical and it adopts the philosophical methods of critical analysis and prescriptivism.","International Journal of Philosophy","","International Journal of Philosophy",18,0,"","2021-06-08T00:00:00","c2831237fb2824ab18f1ed303cffaf251b36b8f1"], [15768,"Issue Information","","","Geoarchaeology","","Geoarchaeology",0,0,"","2021-06-08T00:00:00","cfc5bddc15a4a26cc866557512f1533feb69c640"], [15769,"Issue Information","","","Social Policy & Administration","","Social Policy & Administration",0,0,"","2021-06-08T00:00:00","94dd06ce253f8890ab2184fac8648763b8217959"], [15770,"Issue Information","","","European Eating Disorders Review","","European eating disorders review",0,0,"","2021-06-08T00:00:00","9fea2bdfb7b4fefad6395056c6cd236468e41de2"], [15771,"Issue Information","","","Chirality","","Chirality",0,0,"","2021-06-08T00:00:00","7186a2837aea7f66d3190ee86ce5f3c7b890333e"], [15772,"The Information Revolution:","","","Distant Proximities","","Distant Proximities",0,0,"","2021-06-08T00:00:00","00b7e8d100b9cc33e4cb102602db69d25456d71e"], [15773,"Issue Information","","","Journal of Combinatorial Designs","","Journal of combinatorial designs (Print)",0,0,"","2021-06-08T00:00:00","7341752dc7aa03e03da320c5f17d100926f0c203"], [15774,"Issue Information","","","Global Business and Organizational Excellence","","Global Business and Organizational Excellence",0,0,"","2021-06-08T00:00:00","b5fefe7164d48ce1cbc58b1e011960b89f5c6859"], [15775,"Issue Information","","","International Journal of Energy Research","","International Journal of Energy Research",0,0,"","2021-06-08T00:00:00","afacdec59316b40605d57d52b8021da598af9ddd"], [15776,"Issue Information","","","Aggressive Behavior","","Aggressive Behavior",0,0,"","2021-06-08T00:00:00","fa166756fcd93084ae0cd6e5ec4eee3d697a8815"], [15777,"Issue Information","","","Economics of Transition and Institutional Change","","Economics of Transition and Institutional Change",0,0,"","2021-06-08T00:00:00","5ae8afe543b8dcbcad2a3c0485b66fe027d5c428"], [15778,"What is punitive populism? A typology based in media communication","M. Bonner","Punitive populism refers to political leaders use of tough-on-crime rhetoric and policies to win elections and popular support. Yet, this basic definition does not capture the range of ways the practice manifests itself. Refining the concept, this article identifies three key types of punitive populism: authoritarian, conflicted, and accountable. The typology highlights the intersecting importance of media systems and political ideology to the definition of each type. Reflecting on over fifteen years of research on the topic, the article is centred on concept development, with illustrative examples from Argentina and Chile.","MATRIZes","","MATRIZes",65,1,"","2021-06-08T00:00:00","5c8964515704f1c2dd362a1f2dc3ac67cd1546af"], [15779,"Who's afraid of the big bad wolf : examining attacks on Canada's federal centre-right political parties in the televised negative political advertisements between 1993 and 2006 using propaganda analysis","M. Brosens","This thesis uses a triangulated methodology of focus groups, semiotic analysis, and content analysis to categorize and analyze the televised negative political advertisements aired during the Canadian federal elections between 1993 and 2006. How these attacks made against the conservative parties during this timeframe were interpreted by mothers of adolescent children receives particular considerations. The findings demonstrate that during this period the Canadian debate between individualism and communitarianism was prevalent in these political advertisements. It is argued that propaganda methods, namely the name calling technique, were used effectively by the left-wing parties to emphasize specific ideological traditions in conservatism and to link the conservative parties to the United States of America for strategic purposes. The author contends that political advertisements are complex expressions of a party's ideology and goals, thus this campaign tool ought to be studied more by Canadian academics.","","","",0,0,"","2021-06-08T00:00:00","a66c38f481260c5dbc3f4d3267e69b570ec9e425"], [15780,"Spread of Misinformation About Face Masks and COVID-19 by Automated Software on Facebook.","J. Ayers, Brian Chu, Zechariah Zhu, E. Leas, Davey M. Smith, Mark Dredze, David A. Broniatowski","We analyzed conversations on public Facebook groups, a platform known to be susceptible to automated misinformation, concerning the publication of the Danish Study to Assess Face Masks for the Protection Against COVID-19 Infection (DANMASK-19) to explore automated misinformation. We selected DANMASK-19 because it was widely discussed (it was the fifth most shared research article of all time as of March 2021 according to Altmetric) and demonstrated that masks are an important public health measure to control the pandemic.","JAMA internal medicine","","JAMA Internal Medicine",6,26,"","2021-06-07T00:00:00","d00b8d23dcd8ffbe394f1aff71950d6e651c48c2"], [15781,"A Fine-Grained Analysis of Misinformation in COVID-19 Tweets","Sumit Kumar, Raj Ratn Pranesh, K. Carley","\n In the past few years, there has been an expeditious growth in the usage of social media platforms and blogging websites which has passed 3.8 billion marks of active users that use text as a prominentmeans for interactive communication. A fraction of users spread misinformation on social media. As Twitter has 330 million monthly active users, researchers have been using it as a source of data for misinformation identification. In this paper, we have proposed a Twitter dataset for fine-grained classification. Our dataset is consists of 1970 manually annotated tweets and is categorized into 4 misinformation classes, i.e, Irrelevant, Conspiracy, True Information, and False Information based on response erupted during COVID-19. In this work, we also generated useful insights on our dataset and performed a systematic analysis of various language models, namely, RNN (BiLSTM, LSTM), CNN (TextCNN), BERT, ROBERTA, and ALBERT for the classification task on our dataset. Through our work, we aim at contributing to the substantial efforts of the research community for the identification and mitigation of misinformation on the internet.","","","",21,10,"A Twitter dataset for fine-grained classification of misinformation classes based on response erupted during COVID-19 is proposed and a systematic analysis of various language models, namely, RNN (BiLSTM, LSTM), CNN (TextCNN), BERT, ROBERTA, and ALBERT for the classification task on this dataset is performed.","2021-06-07T00:00:00","e36318346b89aff77b627262509b5511d7427e95"], [15782,"Russian News Media, Digital Media, Informational Learned Helplessness, and Belief in COVID-19 Misinformation","E. Nisbet, O. Kamenchuk","\n The COVID-19 pandemic has been paired with a global misinformation infodemic. Citizens in authoritarian countries, where most media is state controlled, often do not have access to credible information sources to help combat misinformation. In fact, the news media in these countries may be the primary drivers of misinformation while digital media may be sources of more accurate information. We test how news and digital media in an authoritarian context are associated with endorsing misinformation while introducing the concept of informational learned helplessness as an additional factor driving inaccurate beliefs. We test our hypotheses employing data from a nationally representative telephone survey of the Russian public (N=1600) and discuss the implications of our findings for Russian attitudes about COVID-19 vaccination.","International Journal of Public Opinion Research","","International journal of public opinion research",63,8,"This work test how news and digital media in an authoritarian context are associated with endorsing misinformation while introducing the concept of informational learned helplessness as an additional factor driving inaccurate beliefs.","2021-06-07T00:00:00","6cd385686531e3bfc0c0d48492d5fb5e91011afc"], [15783,"Dissemination and Acceptance of COVID-19 Misinformation in Iran: A Qualitative Study","F. Taghipour, H. Ashrafi-rizi, Mohammad Reza Soleymani","Introduction Misinformation refers to unclear information from unreliable resources, and it is a common phenomenon of society; it can even constitute a part of family and social conversations due to the relative damages. Misinformation dissemination under the circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic can be considered a cause of health-related anxieties and severe harm to the countries. The present study aims to explain factors related to the dissemination and acceptance of coronavirus misinformation in Iran. Material and Methods This qualitative study was carried out through content analysis in the year 2020. The population included Iranian experts in Information and Communication Sciences, among whom 19 experts were selected through the purposive sampling method. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed through Continuous Thematic Analysis. Such criteria authenticated data trustworthiness as credibility, confirmability, dependability, and transferability proposed by Guba and Lincoln. Findings Based on the experiences of participants, six major categories and 18 subcategories were identified regarding the major theme. The major categories included the official news and informing system, misinformation nature, users, media, misinformation source, and social determinants. Conclusion Concurrent with the Covid-19 outbreak, a sort of information tsunami occurs. Unavoidably, a significant amount of misinformation regarding the various aspects of the virus, such as its origin, transmission methods, control, and treatment, are published. In many cases, the spreading information is not checked and verified in terms of accuracy and authenticity. The spread and acceptance of Covid-19 related misinformation happen under the impact of various factors. Being familiar with these factors will boost the culture of health and pave the path toward establishing evidence-based information public awareness schemes.","Community Health Equity Research & Policy","","International Quarterly of Community Health Education",29,6,"Factors related to the dissemination and acceptance of coronavirus misinformation in Iran are explained to boost the culture of health and pave the path toward establishing evidence-based information public awareness schemes.","2021-06-07T00:00:00","fe114b85851db278a39402475f60ae5070f98d45"], [15784,"Empathy, Dehumanization, and Misperceptions: A Media Intervention Humanizes Migrants and Increases Empathy for Their Plight but Only if Misinformation About Migrants Is Also Corrected","Samantha L. Moore-Berg, Boaz Hameiri, Emile G. Bruneau","Anti-migrant policies at the U.S. southern border have resulted in the separation and long-term internment of thousands of migrant children and the deaths of many migrants. What leads people to support such harsh policies? Here we examine the role of two prominent psychological factorsempathy and dehumanization. In Studies 1 and 2, we find that empathy and dehumanization are strong, independent predictors of anti-migrant policy support and are associated with factually false negative beliefs about migrants. In Study 3, we interrogated the relationship between empathy/dehumanization, erroneous beliefs, and anti-migrant policy support with two interventions: a media intervention targeting empathy and dehumanization and an intervention that corrects erroneous beliefs. Both interventions were ineffective separately but reduced anti-migrant policy support when presented together. These results suggest a synergistic relationship between psychological processes and erroneous beliefs that together drive harsh anti-migrant policy support.","Social Psychological and Personality Science","","Social Psychology and Personality Science",45,10,"","2021-06-07T00:00:00","14c7c0ca300d6a63e2deb06d0c5e989f0cf9fac9"], [15785,"Supplemental Material for Quantifying the Effects of Fake News on Behavior: Evidence From a Study of COVID-19 Misinformation","","","Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied","","Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied",0,0,"","2021-06-07T00:00:00","0d81a738db373bd3d8e0a0d783582e41134a01e7"], [15786,"Las fake news y los periodistas de la generacin z. Soluciones post-millennial contra la desinformacin","David Garca-Marn","Disinformation has been one of the most analyzed issues in recent years in media studies. However, there is still a lack of research on young media professionals perceptions about this problem. They are considered to be essential in the adoption of future strategies to tackle fake news. This research intends to discover the hegemonic ideas of new journalists on this problem and how they perceive its possible solutions. A total of 45 in-depth interviews with Generation Z journalists (mean age: 24.14 years) were carried out, complemented with two focus groups and the application of a semantic differential scale, whose results were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. New journalists affirm the solution to the problem should be approached from a convergent technocentrism that combines technological determinism with a traditionalist perspective that resorts to the old values of journalism to combat the information disorders that proliferate today. Data journalism, which merges traditional journalistic practices with new technological tools, is perceived as a more effective solution than fact-checking and artificial intelligence, even though the latter two practices are considered as faster strategies to tackle disinformation. Likewise, new journalists highlight the need to develop digital, critical, and media literacy for citizens.","","","",59,15,"","2021-06-07T00:00:00","7efc39b979f65d5b4865cfb77cfffddaa2e376af"], [15787,"News consumption and social media regulations policy","Gabriele Etta, Matteo Cinelli, Alessandro Galeazzi, C. Valensise, M. Conti, Walter Quattrociocchi","Users online tend to consume information adhering to their system of beliefs and to ignore dissenting information. During the COVID-19 pandemic, users get exposed to a massive amount of information about a new topic having a high level of uncertainty. In this paper, we analyze two social media that enforced opposite moderation methods, Twitter and Gab, to assess the interplay between news consumption and content regulation concerning COVID-19. We compare the two platforms on about three million pieces of content analyzing user interaction with respect to news articles. We first describe users' consumption patterns on the two platforms focusing on the political leaning of news outlets. Finally, we characterize the echo chamber effect by modeling the dynamics of users' interaction networks. Our results show that the presence of moderation pursued by Twitter produces a significant reduction of questionable content, with a consequent affiliation towards reliable sources in terms of engagement and comments. Conversely, the lack of clear regulation on Gab results in the tendency of the user to engage with both types of content, showing a slight preference for the questionable ones which may account for a dissing/endorsement behavior. Twitter users show segregation towards reliable content with a uniform narrative. Gab, instead, offers a more heterogeneous structure where users, independently of their leaning, follow people who are slightly polarized towards questionable news.","ArXiv","","arXiv.org",48,2,"The results show that the presence of moderation pursued by Twitter produces a significant reduction of questionable content, with a consequent affiliation towards reliable sources in terms of engagement and comments, and the echo chamber effect is characterized by modeling the dynamics of users' interaction networks.","2021-06-07T00:00:00","6049820671dfab91344c70e5759caceb9991ee5a"], [15788,"Undifferentiated optimism and scandalized accidents: the media coverage of autonomous driving in Germany","Lena Jelinski, Katrin Etzrodt, Sven Engesser","When, to what extent and under what conditions autonomous driving will become common practice depends not only on the level of technical development but also on social acceptance. Therefore, the rapid development of autonomous driving systems raises the question of how the public perceives this technology. As the mass media are regarded as the main source of information for the lay audience, the news coverage is assumed to affect public opinion. The mass media are also frequently criticized for their inaccurate and biased news coverage. Against this backdrop, we conducted a content analysis of the news coverage of autonomous driving in five leading German newspapers. Findings show that media reporting on autonomous driving is not very detailed. They also indicate a slight positive bias in the balance of arguments and tonality. However, as soon as an accident involving an autonomous vehicle occurs, the frequency of reporting, as well as the extent of negativity and detail increase. We conclude that well-informed public opinion requires more differentiated reporting irrespective of accidents. Abstract","","","",79,8,"It is concluded that well-informed public opinion requires more differentiated reporting irrespective of accidents, as soon as an accident involving an autonomous vehicle occurs, the frequency of reporting, as well as the extent of negativity and detail increase.","2021-06-07T00:00:00","347f0c210530e21a36672d27806140f490f1f291"], [15789,"Towards Fair Principles for Research Information: Report on a Series of Workshops","N. Kaliuzhna, Franziska Altemeier","This is a summary report of the series of workshops on FAIR research information in open infrastructures that was jointly organised by the State Scientific and Technical Library of Ukraine (SSTL) and Leibniz Information Centre for Science and Technology (TIB) which have been collaborating under the framework of Joint German-Ukrainian project supported by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany and the Ministry of Science and Education of Ukraine. The workshops successfully harnessed the enthusiasm and experience of librarians, researchers, software providers, public funding body representatives, content providers, scientometricians and information specialists in an attempt to shed light and define criteria which assist discovery and reuse of research information by third-parties and make it FAIR. The series of workshops consisted of four separate workshops which addressed single aspects of FAIR findability, accessibility, interoperability and reuse concerning research information. Due to Covid-19 travel restrictions workshops were held online between September 2020 and January 2021.","","","",6,1,"The workshops successfully harnessed the enthusiasm and experience of librarians, researchers, software providers, public funding body representatives, content providers, scientometricians and information specialists in an attempt to shed light and define criteria which assist discovery and reuse of research information by third-parties and make it FAIR.","2021-06-07T00:00:00","52c829b206e385060396a24d371b7ec942dac370"], [15790,"Managerial medical decisions and methods of obtaining medical information in conditions of uncertainty","A. Kroshilin, A. Pylkin, S. Kroshilina, G. Ovechkin","The process of functioning of a medical institution is associated with decisions on the management of medical material flows. To implement a model of a medical subject area based on a fuzzy cognitive map, it is necessary to implement the accumulation of connections between concepts and take into account the dynamics of the distribution of material flows. The process of accounting for medical information is greatly simplified and it becomes possible to greatly reduce the dimension of the medical domain mode.","2021 10th Mediterranean Conference on Embedded Computing (MECO)","","Mediterranean Conference on Embedded Computing",0,0,"To implement a model of a medical subject area based on a fuzzy cognitive map, it is necessary to implement the accumulation of connections between concepts and take into account the dynamics of the distribution of material flows.","2021-06-07T00:00:00","5abf80fe11fa01e2e1c5130b82f17bdb8d939d16"], [15791,"Social Media Is Redistributing Power","Nian Yan","Social \nmedia has become an important part of peoples \ndaily life and the whole society, which \nnot only transforms forms of communication, but also has the ability to redistribute power by transforming the relationship between \ngovernments and citizens, by giving citizens more opportunity to participant \npolitical, spreading democracy awareness, having power to contend against the \nunfair social events and surveilling the behavior of governments. It also \nchallenges the position of traditional media and democratizes media \nand information. The aim of this essay is to explore how social media can redistribute power. The main method used is \ncase study, along with documentary analysis, statistical analysis, and personal \nobservation. It is divided into four sections. The first section will briefly discuss \nhow social media transforms the forms of communication; the power of social media shifting in \npolitical sphere will be discussed in the second section; the third section \nwill explore the power shifted and redistributed between social media and traditional \nmedia; and the dark side of the over powered social media will be discussed in \nthe fourth section.","Open Journal of Social Sciences","","",38,2,"","2021-06-07T00:00:00","9969acd0410e0985acd5d987ca0a5f1377b85d13"], [15792,"Challenges to Anti-Monopoly Regulation of Russian Media Market","S. Smirnov","Under the increasing digitalization of media industry, a new economic phenomenon has emerged in the Russian Federation: the so-called digital monopolies. Diversified online companies are developing rapidly and extend the influence of their ecosystems to the whole national media market. The key economic resource of media business, advertising revenues, is distributed increasingly unevenly. An explosive growth of new leaders has already resulted in an unprecedented economic concentration and opened up opportunities for the largest players to abuse their dominant position, which definitely threatens all the other players in the industry. In this context, the issue of legal restrictions on monopolism and protection of free competition in the country's media market has become particularly relevant.\nThe paper examines all the regulatory legal acts in force representing both sector-specific and general anti-monopoly legislation in Russia. It also studied a number of current economic indicators of the whole industry and the most significant media enterprises. We identified some key shortcomings and ambiguous legal provisions hampering the work of the state regulatory body. The author concluded that at the moment the Russian legal field is far from being adjusted to regulating monopolization in the media market. The formal attribution of players to the industry or its segment, the evaluation of their combined market share and the composition of commodity services they offer is a big challenge nowadays. To be able to exercise adequate control over the largest Russian media companies, one has to elaborate totally new approaches and norms taking into account specific characteristics of this industry as an object of regulation.","Theoretical and Practical Issues of Journalism","","Theoretical and Practical Issues of Journalism",12,0,"","2021-06-07T00:00:00","41e2586fb88ed0f1dbff146272fb6b203818c2d2"], [15793,"SERN: Stance Extraction and Reasoning Network for Fake News Detection","Jianhui Xie, Song Liu, Ruixin Liu, Yinghong Zhang, Yuesheng Zhu","Fake news brings us panic and misunderstanding against the truth, especially under some unusual circumstances, such as the outbreak of COVID-19. Its crucial to detect fake news on social media early to avoid further propagation. Previous methods manually label the stances implied in post-reply pairs to aid fake news detection, which costs much time and effort. To solve this problem, a novel Stance Extraction and Reasoning Network (SERN) is proposed to extract the stances implied in post-reply pairs implicitly and integrate the stance representations for fake news detection without manually labeling stances, which saves much time and effort. Besides, the adequate utilization of multimodal content in the news is beneficial for complementing information for unimodal representation and jointly improving decision confidence. Thus, a sentence-guided visual attention mechanism is proposed in the text-image fusion module that leverages text-image content for better fake news detection. Encouraging empirical results on Fakeddit and PHEME demonstrate that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods.","ICASSP 2021 - 2021 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","","IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing",22,9,"A sentence-guided visual attention mechanism is proposed in the text-image fusion module that leverages text- image content for better fake news detection and outperforms the state-of-the-art methods.","2021-06-06T00:00:00","e6096b75ea7ceb86ebed79648dd21e5eae912bec"], [15794,"Information Theoretic Evaluation of Privacy-Leakage, Interpretability, and Transferability for Trustworthy AI","Mohit Kumar, B. Moser, Lukas Fischer, B. Freudenthaler","In order to develop machine learning and deep learning models that take into account the guidelines and principles of trustworthy AI, a novel information theoretic trustworthy AI framework is introduced. A unified approach to\"privacy-preserving interpretable and transferable learning\"is considered for studying and optimizing the tradeoffs between privacy, interpretability, and transferability aspects. A variational membership-mapping Bayesian model is used for the analytical approximations of the defined information theoretic measures for privacy-leakage, interpretability, and transferability. The approach consists of approximating the information theoretic measures via maximizing a lower-bound using variational optimization. The study presents a unified information theoretic approach to study different aspects of trustworthy AI in a rigorous analytical manner. The approach is demonstrated through numerous experiments on benchmark datasets and a real-world biomedical application concerned with the detection of mental stress on individuals using heart rate variability analysis.","","","",41,1,"The study presents a unified information theoretic approach to study different aspects of trustworthy AI in a rigorous analytical manner and is demonstrated through numerous experiments on benchmark datasets and a real-world biomedical application concerned with the detection of mental stress on individuals using heart rate variability analysis.","2021-06-06T00:00:00","5909ddfe1c2dbbe49549afee06ed70ae7325adc2"], [15795,"On Information Asymmetry in Online Reinforcement Learning","Ezra Tampubolon, Haris Ceribasic, H. Boche","In this work, we study the system of two interacting non-cooperative Q-learning agents, where one agent has the privilege of observing the other's actions. We show that this information asymmetry can lead to a stable outcome of population learning, which does not occur in an environment of general independent learners. Furthermore, we discuss the resulted post-learning policies, show that they are almost optimal in the underlying game sense, and provide numerical hints of almost welfare-optimal of the resulted policies.","ICASSP 2021 - 2021 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP)","","IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing",30,0,"This work discusses the resulted post-learning policies of two interacting non-cooperative Q-learning agents, and shows that they are almost optimal in the underlying game sense, and provides numerical hints of almost welfare-optimal of the resulted policies.","2021-06-06T00:00:00","1c65e64dd57643526ca95ddb79386cdd3c449569"], [15796,"Issue Information","","","Journal of Time Series Analysis","","Journal of Time Series Analysis",0,0,"","2021-06-06T00:00:00","0cc474f4f7e992d390c4514f0a4f91266c2ca6fc"], [15797,"Issue Information","","","Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals","","Journal of labelled compounds & radiopharmaceuticals",0,0,"","2021-06-06T00:00:00","15dbbf78bef31a27575d2534f2848b403cedd428"], [15798,"Algorithmic bias: review, synthesis, and future research directions","Nima Kordzadeh, Maryam Ghasemaghaei","ABSTRACT As firms are moving towards data-driven decision making, they are facing an emerging problem, namely, algorithmic bias. Accordingly, algorithmic systems can yield socially-biased outcomes, thereby compounding inequalities in the workplace and in society. This paper reviews, summarises, and synthesises the current literature related to algorithmic bias and makes recommendations for future information systems research. Our literature analysis shows that most studies have conceptually discussed the ethical, legal, and design implications of algorithmic bias, whereas only a limited number have empirically examined them. Moreover, the mechanisms through which technology-driven biases translate into decisions and behaviours have been largely overlooked. Based on the reviewed papers and drawing on theories such as the stimulus-organism-response theory and organisational justice theory, we identify and explicate eight important theoretical concepts and develop a research model depicting the relations between those concepts. The model proposes that algorithmic bias can affect fairness perceptions and technology-related behaviours such as machine-generated recommendation acceptance, algorithm appreciation, and system adoption. The model also proposes that contextual dimensions (i.e., individual, task, technology, organisational, and environmental) can influence the perceptual and behavioural manifestations of algorithmic bias. These propositions highlight the significant gap in the literature and provide a roadmap for future studies.","European Journal of Information Systems","","European Journal of Information Systems",119,89,"A research model proposes that algorithmic bias can affect fairness perceptions and technology-related behaviours such as machine-generated recommendation acceptance, algorithm appreciation, and system adoption and proposes that contextual dimensions can influence the perceptual and behavioural manifestations of algorithmmic bias.","2021-06-06T00:00:00","081257cb37997cae6cc4b2858ec7aed67d682a11"], [15799,"Vulnerability to misinformation and Covid-19 infodemic in French-speaking Belgium (French version)","G. Lits, L. Cougnon, Alexandre Heeren, B. Hanseeuw","The main objective of this report is to test the hypothesis that the adoption of an active information-seeking practice related to the health crisis on social networks can be understood as a risk practice in the Covid-19 infodemic. A second objective is to identify the existence of different vulnerability profiles in the infodemic and to understand the information practices associated with these different profiles at risk of misinformation. The approach adopted is therefore firstly a comparative approach between different types of profile. It is not a question of carrying out a longitudinal study representative of the evolution of the French-speaking Belgian population's experience of the crisis. The CoviCom survey is a four-wave questionnaire survey that was conducted in French-speaking Belgium between 30 March 2020 (i.e. 12 days after the entry into force of the first containment in Belgium) and 29 March 2021. In total, the survey collected 10,148 responses to the four waves of the survey (April 2020 containment, May 2020 decontainment, November 2020 second wave epidemic and March 2021 third wave epidemic).","","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/321443e549831c87fac213660c56b745bf7bb1b6","",0,0,"","2021-06-05T00:00:00","321443e549831c87fac213660c56b745bf7bb1b6"], [15800,"War of Lies: Protecting Civilians from Disinformation during Armed Conflict","Eian Katz","Disinformation in armed conflict may pose several distinctive forms of harm to civilians: exposure to retaliatory violence, distortion of information vital to securing human needs, and severe mental suffering. The gravity of these harms, along with the modern nature of wartime disinformation, is out of keeping with its traditional classification in international humanitarian law (IHL) as a permissible ruse of war. Instead, a patchwork set of protections drawn from IHL, international human rights law (IHRL), and international criminal law (ICL) may limit disinformation operations during armed conflict. However, numerous gaps and ambiguities undermine the force of this legal framework, calling for further scholarly attention and clarification.","SSRN Electronic Journal","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/c191a9b9e19c63da152ef7f95d46a5ed6237d40c","Social Science Research Network",50,0,"","2021-06-05T00:00:00","c191a9b9e19c63da152ef7f95d46a5ed6237d40c"], [15801,"Facebooks ethical failures are not accidental; they are part of the business model","D. Lauer","","Ai and Ethics","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/71d814f3c0fab9e2ea3223fee16c10c582a8268b","AI and Ethics",47,20,"Facebooks stated mission is to give people the power to build community and bring the world closer together, but a deeper look at their business model suggests that it is far more profitable to drive us apart.","2021-06-05T00:00:00","71d814f3c0fab9e2ea3223fee16c10c582a8268b"], [15802,"Coronavirus fake news detection via MedOSINT check in health care official bulletins with CBR explanation: The way to find the real information source through OSINT, the verifier tool for official journals","Sergio Mauricio Martnez Monterrubio, Amaya Noain-Snchez, E. Verd, R. G. Crespo","","Information Sciences","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/ebeeafb8f1dc1d947663103d17997c130150fc02","Information Sciences",41,7,"The tool is compared with other options and it is verified that MedOSINT outperforms the current options when analyzing official bulletins, and is complemented with an expert explanation provided by a Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) system.","2021-06-05T00:00:00","ebeeafb8f1dc1d947663103d17997c130150fc02"], [15803,"The fight against fake news","G. Lawton","","New Scientist","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/314cad9d2ab638c31228c05ff3dae35852413b7b","",0,0,"","2021-06-05T00:00:00","314cad9d2ab638c31228c05ff3dae35852413b7b"], [15804,"Information Avoidance, Self-affirmation, and Intentions to Receive Genomic Sequencing Results Among Members of an African Descent Cohort.","Emily B. Peterson, Jennifer M. Taber, W. Klein","BACKGROUND\nInformation avoidance tendencies have been found to be associated with lower intentions to pursue medically actionable genomic sequencing results, but less so among individuals who engage more in spontaneous self-affirmation. Yet these results were obtained with a largely non-Hispanic White, high-SES cohort.\n\n\nPURPOSE\nTo assess these variables, their magnitude, and their associations in an African-descent cohort as part of the same ClinSeq exome sequencing program.\n\n\nMETHODS\nParticipants reported levels of spontaneous self-affirmation, information avoidance, and intentions to receive three types of results - medically actionable, non-medically actionable, and carrier status as part of a baseline survey.\n\n\nRESULTS\nRelative to the original, non-Hispanic White cohort, those in the African-descent cohort had higher levels of spontaneous self-affirmation and lower intentions of learning about carrier genomic results; they reported comparable levels of information avoidance and intentions to receive other results. Information avoidance was negatively associated with intention to receive non-actionable results in the African-descent cohort, as found in the initial cohort, with no moderating effect of spontaneous self-affirmation. Information avoidance, spontaneous self-affirmation, and their interaction were not associated with intentions to receive actionable results (contrary to findings in the initial cohort), or carrier results.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nIndividuals of African descent may engage in relatively more spontaneous self-affirmation, and do not appear to engage in more information avoidance. Their information avoidance tendencies were associated with pursuit of non-actionable sequencing results, with no moderating effect of self-affirmation, and were not associated with pursuit of actionable results or carrier results.","Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/e5523f5269f5f68b4b2750acdf4f1c2027a92a15","Annals of Behavioral Medicine",41,5,"Individuals of African descent may engage in relatively more spontaneous self-affirmation, and do not appear to engage in more information avoidance, which was associated with pursuit of non-actionable sequencing results, with no moderating effect of self-Affirmation.","2021-06-05T00:00:00","e5523f5269f5f68b4b2750acdf4f1c2027a92a15"], [15805,"Variational Leakage: The Role of Information Complexity in Privacy Leakage","A. A. Atashin, Behrooz Razeghi, D. Gunduz, S. Voloshynovskiy","We study the role of information complexity in privacy leakage about an attribute of an adversary's interest, which is not known a priori to the system designer. Considering the supervised representation learning setup and using neural networks to parameterize the variational bounds of information quantities, we study the impact of the following factors on the amount of information leakage: information complexity regularizer weight, latent space dimension, the cardinalities of the known utility and unknown sensitive attribute sets, the correlation between utility and sensitive attributes, and a potential bias in a sensitive attribute of adversary's interest. We conduct extensive experiments on Colored-MNIST and CelebA datasets to evaluate the effect of information complexity on the amount of intrinsic leakage.","Proceedings of the 3rd ACM Workshop on Wireless Security and Machine Learning","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/7dbc8ba8cd6c179852480c903c9970ab9ef9c5e7","WiseML@WiSec",30,5,"The role of information complexity in privacy leakage about an attribute of an adversary's interest, which is not known a priori to the system designer, is studied.","2021-06-05T00:00:00","7dbc8ba8cd6c179852480c903c9970ab9ef9c5e7"], [15806,"Issue Information","","","Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/6e16f6af04ded5c662c29c9fd98904337aa989a0","Earthquake engineering & structural dynamics (Print)",0,0,"","2021-06-05T00:00:00","6e16f6af04ded5c662c29c9fd98904337aa989a0"], [15807,"Issue Information","","","Statistics in Medicine","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/2b2439eb88fb41634a01f68796de164279c3f3d6","Statistics in Medicine",0,0,"","2021-06-05T00:00:00","2b2439eb88fb41634a01f68796de164279c3f3d6"], [15808,"Issue Information","","","International Endodontic Journal","","International Endodontic Journal",0,0,"","2021-06-05T00:00:00","47fee47a62c51a53eb53c28a64f3b51801d25f02"], [15809,"Academic Dishonesty or Academic Integrity? Using Natural Language Processing (NLP) Techniques to Investigate Positive Integrity in Academic Integrity Research","T. Lancaster","","Journal of Academic Ethics","","Journal of Academic Ethics",24,8,"The titles of papers by the ten most prolific academic Integrity researchers are found to use positive terminology in more cases that not, suggesting an approach for emerging academic integrity researchers to model themselves after.","2021-06-05T00:00:00","1d8226980da76fcd8fd565a4a66452d59ea6d8e5"], [15810,"A comparison of prebunking and debunking interventions for implied versus explicit misinformation.","L. Tay, Mark J. Hurlstone, T. Kurz, Ullrich K. H. Ecker","Psychological research has offered valuable insights into how to combat misinformation. The studies conducted to date, however, have three limitations. First, pre-emptive (\"prebunking\") and retroactive (\"debunking\") interventions have mostly been examined in parallel, and thus it is unclear which of these two predominant approaches is more effective. Second, there has been a focus on misinformation that is explicitly false, but implied misinformation that uses literally true information to mislead is common in the real world. Finally, studies have relied mainly on questionnaire measures of reasoning, neglecting behavioural impacts of misinformation and interventions. To offer incremental progress towards addressing these three issues, we conducted an experiment (N = 735) involving misinformation on fair trade. We contrasted the effectiveness of prebunking versus debunking and the impacts of implied versus explicit misinformation, and incorporated novel measures assessing consumer behaviours (i.e., willingness-to-pay; information seeking; online misinformation promotion) in addition to standard questionnaire measures. In general, both prebunking and debunking reduced misinformation reliance. We also found that individuals tended to rely more on explicit than implied misinformation both with and without interventions.","British journal of psychology","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/4c5004f106e8ceb42eef552d916b01d576a9fbb1","British Journal of Psychology",42,29,"","2021-06-04T00:00:00","4c5004f106e8ceb42eef552d916b01d576a9fbb1"], [15811,"Geospatial analysis of misinformation in COVID-19 related tweets","A. Forati, R. Ghose","","Applied Geography (Sevenoaks, England)","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/b372e6a375a9d3467c77f8c14a93183a6a4273f6","Applied Geography",87,26,"Findings indicate that sites of Twitter misinformation showed more resistance to pandemic management measures in May and June 2020 later experienced a rise in the number of cases in July, indicating a strong spatial relationship between social media activity and spread of the Covid-19 virus.","2021-06-04T00:00:00","b372e6a375a9d3467c77f8c14a93183a6a4273f6"], [15812,"Should Critique on Governmental Policy Regarding COVID-19 Be Tolerated on Online Platforms? An Analysis of Recent Case-Law in the Netherlands.","Donk Bvd","This policy and practice note describes and discusses two recent decisions by the District Court in Amsterdam regarding the applicability of YouTubes and Facebooks Community Guidelines on COVID-19 misinformation. The decisions (Caf Weltschmerz /YouTube and Smart Exit/Facebook) illustrate the tense intersection between, on the one hand, the possibility to express critique on the governments policy to fight the outbreak of COVID-19 in the Netherlands, and on the other hand, the prevention of (dis)information with the potential to harm public health. The author will point out that the two decisions, although covering merely the same subject matter, differ significantly in argumentation regarding the (scope of the) application of the freedom of expression. Analysing this divergence in argumentation will show that the root of the difference can be traced back to a different valuation of the role of the online platforms regarding the dissemination of speech. A debate on this divergence is needed to prevent inconsistency in future decisions and contributes to the broader discussion on content regulation in the European Union.","SSRN Electronic Journal","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/b80bbc894149dfe44de0ba3fc533699591a52734","Social Science Research Network",0,0,"","2021-06-04T00:00:00","b80bbc894149dfe44de0ba3fc533699591a52734"], [15813,"#6 (Des-)information: Wahrheit und Fake News im Vlkerrecht","Sophie Schuberth, P. Eschenhagen, Isabel Lischewski, Erik Tuchtfeld","Fake News und Desinformations-Kampagnen sind derzeit in aller Munde. Aber wann genau konnen wir uberhaupt von Fake News sprechen? Gibt es volkerrechtliche Normen, die die Verbreitung von falschen oder manipulierten Informationen regeln? Und wie verhalt sich das Volkerrecht zum Spiegelbild der (Des-)Informationsverbreitung, der Informationsgewinnung? \n \nIsabel erklart im Grundlagenteil, wie Informationen durch Spionage gewonnen werden und ob das im Volkerrecht eigentlich zulassig ist. Im Interview spricht Sophie mit Dr. Bjornstjern Baade, der zum Thema Wahrheit im Recht habilitiert, uber Desinformation und Fake News, alte, nicht angewendete Volkerrechtsvertrage und warum chilling effects fur die Meinungsfreiheit bei der Bekampfung von Desinformation vermieden werden mussen. \n \nWir freuen uns uber Lob, Anmerkungen und Kritik an podcast@voelkerrechtsblog.org oder hier in den Kommentaren. Abonniert unseren Podcast via RSS, uber Spotify oder uberall dort, wo es Podcasts gibt. \n \nHintergrundinformationen: \n \n Bjornstjern Baade, Dont Call a Spade a Shovel: Crucial Subtleties in the Definition of Fake News and Disinformation, Verfassungsblog, 14. April 2020, DOI: 10.17176/20200415-032634-0. \n \nModeration: Sophie Schuberth & Erik Tuchtfeld \nGrundlagenteil: Isabel Lischewski \nInterview: Dr. Bjornstjern Baade & Sophie Schuberth \n \nSchnitt: Daniela Rau & Philipp Eschenhagen \nTechnische Unterstutzung: Anna Sophia Tiedeke \n \nCredits: \n \n Ursula von der Leyen, 31. Marz 2020, Europaische Kommission Audiovisueller Dienst \n Konstantin Kuhle, 22. April 2021 im Deutschen Bundestag","","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/154c19eaf482794eccfd4617afdf704c60800ca8","",0,0,"","2021-06-04T00:00:00","154c19eaf482794eccfd4617afdf704c60800ca8"], [15814,"Fake news outbreak 2021: Can we stop the viral spread?","Tanveer Khan, A. Michalas, Adnan Akhunzada","","J. Netw. Comput. Appl.","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/ed78b0d2c64bcfd9f9bbca0c5f15659617a36dfe","Journal of Network and Computer Applications",145,8,"This survey paper extensively analyse a wide range of different solutions for the early detection of fake news in the existing literature and examines Machine Learning (ML) models for the identification and classification offake news, online fake news detection competitions, statistical outputs as well as the advantages and disadvantages of some of the available data sets.","2021-06-04T00:00:00","ed78b0d2c64bcfd9f9bbca0c5f15659617a36dfe"], [15815,"A Study on Opinion Spamming: Fake Consumer Review Detection","Aditya S. Bisht","Online audits are the most important wellsprings of data about client feelings and are considered the columns on which the standing of an association is assembled. From a client's viewpoint, audit data is vital to settle on an appropriate choice with respect to an online buy. Surveys are for the most part thought to be a fair-minded assessment of a person's very own involvement in an item, however, the fundamental truth about these audits recounts an alternate story. Spammers abuse these audit stages unlawfully on account of impetuses engaged with composing counterfeit surveys, subsequently at-tempting to acquire a bit of leeway over contenders bringing about an unstable development of assessment spamming. This training is known as Opinion (Review) Spam, where spammers control and toxic substance surveys (i.e., making phony, untruthful, or misleading audits) for benefit or gain. It has become a typical practice for individuals to discover and to understand assessments/surveys on the Web for some reasons. For instance, in the event that one needs to purchase an item, one commonly goes to a vendor or audit site (e.g., amazon.com) to peruse a few surveys of existing clients of the item. In the event that one sees numerous positive audits of the item, one is probably going to purchase the item. Notwithstanding, in the event that one sees many negative surveys, he/she will in all probability pick another item. Positive suppositions can bring about huge monetary benefits and additionally popularities for associations and people. This, sadly, offers great motivating forces for input spam. Most of the momentum research has zeroed in on regulated learning strategies, which require named information, a shortage with regards to online survey spam. Examination of techniques for Big Data is of revenue, since there are a huge number of online audits, with a lot seriously being produced every day. Until now, we have not discovered any papers that review the im-pacts of Big Data examination for survey spam identification. The essential objective of this paper is to give a solid and far-reaching similar investigation of flow research on identifying audit spam utilizing different AI procedures and to devise a strategy for directing further examination.","Journal of Informatics Electrical and Electronics Engineering (JIEEE)","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/f5bfecf589637cecef4e9f5e53aea4f01afac07c","Journal of Informatics Electrical and Electronics Engineering (JIEEE)",14,0,"The essential objective of this paper is to give a solid and far-reaching similar investigation of flow research on identifying audit spam utilizing different AI procedures and to devise a strategy for directing further examination.","2021-06-04T00:00:00","f5bfecf589637cecef4e9f5e53aea4f01afac07c"], [15816,"Navigating the maze: Deepfakes, cognitive ability, and social media news skepticism","S. Ahmed","The early apprehensions about how deepfakes (also deep fakes) could be weaponized for social and political purposes are now coming to pass. This study is one of the first to examine the social impact of deepfakes. Using an online survey sample in the United States, this study investigates the relationship between citizen concerns regarding deepfakes, exposure to deepfakes, inadvertent sharing of deepfakes, the cognitive ability of individuals, and social media news skepticism. Results suggest that deepfakes exposure and concerns are positively related to social media news skepticism. In contrast, those who frequently rely on social media as a news platform are less skeptical. Higher cognitive abled individuals are more skeptical of news on social media. The moderation findings suggest that among those who are more concerned about deepfakes, inadvertently sharing a deepfake is associated with heightened skepticism. However, these patterns are more pronounced among low than high cognitive individuals.","New Media & Society","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d9a5a5513cfe67d70a6dfef91fef366ebe8683ec","New Media & Society",84,25,"","2021-06-04T00:00:00","d9a5a5513cfe67d70a6dfef91fef366ebe8683ec"], [15817,"Political corruption in Zimbabwe: News media, audiences and deliberative democracy","M. P. Ndhlovu, Phillip Santos","Even though corruption by politicians and in politics is widespread worldwide, it is more pronounced in developing countries, such as Zimbabwe, where members of the political elite overtly abuse power for personal accumulation of wealth. Ideally, the news media, as watchdogs, are expected to investigate and report such abuses of power. However, previous studies in Zimbabwe highlight the news medias polarised and normative inefficacies. Informed by the theoretical notion of deliberative democracy developed via Habermas and Dahlgrens work and Halls Encoding, Decoding Model, this article uses qualitative content analysis to examine how online readers of Zimbabwes two leading daily publications, The Herald and NewsDay, interpreted and evaluated allegations of corruption leveled against ministers and deputy ministers during the height of factionalism in the ruling party (ZANU PF). The article argues that interaction between mainstream media and their audiences online shows the latters resourcefulness and, at least, discursive agency in their engagement with narratives about political corruption, itself an imperative premise for future political action.","Crime, Media, Culture: An International Journal","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/6b19b0896cfcfd8964f889e1ea0ff371d78547af","Crime, Media, Culture: An International Journal",54,3,"","2021-06-04T00:00:00","6b19b0896cfcfd8964f889e1ea0ff371d78547af"], [15818,"The Effect of Advice Valence on the Perceived Credibility of Data Analytics","Clara Xiaoling Chen, Ryan Hudgins, William F. Wright","We use an experiment to examine how advice valence (i.e. whether the advice suggests good news or bad news) affects the perceived source credibility of data analytics compared to human experts as a result of motivated reasoning. We predict that individuals will perceive data analytics as less credible than human experts, but only when the advice suggests bad news. Using a forecasting task in which individuals are seeking advice from either a human expert or data analytics, we find evidence consistent with our prediction. Furthermore, we find that this effect is mediated by the perceived competence of the advice source. We contribute to the nascent accounting literature on data analytics by providing evidence on a potential impediment to successfully transitioning to the use of analytics for decision-making in organizations.","Behavioral & Experimental Accounting eJournal","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d39fadb799f65c2c355a15860f1b0592fe5c1732","Journal of Management Accounting Research",59,4,"It is predicted that individuals will perceive data analytics as less credible than human experts, but only when the advice suggests bad news, and this effect is mediated by the perceived competence of the advice source.","2021-06-04T00:00:00","d39fadb799f65c2c355a15860f1b0592fe5c1732"], [15819,"The Synthetic Opioid Epidemic: A Study Protocol to Determine Whether People Who Use Drugs Can Influence or Shape Public Opinion via Mass Media","Ehsan Jozaghi, Vandu Vancouver Area Network of Drug Users","\n BackgroundWe are currently witnessing an ongoing drug overdose death epidemic in many nations linked to the distribution of illegally manufactured potent synthetic opioids. While many health policy makers and researchers have focused on the root causes and possible solutions to the current crisis, there has been little focus on the power of advocacy and community action by people who use drugs (PWUDs). Specifically, there has been no research on the role of PWUDs in engaging and influencing mass media opinion.MethodsBy relying on one of the longest and largest peer-run drug user advocacy groups in the world, the Vancouver Area Network of Drug Users (VANDU), newspaper articles, television reports, and magazines that VANDU or its members have been directly involved in will be identified via two data bases (the Canadian Newsstream & Google News). The news articles and videos related to the health of PWUDs and issues affecting PWUDs from 1997 to the end of 2020 will be analyzed qualitatively using Nvivo software.ResultsNot Applicable because it is a study protocol and data has not been collected and analyzed. ConclusionAs our communities are entering another phase of the drug overdose epidemic, acknowledging and partnering with PWUDs could play an integral part in advancing the goals of harm reduction, treatment, and human rights. Trial registrationNot applicable because it uses secondary data.","","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/cf36a705d6a8977da878463ee13af39e1114481c","",52,0,"As the authors' communities are entering another phase of the drug overdose epidemic, acknowledging and partnering with PWUDs could play an integral part in advancing the goals of harm reduction, treatment, and human rights.","2021-06-04T00:00:00","cf36a705d6a8977da878463ee13af39e1114481c"], [15820,"Thinking politically about scholarly infrastructure: Commit the publishers to 2.5%","A. Boston","Maybe its unsurprising that I think about scholarly communication in terms similar to U.S. politics. I originally drafted this article for the Library Publishing Coalition blog before the 2020 election and revised it for C&RL News during the weirdly long interregnum period before the actual inauguration. The 2016 Republican National Committee was the backdrop to my becoming a scholarly communication librarian in February of that year. Thats also when I joined Twitter, to better follow politics and librarianship, and maybe thats to blame.","College & Research Libraries News","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d1cd4012fea71a75bdfd4ba58e633492702726b8","",0,0,"","2021-06-04T00:00:00","d1cd4012fea71a75bdfd4ba58e633492702726b8"], [15821,"Determinants Information Disclosure And Responsibility of Financial Statements to Consistency Muzakki","Agus Arwani, Muhammad Azizul Islam","The purpose of the research was to decide the impact of data revelation and moneyrelated articulation responsibility on the consistency of paying zakat, infaq, and sadaqah on LAZ in Pekalongan city. This study uses a quantitative approach that utilizes a questionnaire distributed to s 117respondent. The comes about of the think about appearing that data divergence had a critical impact on the consistency of paying zakat, infaq and sadaqah in Pekalongan city as prove by the calculated t esteem more noteworthy than the t table esteem and the noteworthiness esteem underneath 0.05 so that the first hypothesis Ha1 was accepted. Likewise, the accountability variable financial statements also affect the consistency of paying zakat partially tested to receive Ha2. The simultaneous testing that the effect of information disclosure and financial accountability on the consistency of muzakki also influences simultaneously, which is indicated by the F value greater than the F table. The research finding is that information disclosure, and accountability of financial statements have a partial and simultaneous effect on the consistency of paying for ZIS in the usual city of Pekalongan. The originality of research can be seen from the disclosure of information and the responsibility of financial statements to create consistent muzakki paying zakat, which is different from previous research. The practical implication of this research is that amil zakat institutions can use the importance of disclosing information and accountability of financial statements to be more consistent in entrusting their zakat.","","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/bf848f2e042904ffb7d2a710e37af6fce90dde40","",64,0,"","2021-06-04T00:00:00","bf848f2e042904ffb7d2a710e37af6fce90dde40"], [15822,"Issue Information","","","Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/f1a457caceb1cdfe0ec9967f5f73b17874b74765","WIREs Water",0,0,"","2021-06-04T00:00:00","f1a457caceb1cdfe0ec9967f5f73b17874b74765"], [15823,"Issue Information","","","Journal of Clinical Nursing","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/610a8bbfea12a837f0500b9f43dfbfde6a27965e","Journal of Clinical Nursing",0,0,"","2021-06-04T00:00:00","610a8bbfea12a837f0500b9f43dfbfde6a27965e"], [15824,"Issue Information","","","WIREs Cognitive Science","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/6677e229c577988121e6a83d5de54803267432b7","WIREs Cognitive Science",0,0,"","2021-06-04T00:00:00","6677e229c577988121e6a83d5de54803267432b7"], [15825,"Issue Information","","","Resource Geology","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/f81597f2ffc65580313664d7f47a6750f787d048","Resource geology (Tokyo. 1998)",0,0,"","2021-06-04T00:00:00","f81597f2ffc65580313664d7f47a6750f787d048"], [15826,"Issue Information","","","Health Economics","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/e0b050b2922959a40d8cbc2e03bcb8f5f0e7ed1e","Health Economics",0,0,"","2021-06-04T00:00:00","e0b050b2922959a40d8cbc2e03bcb8f5f0e7ed1e"], [15827,"Issue Information","","","Statistics in Medicine","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/5df02e86c86d508e4c57384aecc428bc8118eb5f","Statistics in Medicine",0,0,"","2021-06-04T00:00:00","5df02e86c86d508e4c57384aecc428bc8118eb5f"], [15828,"Issue Information","","","International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/33e4fc1ff3cb3a8869a0c71baa4057b43651f936","International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids",0,0,"","2021-06-04T00:00:00","33e4fc1ff3cb3a8869a0c71baa4057b43651f936"], [15829,"Issue Information","","","Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/bcfb21a042be15ea2cfb1bbef0980436a798b882","Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry",0,0,"","2021-06-04T00:00:00","bcfb21a042be15ea2cfb1bbef0980436a798b882"], [15830,"Issue Information","","","Random Structures & Algorithms","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/292e5409e5e063842ad6915dcba8b6b226621c08","Random structures & algorithms (Print)",0,0,"","2021-06-04T00:00:00","292e5409e5e063842ad6915dcba8b6b226621c08"], [15831,"Perceptions of blame on social media during the coronavirus pandemic","Marilena Choli, D. Kuss","","Computers in Human Behavior","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/6fff875104921922457d6cd79e59fec5a99d6904","Computers in Human Behavior",85,22,"","2021-06-04T00:00:00","6fff875104921922457d6cd79e59fec5a99d6904"], [15832,"Identification of Deception Detection on Social Media (Twitter) Data Sets using Naive Base Classification and RVNN Model","N. Kanagavalli, S. BaghavathiPriya, S. Ilavarasan","Twitter being a famous social media site not only helps people to share their thoughts in microblogs but also plays a pivotal role in situations of emergency for communication, announcement and so on. However, it results in anaversive effect when inappropriate tweet is reposted or shared to people thereby spreading rumors. This work describesthe methodologies in identifying the rumors using specific attributes like precision, fi-score, recall and support thereby solving the ranging rumor issues across the social media platform. A system detects candidates rumor from twitter and then evaluates it applicably. The result of experiment shows the proposed algorithm in order to detect the rumors with acceptable accuracy.","","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0e7a17d8408d9a305ad1a8d0623fc8289bef1a7f","",15,0,"This work describes the methodologies in identifying the rumors using specific attributes like precision, fi-score, recall and support thereby solving the ranging rumor issues across the social media platform.","2021-06-04T00:00:00","0e7a17d8408d9a305ad1a8d0623fc8289bef1a7f"], [15833,"DOCTOR: A Simple Method for Detecting Misclassification Errors","Federica Granese, Marco Romanelli, D. Gorla, C. Palamidessi, P. Piantanida","Deep neural networks (DNNs) have shown to perform very well on large scale object recognition problems and lead to widespread use for real-world applications, including situations where DNN are implemented as\"black boxes\". A promising approach to secure their use is to accept decisions that are likely to be correct while discarding the others. In this work, we propose DOCTOR, a simple method that aims to identify whether the prediction of a DNN classifier should (or should not) be trusted so that, consequently, it would be possible to accept it or to reject it. Two scenarios are investigated: Totally Black Box (TBB) where only the soft-predictions are available and Partially Black Box (PBB) where gradient-propagation to perform input pre-processing is allowed. Empirically, we show that DOCTOR outperforms all state-of-the-art methods on various well-known images and sentiment analysis datasets. In particular, we observe a reduction of up to $4\\%$ of the false rejection rate (FRR) in the PBB scenario. DOCTOR can be applied to any pre-trained model, it does not require prior information about the underlying dataset and is as simple as the simplest available methods in the literature.","{'pages': '5669-5681'}","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/1c3c87562221a8c1a4e93fd599564d7758a9905b","Neural Information Processing Systems",36,22,"DOCTOR is proposed, a simple method that aims to identify whether the prediction of a DNN classifier should (or should not) be trusted so that, consequently, it would be possible to accept it or to reject it.","2021-06-04T00:00:00","1c3c87562221a8c1a4e93fd599564d7758a9905b"], [15834,"Integrating Reasoned Action Approach and Message Sidedness in the Era of Misinformation: The Case of HPV Vaccination Promotion","Xizhu Xiao, Yan Su","ABSTRACT Building upon extant research on the reasoned action approach and message sidedness, this study investigates the persuasive effects of one-sided and two-sided social media messages on the attitude about human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in the context of misinformation. Results of a controlled experiment (N = 251) indicated that compared to the control, one-sided messages addressing misinformation increased positive attitude about the vaccine as prior misperceptions increased. However, a backfire effect may be looming for individuals with lower prior misperceptions. Within the sidedness conditions, refutational two-sided messages were more effective in increasing cognitive attitude for individuals with lower misperceptions; whereas one-sided messages had a persuasive advantage for individuals with higher misperceptions. Theoretical and practical contributions are discussed.","Journal of Health Communication","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/6c1384d734cc837e97ba2a1cd2cd620cce8b83e4","Journal of health communication",83,5,"Investigation of the persuasive effects of one-sided and two-sided social media messages on the attitude about human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in the context of misinformation indicated that compared to the control, one- sided messages addressing misinformation increased positive attitude about the vaccine as prior misperceptions increased.","2021-06-03T00:00:00","6c1384d734cc837e97ba2a1cd2cd620cce8b83e4"], [15835,"Defending Democracy: Using Deep Learning to Identify and Prevent Misinformation","Anusua Trivedi, Alyssa Suhm, Prathamesh Mahankal, Subhiksha Mukuntharaj, Meghana D. Parab, Malvika Mohan, Meredith Berger, Arathi Sethumadhavan, A. Jaiman, R. Dodhia","The rise in online misinformation in recent years threatens democracies by distorting authentic public discourse and causing confusion, fear, and even, in extreme cases, violence. There is a need to understand the spread of false content through online networks for developing interventions that disrupt misinformation before it achieves virality. Using a Deep Bidirectional Transformer for Language Understanding (BERT) and propagation graphs, this study classifies and visualizes the spread of misinformation on a social media network using publicly available Twitter data. The results confirm prior research around user clusters and the virality of false content while improving the precision of deep learning models for misinformation detection. The study further demonstrates the suitability of BERT for providing a scalable model for false information detection, which can contribute to the development of more timely and accurate interventions to slow the spread of misinformation in online environments.","ArXiv","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/321013dfa4d26b428a6054e78cb0d22f481b7711","arXiv.org",46,0,"This study classifies and visualizes the spread of misinformation on a social media network using publicly available Twitter data and demonstrates the suitability of BERT for providing a scalable model for false information detection, which can contribute to the development of more timely and accurate interventions to slow the spread.","2021-06-03T00:00:00","321013dfa4d26b428a6054e78cb0d22f481b7711"], [15836,"Supplemental Material for The Medium and the Message: Comparing the Effectiveness of Six Methods of Misinformation Delivery in an Eyewitness Memory Paradigm","","","Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/5aff5725721e860897f6ba467ecf5a8be99c74a5","Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied",0,0,"","2021-06-03T00:00:00","5aff5725721e860897f6ba467ecf5a8be99c74a5"], [15837,"Vulnerability to misinformation and Covid-19 infodemic in French-speaking Belgium","G. Lits, L. Cougnon, Alexandre Heeren, B. Hanseeuw","","","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/aff9392265e546f547adc7dd2d9d97945557ce20","",0,0,"","2021-06-03T00:00:00","aff9392265e546f547adc7dd2d9d97945557ce20"], [15838,"Push polls increase false memories for fake news stories","G. Murphy, Laura Lynch, E. Loftus, Rebecca Egan","ABSTRACT Push polls are an insidious means of disseminating information under the guise of a legitimate information-gathering poll (e.g., Would you be more or less likely to vote for X if you heard they were being investigated for tax fraud?). While previous research has shown that push polls can affect attitudes, the current study assessed whether exposure to push polls can increase false memories for corresponding fake news stories. Across four studies, we found that participants (N=1,290) were significantly more likely to report a false memory for a corresponding fabricated news story after push poll exposure. This was true for positive and negative stories, concerning both fictitious characters and well-known public figures. Furthermore, this effect was stronger after a delay of one week between the push poll and the news story. Our findings suggest that push polls are a potent applied example of the misinformation effect and can significantly increase susceptibility to fake news stories.","Memory","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/7437af1e7b8434f1979460a96d35bfffc22fe4f6","Memory",43,3,"It is found that participants were significantly more likely to report a false memory for a corresponding fabricated news story after push poll exposure and can significantly increase susceptibility to fake news stories.","2021-06-03T00:00:00","7437af1e7b8434f1979460a96d35bfffc22fe4f6"], [15839,"Battling Fake News: A Survey on Mitigation Techniques and Identification","P. S. Kumar, P. Devi, N. Sai, S.Sai Kumar, Tharini. Benarji","Fake news are generally characterized as misdirected news, which are often constructed with a feeling of conviction and tricking people towards accepting a specific incident. Fake news spread widely due to its social associations. The multiplication of fake news via web-based media has opened up a new plethora for performing recognizable testing and regulation on fake news ideals and to alleviate its great influence on the popular hypothesis. Although different existing research works focuses on the distinguishing evidence obtained from fake news that depends on its substance or that abuses customer engagement with news via web-based media, there has been a growing enthusiasm on proactive advocacy methodologies in order to counteract the spread, deception, and its effect on society. This study describes the current topic of fake news and specifically presents the specialist difficulties related to it. This research work discusses about the existing strategies and procedures relevant to both DI and moderation by leveraging significant attention to the critical progress in each strategy along with their points of interest and constraints. Furthermore, the search was regularly limited by the nature of the existing datasets and their particular application settings. To mitigate this problem, this research work completely sort and summarizes the brand highlights obtained from the accessible datasets. Additionally, new exploration headings to further advance workable interdisciplinary agreements are also reported.","2021 5th International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics (ICOEI)","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/f9f78bf01db3813dbc7950cfb4b5aafbd289aa65","2021 5th International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics (ICOEI)",15,9,"This study describes the current topic of fake news and specifically presents the specialist difficulties related to it and completely sort and summarizes the brand highlights obtained from the accessible datasets.","2021-06-03T00:00:00","f9f78bf01db3813dbc7950cfb4b5aafbd289aa65"], [15840,"Higher Classification of Fake Political News Using Decision Tree Algorithm Over Naive Bayes Algorithm","T. Dinesh, Dr.T. Rajendran","Aim: The main aim of the study proposed is to perform higher classification of fake political news by implementing fake news detectors using machine learning classifiers by comparing their performance. Materials and Methods: By considering two groups such as Decision Tree algorithm and Naive Bayes algorithm. The algorithms have been implemented and tested over a dataset which consists of 44,000 records. Through the programming experiment which is performed using N=10 iterations on each algorithm to identify various scales of fake news and true news classification. Result: After performing the experiment the mean accuracy of 99.6990 by using Decision Tree algorithm and the accuracy of 95.3870 by using Naive Bayes algorithm for fake political news in. There is a statistical significant difference in accuracy for two algorithms is p<0.05 by performing independent samples t-tests. Conclusion: This paper is intended to implement the innovative fake news detection approach on recent Machine Learning Classifiers for prediction of fake political news. By testing the algorithms performance and accuracy on fake political news detection and other issues. The comparison results shows that the Decision Tree algorithm has better performance when compared to Naive Bayes algorithm.","","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0db882e539696cc7db010c3d435eb8b7d4657f55","",33,9,"The comparison results shows that the Decision Tree algorithm has better performance when compared to Naive Bayes algorithm.","2021-06-03T00:00:00","0db882e539696cc7db010c3d435eb8b7d4657f55"], [15841,"The Effects of Information on Policy and Consumer Behavior Beliefs During a Pandemic","J. Rothwell, C. Makridis, C. Ramirez, Sonal Desai","It is well documented that policy and behavioral responses to the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic have become politically polarized in the United States. We test whether some of these differences may be the result of varying exposure to information using a nationally representative sample of 5,009 U.S. adults who were randomly exposed to brief text-based segments of information. The segments are all fact-based and were chosen to convey reassuring or alarming news about the pandemic and the potential safety of certain behaviors. First, we document new facts about dispersion in policy preferences, consumer behavior, media diet, and information sources by political affiliation. Second, we quantify how the provision of information affects COVID-19 policy preferences and consumer behavior. The baseline effects are large and remain so after adding extensive controls, including respondent numeracy. We also show that these results largely do not vary by political party nor the political orientation of the news diet. These findings suggest partisan policy and behavioral gaps are driven, at least in part, by exposure to different and often low-quality information.","PSN: Disease & Illness (Topic)","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/a58211b3d0dc1f8075ed52e9464f055cfd0b6f07","",44,1,"Findings suggest partisan policy and behavioral gaps are driven, at least in part, by exposure to different and often low-quality information.","2021-06-03T00:00:00","a58211b3d0dc1f8075ed52e9464f055cfd0b6f07"], [15842,"Issue Information","","No abstract is available for this article.","Surface and Interface Analysis","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/4f845eaf04e1641c9001e2be3b451d7cece26b4f","Surface and Interface Analysis",0,0,"","2021-06-03T00:00:00","4f845eaf04e1641c9001e2be3b451d7cece26b4f"], [15843,"Issue Information","","No abstract is available for this article.","Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d1fb93bc836a2d76ac2d263b49fa91064bf2ac6e","Mathematical methods in the applied sciences",0,0,"","2021-06-03T00:00:00","d1fb93bc836a2d76ac2d263b49fa91064bf2ac6e"], [15844,"Issue Information Forthcoming","Marcus V. X. Senra","New tyrosinases with putative action against contaminants of emerging concern Marcus V. X. Senra, Ana Lcia Fonseca Novel antimicrobial anionic cecropins from the spruce budworm feature a poly-L-aspartic acid C-terminus Halim Maaroufi, Marianne Potvin, Michel Cusson, Roger C. Levesque Comparative Protein Structure Network Analysis on 3CLpro from SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 Surabhi Lata, Mohd. Akif Characterization of the multidrug efflux transporter styMdtMfrom Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi Aqsa Shaheen, Fouzia Ismat, Mazhar Iqbal, Abdul Haque, Zaheer Ul-Haq, Osman Mirza, Rita De Zorzi, Thomas Walz, Moazur Rahman Fungal Ice2p is in the same superfamily as SERINCs, restriction factors for HIV and other viruses Ganiyu O. Alli-Balogun, Tim P. Levine Conformation of Myelin Basic Protein Bound to Phosphatidylinositol Membrane Characterized by Vacuum-Ultraviolet Circular-Dichroism Spectroscopy and Molecular-Dynamics Simulations Munehiro Kumashiro, Yudai Izumi, Koichi Matsuo IGPRED: Combination of Convolutional Neural and Graph Convolutional Networks for Protein Secondary Structure Prediction Yasin Grmez, Mostafa Sabzekar, Zafer Aydin A Novel Measure to Analyze Protein Structures: Aspect Ratio in Protein Alpha Shapes Elife Z. Bagci, Fatma Senguler-Ciftci, Unver Ciftci, Ayhan Demir","Proteins: Structure","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/953f40800bee289a6e30719d7fed5b82dc31777c","Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics",1,0,"New tyrosinases with putative action against contaminants of emerging concern and a novel measure to Analyze Protein Structures: Aspect Ratio in Protein Alpha Shapes are published.","2021-06-03T00:00:00","953f40800bee289a6e30719d7fed5b82dc31777c"], [15845,"Issue Information","","","International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/5dddc6808d118e7527242d15608c86867e821c89","International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology",0,0,"","2021-06-03T00:00:00","5dddc6808d118e7527242d15608c86867e821c89"], [15846,"Issue Information","","","Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/68a95b04c7d260b1daa96f0eb7baed81f3494d52","WIREs Energy and Environment",0,0,"","2021-06-03T00:00:00","68a95b04c7d260b1daa96f0eb7baed81f3494d52"], [15847,"Issue Information","","","Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/01ace4a6cb10769683f273cb583ee61e3e764f08","Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology",0,0,"","2021-06-03T00:00:00","01ace4a6cb10769683f273cb583ee61e3e764f08"], [15848,"Issue Information","","","Economica","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/ee0891fd65f7330323fbbe35862ab600c936308a","Econmica",0,0,"","2021-06-03T00:00:00","ee0891fd65f7330323fbbe35862ab600c936308a"], [15849,"Issue Information","","","Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d7c4006445bcfac5a90afdae425c44516bdb449a","Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry",0,0,"","2021-06-03T00:00:00","d7c4006445bcfac5a90afdae425c44516bdb449a"], [15850,"Issue Information","","","International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0ee0f948738cad406cb0c0926d67ed627e59a323","International journal of numerical modelling",0,0,"","2021-06-03T00:00:00","0ee0f948738cad406cb0c0926d67ed627e59a323"], [15851,"Issue Information","","","Global Change Biology","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/8dbce92ac3a56570e29b692809035a21156fce4d","Global Change Biology",0,0,"","2021-06-03T00:00:00","8dbce92ac3a56570e29b692809035a21156fce4d"], [15852,"Issue Information","","","Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/3df0d8ded39fc115dc653802e126ad32fb88b1be","The Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture",0,0,"","2021-06-03T00:00:00","3df0d8ded39fc115dc653802e126ad32fb88b1be"], [15853,"Issue Information","","","Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/c701246218bb8d7cd3ccb8e48ea3114af0f801a5","WIREs Computational Statistics",0,0,"","2021-06-03T00:00:00","c701246218bb8d7cd3ccb8e48ea3114af0f801a5"], [15854,"Issue Information","","","Development Policy Review","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/534e139cfa928fe03f70f73f977e6b4f4faff886","Development Policy Review",0,0,"","2021-06-03T00:00:00","534e139cfa928fe03f70f73f977e6b4f4faff886"], [15855,"Issue Information","","","Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/9a61adaf66b2856e36743a27b3b6597dd9cb1763","Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures",0,0,"","2021-06-03T00:00:00","9a61adaf66b2856e36743a27b3b6597dd9cb1763"], [15856,"Issue Information","","","Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/96adca9fbe592026f7054306fd51dadcdd086939","Journal of Intellectual Disability Research",0,0,"","2021-06-03T00:00:00","96adca9fbe592026f7054306fd51dadcdd086939"], [15857,"Issue Information","Richard Gallagher","","International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/4fec6768260fa47dcceb81ef0ad91754aac21ed9","International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering",3,0,"","2021-06-03T00:00:00","4fec6768260fa47dcceb81ef0ad91754aac21ed9"], [15858,"The Strategic Bias: How Journalists Respond to Antimedia Populism","Ayala Panievsky","As populist campaigns against the media become increasingly common around the world, it is ever more urgent to explore how journalists adopt and respond to them. Which strategies have journalists developed to maintain the public's trust, and what may be the implications for democracy? These questions are addressed using a thematic analysis of forty-five semistructured interviews with leading Israeli journalists who have been publicly targeted by Israel's Prime Minister, Benjamin Netanyahu. The article suggests that while most interviewees asserted that adherence to objective reporting was the best response to antimedia populism, many of them have in fact applied a strategic bias to their reporting, intentionally leaning to the Right in an attempt to refute the accusations of media bias to the Left. This strategy was shaped by interviewees' perceived helplessness versus Israel's Prime Minister and his extensive use of social media, a phenomenon called here the influence of presumed media impotence. Finally, this article points at the potential ramifications of strategic bias for journalism and democracy. Drawing on Hallin's Spheres theory, it claims that the strategic bias might advance Right-wing populism at present, while also narrowing the sphere of legitimate controversythus further restricting press freedomin the future.","The International Journal of Press/Politics","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/783de68baa63ba5d989fb81a8ba8d0d4e044836c","The International Journal of Press/Politics",82,19,"","2021-06-03T00:00:00","783de68baa63ba5d989fb81a8ba8d0d4e044836c"], [15859,"The 2020 U.S. Census differential privacy method introduces disproportionate error for rural and non-white populations","Tom Mueller, A. Santos-Lozada","The recently finalized changes to the disclosure avoidance policies of the U.S. Census Bureau for the 2020 census, grounded in differential privacy, have faced increasing criticism from demographers and other social scientists. Scholars have found that estimates generated via Census-released test data are accurate for aggregate population statistics but introduce considerable error for estimates of subgroups. At present, the ramifications of this new approach, and the error it may introduce, remain unclear for rural populations. In this brief, we focus on rural populations and evaluate the ability of the finalized differential privacy algorithm to provide accurate population counts and growth rates from 2000 to 2010 across the rural-urban continuum for the total, non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic or Latino/a, and non-Hispanic American Indian population. We find the method introduces significant error into counts and growth rate estimates at the county level for all groups except the total and non-Hispanic white population. Further, errors increase dramatically as we move from urban to rural. Thus, the differential privacy method likely introduced significant error for rural and non-white populations into 2020 census tabulations.","","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/5d0ca131812a36aee9b9352740c1157593ce06d0","",0,1,"","2021-06-03T00:00:00","5d0ca131812a36aee9b9352740c1157593ce06d0"], [15860,"The Unbearable Whiteness of Grand Strategy","A. Lentz-Smith","This chapter explores grand strategy as an intellectual and cultural project by considering its willful unseeing of race as a political project. To ignore race is to misapprehend how power works in the United States and how domestic formulations of subjectivity, difference, and racialized power imbue American foreign relations. The chapter focuses on African Americans in the era of Cold War civil rights. For Carl Rowan and Sam Greenlee, the two African American veterans who provide concrete cases for thinking about the United States and the world, their blackness and ambitions for their people would color how they interpreted America's role in political and military struggles in the Third World and beyond. As with other people of color, their encounters with white supremacy shaped their understandings of liberation, violence, and the United States security project. Their perspectives challenge scholars conceptions of the Cold War as a period of defined clear national interests and public consensus. Centering the stories of Rowan and Greenlee highlights not simply ongoing contestation over the myth and history of the Cold War, but, more fundamentally, the unthinking whiteness of grand strategy itself.","","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/10b1787b1f67f1b4cec4a09d6e0c6e2edc2b0f3e","",0,0,"","2021-06-03T00:00:00","10b1787b1f67f1b4cec4a09d6e0c6e2edc2b0f3e"], [15861,"Fake News Reaching Young People on Social Networks: Distrust Challenging Media Literacy","Ana Prez-Escoda, Luis Miguel Pedrero Esteban, J. Rubio-Romero, Carlos Jimnez-Narros","Current societies are based on huge flows of information and knowledge circulating on the Internet, created not only by traditional means but by all kinds of users becoming producers, which leads to fake news and misinformation. This situation has been exacerbated by the pandemic to an unprecedented extent through social media, with special concern among young people. This study aims to provide significant data about the youngest generation in Spain (Generation Z) regarding their media and information consumption, their social network use, and their relationship with fake news, all in relation to the feeling of reliability/trust. Focusing on a convenience sample of 408 young Spanish students from Generation Z aged 18 to 22, a descriptive exploratory study is presented. Data collection was performed with an adapted questionnaire. Results show that young Spanish people use networks for information, showing a surprising lack of trust in social networks as the media they consume the most. The content they consume the most since the occurrence of COVID-19 is related to politics, entertainment, humor, and music. On the other hand, distrust of politicians, media, and journalists is evident. The conclusion is that media literacy is still more necessary than ever, but with the added challenge of mistrust: maybe it is time to rethink media literacy.","Publ.","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/a251773abb72d053478a150c90501b3415207954","Publ.",51,37,"Results show that young Spanish people use networks for information, showing a surprising lack of trust in social networks as the media they consume the most, and distrust of politicians, media, and journalists is evident.","2021-06-02T00:00:00","a251773abb72d053478a150c90501b3415207954"], [15862,"Fighting the Infodemic on Two Fronts: Reducing False Beliefs Without Increasing Polarization","Viorela Dan, Graham N. Dixon","Actors aiming to remedy the effects of health misinformation often issue corrections focused on individual outcomes (i.e., promoting individual health behaviors) rather than societal outcomes (i.e., reducing issue polarization). Yet, for highly politicized health crises like the COVID-19 pandemic, such interventions run the risk of exacerbating societal cleavages, driving those holding opposing views further apart from one another. Interventions yielding individual benefits but causing societal harm are certainly not ideal. But is the design of such dual-focus corrections even possible? We believe this to be the case. Here, we delineate an agenda for future research that should help social scientists in identifying the characteristics of corrections that might reduce false beliefs without increasing polarization.","Science Communication","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/3ddd8f93daf25d93a9602fa78e1db2b377605e8a","Science communication",30,13,"An agenda for future research is delineated that should help social scientists in identifying the characteristics of corrections that might reduce false beliefs without increasing polarization, and is this to be the case?","2021-06-02T00:00:00","3ddd8f93daf25d93a9602fa78e1db2b377605e8a"], [15863,"Use of post-truth as a political tool","Lolo Juan Mamani Daza, Ana Rosario Miaury Vilca, Liliana Rosario lvarez Salinas, Hilda Lizbeth Pinto Pomareda, Miguel ngel Pacheco Quico","This paper shows, through the analysis of the literature and the most recent news, how through the use of neural algorithms and the application of strategies framed in what is called post-truth, certain political groups, mainly those who hold power in democracies with weak institutions, create a segmented reality that serves their interests and that in turn makes the task of exposing the factual facts more complicated.methodologies as long as appropriate teacher training and education processes are in place. \nKeywords: Post-truth, discrete reality, politics. \nReferences \n[1]P. Berger y T. Luckmann, Construccin social de la realidad, Buenos Aires: Amorrortu Editores, 2003. \n[2]F. B. Morales Romero y R. R. Martnez Martnez, La posverdad: identidades colectivas que degeneran las democracias, Anagramas Rumbos y Sentidos de la Comunicacin, vol. 19, n 37, pp. 111-126, 2020. \n[3]M. Barn Pulido, . Duque Soto, F. Mendoza Lozano y Q.P. Wilmer, Redes sociales y relaciones digitales, una comunicacin que supera el cara a cara, Revista Internacional de Pedagoga en Innovacin educativa, vol. 1, n 1, pp. 123-148, 2020. \n[4]P. Iosifidis, The battle to end fakenews: A qualitative content analysis of Facebook announcements on how it combats disinformation, The International Communication Gazette, vol. 82, n 1, pp. 60-81, 2020. \n[5]D. Kaufman y L. Santaella, The role of artificial intelligence algorithms in the social web, Revista Famecos- Midia, Cultura e Tecnologia, vol. 2020, n Unique, pp. 20-26, 2020. \n[6]J. Habermas, Histora y crtica de la opinin pblica, Barcelona: Gustavo Gili, 2002. \n[7]E. Noelle-Neumann, La espiral del silencio, Barcelona:Paids, 2010. \n[8]D. Innerarity, Politica para perplejos, Barcelona: Galaxia Gutenberg, 2018. \n[9]I. Blanco Alfonso, Posverdad, percepcin de la realidad y opinin pblica. Una aproximacin desde la fenomenologa, Revista de Estudios Polticos, 187, vol. 2020, n 187, pp. 167-186, 2020. \n[10]V. Bufacchi, Truth, lies and tweets: A Consensus Theory of Post-Truth., Philosophy and Social Criticism, vol. 47, n3, p. 347361, 2021. \n[11]J. Ortega y Gasset, Meditaciones del Quijote, Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1969. \n[12]c. Belvedere, El problema de la realidad en el marco de la influencia hispnica en la obra de Alfred Schutz, Investigaciones Fenomenolgicas, vol. 4, n II, pp. 245-277, 2013. \n[13]A. Schutz, El problema de la realidad social, Buenos Aires: Amorrortu Editores, 1995. \n[14]Y. Hernndez Romero y R. V. Galindo Sosa, El concepto de intersubjetividad en Alfred Schutz, espacios Pblicos, vol. 10, n 20, pp. 228-240, 2007. \n[15]L. Aguilar Villanueva, Una reconstruccin del concepto de opinin pblica, Revista Mexicana de opinin pblica, vol. 12, n 23, pp. 125-148, 2017. \n[16]Wikipedia, es.wikipedia.org, Wikipedia, 27 March 2021. [En lnea]. Available: https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup_(empresa). [ltimo acceso: 30 March 2021]. \n[17]W. Lippmann, La opinin pblico, Madrid: Cuadernos de Langre, 2003. \n[18]P. Capilla, De qu hablamos cuando hablamos de posverdad? Anlisis del trmino en siete diarios de calidad., ElProfesional de la Informacin , vol. 28, n 3, pp. 1-12, 2019. \n[19]D. Peter, Public Sphere Participation Online: the Ambiguities of Affect, Dans Les Enjeux de l'information et de la communication , vol. 19, n 1, pp. 5-20, 2019. \n[20]I. Schulze Schneider, Los medios de comunicacin en la Gran Guerra: Todo por la Patria, Historia y Comunicacin Social, vol. 18, n 1, pp. 15-30, 2013. \n[21]E. Parisier, The Filter Bubble: What The Internet Is Hiding From, New York: Penguin, 2012. \n[22]TED, www.ted.com, TED, 1 March 2011. [En lnea]. Available: https://www.ted.com/talks/eli_pariser_beware_online_filter_bubbles?language=es. [ltimo acceso: 25 January 2021]. \n[23]B.-C. Han, La sociedad de la transparencia, Barcelona: Herder, 2013. \n[24]J. A. O. y. Romero, Desinformacin: concepto y perspectivas, Real Instituto Elcano, vol. 2019, n 41, pp. 1-8, 2019. \n[25]M. Arias Maldonado, La democracia sentimental. politica y emociones del siglo XXI, Barcelona: Pgina Indmita, 2016. \n[26]S. Tesich, A government of lies, The Nation, p. Online, 6 January 1992. \n[27]d. Innerarity y C. Colomina, La verdad en las democracias algortmicas, Revista CIDOB dAfers Internacionals, vol. 2020, n 124, pp. 11-23, 2020. \n[28]E. Herreras y M. Garca-Granero, Sobre verdad, mentira y posverdad. Elementos para una filosofa de la informacin., Bajo Palabra, vol. 2020, n 24, pp. 157-176, 2020. \n[29]C. Iriarte, La era de la inmediatez, Milenio, p. online, 28 February 2017. \n[30]J. E. Garca-Guerrero, Redes sociales e inters poltico, Icono 14, vol. 17, n 2, pp. 231-253, 2018. \n[31]A. M. Lorusso, Between Truth, Legitimacy, and Legality in the Post truth, International Journal Semiot law, vol. 2020, n 33, pp. 1005-1017, 2020. \n[32]K. Amer y J. Noujaim, Direccin, The great hack. [Pelcula]. EEUU: netflix, 2019. \n[33]R. Trejo, Escepticismo democrtico y medios en disputa en tiempos de la posverdad, Revista de la asociacin espaola de investigaci{on de la comunicacin, vol. 4, n 8, pp. 2-9, 2017.","Universidad Ciencia y Tecnologa","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/a4b75658cb428482a3907d4ad3d1232fd2dc0ffb","Universidad, Ciencia y Tecnologa",26,0,"","2021-06-02T00:00:00","a4b75658cb428482a3907d4ad3d1232fd2dc0ffb"], [15864,"Narrativas sobre vacinao em tempos de fake news: uma anlise de contedo em redes sociais","L. Massarani, Igor Waltz, T. Leal, Michelle Modesto","Resumo A vacina e um recurso fundamental para a promocao da saude publica. Entretanto, uma crescente hesitacao vacinal tem sido associada a desinformacao em redes sociais. Nesse contexto, e importante investigar que informacoes sobre a vacina tem sido mais consumidas nesses espacos. Neste artigo, analisamos os cem links contendo a palavra vacina que geraram mais engajamento nas redes sociais entre 22 de maio de 2018 e 21 de maio de 2019, utilizando uma versao adaptada do protocolo de analise de conteudo desenvolvido pela Rede Ibero-Americana de Capacitacao e Monitoramento em Jornalismo Cientifico. O objetivo e investigar os discursos, enquadramentos e emissores que mais mobilizaram o debate publico on-line. Analisando as caracteristicas gerais, os temas, as narrativas, o tratamento e os atores desses conteudos, concluimos que, apesar de, em sua maioria, veicularem uma visao positiva em relacao as vacinas e trazerem dados verificaveis, existem lacunas na capacidade de sanar possiveis duvidas quanto as vacinas, bem como em esclarecer de que forma a vacinacao deve ser inserida no cotidiano de cuidados com a saude das pessoas.","Saude E Sociedade","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/b68f483bc1d8c219d641f97f8c7d9498f6a04935","",23,8,"","2021-06-02T00:00:00","b68f483bc1d8c219d641f97f8c7d9498f6a04935"], [15865,"Bots, fake comments, and E-rulemaking: the impact on federal regulations","Sara R. Rinfret, R. Duffy, J. Cook, Shane St. Onge","ABSTRACT E-rulemaking, adopted over a decade ago, allows federal agencies to use technology to provide electronic submission of public comment for a rule through the Federal Register. Some scholars suggested that this could create a space for deliberative democracy and improved regulatory outcomes. Yet, has e-rulemaking achieved its goals? The Federal Communications Commissions (FCC) Net Neutrality Rule received millions of fake public comments submitted by bots, many from outside the U.S. The central focus of this exploratory project is to use the e-rulemaking literature as a descriptive baseline to examine original interview data from 32 agency rule-writers and program managers from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The EPA, from 20022019, served as the managing partner of e-rulemaking initiatives. Our focus is to determine what, if anything, the agency did to identify bots or to screen out fake comments. The findings suggest the 2002 E-Government Act did not anticipate the emergence of bots and thus fails to provide agencies with sufficient guidance on how to identify and treat bots and fake comments.","International Journal of Public Administration","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/f9b35d3247dad935021ed9cf4ed07a676a30c6fb","International Journal of Public Administration",37,0,"The findings suggest the 2002 E-Government Act did not anticipate the emergence of bots and thus fails to provide agencies with sufficient guidance on how to identify and treat bots and fake comments.","2021-06-02T00:00:00","f9b35d3247dad935021ed9cf4ed07a676a30c6fb"], [15866,"Polarizing policy opinions with conflict framed information: activating negative views of political parties in a multi-party system","D. Dekeyser, Henk Roose","","Quality & Quantity","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/1b2415131168fd7d9290b88080ebb7b966c978f9","Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology",66,1,"","2021-06-02T00:00:00","1b2415131168fd7d9290b88080ebb7b966c978f9"], [15867,"Age of Information in Practice","E. Uysal, Onur Kaya, S. Baghaee, Hasan Burhan Beytur","While age of Information (AoI) has gained importance as a metric characterizing the fresh-ness of information in information-update systems and time-critical applications, most previous studies on AoI have been theoretical. In this chapter, we compile a set of recent works reporting API measurements in real-life networks and experimental testbeds, and investigating practical issues such as synchronization, the role of various transport layer protocols, congestion control mechanisms, application of machine learning for adaptation to network conditions, and device related bottlenecks such as limited processing power.","ArXiv","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/f851280ae38a10d5553eeb425823f9ffd2599671","arXiv.org",63,8,"A set of recent works reporting API measurements in real-life networks and experimental testbeds, and investigating practical issues such as synchronization, the role of various transport layer protocols, congestion control mechanisms, application of machine learning for adaptation to network conditions, and device related bottlenecks such as limited processing power are compiled.","2021-06-02T00:00:00","f851280ae38a10d5553eeb425823f9ffd2599671"], [15868,"On the Significance of Information","Perke Jacobs","Interest toward information-theoretic derivations of the formalism of quantum theory has been growing since early 1990s thanks to the emergence of the field of quantum computation and to the return of epistemological questions into research programs of many theoretical physicists. We propose a system of information-theoretic axioms from which we derive the formalism of quantum theory. Part I is devoted to the conceptual foundations of the information-theoretic approach. We argue that this approach belongs to the epistemological framework depicted as a loop of existences, leading to a novel view on the place of quantum theory among other theories. In Part II we derive the formalism of quantum theory from information-theoretic axioms. After postulating such axioms, we analyze the twofold role of the observer as physical system and as informational agent. Quantum logical techniques are then introduced, and with their help we prove a series of results reconstructing the elements of the formalism. One of these results, a reconstruction theorem giving rise to the Hilbert space of the theory, marks a highlight of the dissertation. Completing the reconstruction, the Born rule and unitary time dynamics are obtained with the help of supplementary assumptions. We show how the twofold role of the observer leads to a description of measurement by POVM, an element essential in quantum computation. In Part III, we introduce the formalism of C-algebras and give it an informationtheoretic interpretation. We then analyze the conceptual underpinnings of the Tomita theory of modular automorphisms and of the Connes-Rovelli thermodynamic time hypothesis. We also discuss the Clifton-Bub-Halvorson derivation program and give an information-theoretic justification for the emergence of time in the algebraic approach. We conclude by giving a list of open questions and research directions, including topics in cognitive science, decision theory, and information technology.","","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/f2003a37e8783093232a0ab34e15bab9847001bb","",179,0,"This dissertation proposes a system of information-theoretic axioms from which the formalism of quantum theory is derived, and shows how the twofold role of the observer leads to a description of measurement by POVM, an element essential in quantum computation.","2021-06-02T00:00:00","f2003a37e8783093232a0ab34e15bab9847001bb"], [15869,"Issue Information","","No abstract is available for this article.","International Journal of Communication Systems","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/f17d9dd95244af0fa070e6a7682e40390331df4b","International Journal of Communication Systems",0,0,"","2021-06-02T00:00:00","f17d9dd95244af0fa070e6a7682e40390331df4b"], [15870,"Issue Information","","No abstract is available for this article.","Packaging Technology and Science","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/78e7b7e6934ceae867e2df6d0a39f81480693b1a","Packaging technology & science",0,0,"","2021-06-02T00:00:00","78e7b7e6934ceae867e2df6d0a39f81480693b1a"], [15871,"Issue Information","L. Faravelli, Satish Nagarajaiah","No abstract is available for this article.","Structural Control and Health Monitoring","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/356fdfc33e0c52d52b4f394764f0222b47805484","Structural Control & Health Monitoring",0,0,"","2021-06-02T00:00:00","356fdfc33e0c52d52b4f394764f0222b47805484"], [15872,"Issue Information","","","Addiction","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/e672ebac2693a48196bcd9dc515af318e4f29188","Addiction",0,0,"","2021-06-02T00:00:00","e672ebac2693a48196bcd9dc515af318e4f29188"], [15873,"Issue Information","","","Addiction","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/7bd7270e2a793fe588fc310d67a9df1099f8b194","Addiction",0,0,"","2021-06-02T00:00:00","7bd7270e2a793fe588fc310d67a9df1099f8b194"], [15874,"Issue Information","","","Family Relations","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/26ff545bd31af656b836c56dc185c1d4e892bc84","Family Relations",0,0,"","2021-06-02T00:00:00","26ff545bd31af656b836c56dc185c1d4e892bc84"], [15875,"Issue Information","","","Polymer International","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/6102fdf67f4e4f6509fbf3f335e128c001835e73","Polymer international",0,0,"","2021-06-02T00:00:00","6102fdf67f4e4f6509fbf3f335e128c001835e73"], [15876,"Issue Information","","","Science Education","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/a824e1f5f5a0d5e31c272e0b639a5700e6c60218","Science Education",0,0,"","2021-06-02T00:00:00","a824e1f5f5a0d5e31c272e0b639a5700e6c60218"], [15877,"Issue Information","","","Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d7d6d916086ce7b6a93b4964031efad03da00ca3","Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging",0,0,"","2021-06-02T00:00:00","d7d6d916086ce7b6a93b4964031efad03da00ca3"], [15878,"Issue Information","","","Psychology & Marketing","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/fd083ec92fb6061824172d48c1d54783ad254d14","Psychology & Marketing",0,0,"","2021-06-02T00:00:00","fd083ec92fb6061824172d48c1d54783ad254d14"], [15879,"Issue Information","","","Managerial and Decision Economics","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/5014bfc6d3ffd88d38a1766130f9dba5db9a7629","Managerial and Decision Economics",0,0,"","2021-06-02T00:00:00","5014bfc6d3ffd88d38a1766130f9dba5db9a7629"], [15880,"Decision letter for \"Human trafficking, information campaigns and public awareness in Moldova: Why do antitrafficking organizations operate under inaccurate assumptions?\"","Ludmila Bogdan","","International Migration","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/193b2233860f37a92ab700d41e3df3c77f677142","International migration (Geneva. Print)",19,1,"","2021-06-02T00:00:00","193b2233860f37a92ab700d41e3df3c77f677142"], [15881,"Managing Information From Preprints: The Scholarly Record and the Public Need for Information (Especially During a Pandemic)","Tony Alves","","Science Editor","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/9d788fe26a767f0acd17bc338eb148d3c783da66","Science Editing",0,0,"","2021-06-02T00:00:00","9d788fe26a767f0acd17bc338eb148d3c783da66"], [15882,"Elite rhetoric can undermine democratic norms","Katherine Clayton, Nicholas T. Davis, B. Nyhan, Ethan Porter, T. Ryan, Thomas J. Wood","Significance Democracies depend on candidates and parties affirming the legitimacy of election results even when they lose. These statements help maintain confidence that elections are free and fair and thereby facilitate the peaceful transfer of power. However, this norm has recently been challenged in the United States, where former president Donald Trump has repeatedly attacked the integrity of the 2020 US election. We evaluate the effect of this rhetoric in a multiwave survey experiment, which finds that exposure to Trump tweets questioning the integrity of US elections reduces trust and confidence in elections and increases beliefs that elections are rigged, although only among his supporters. These results show how norm violations by political leaders can undermine confidence in the democratic process. Democratic stability depends on citizens on the losing side accepting election outcomes. Can rhetoric by political leaders undermine this norm? Using a panel survey experiment, we evaluate the effects of exposure to multiple statements from former president Donald Trump attacking the legitimacy of the 2020 US presidential election. Although exposure to these statements does not measurably affect general support for political violence or belief in democracy, it erodes trust and confidence in elections and increases belief that the election is rigged among people who approve of Trumps job performance. These results suggest that rhetoric from political elites can undermine respect for critical democratic norms among their supporters.","Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/b41e1b85481c055bf3a8268f19cd63ffc08e2a36","Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America",45,53,"","2021-06-02T00:00:00","b41e1b85481c055bf3a8268f19cd63ffc08e2a36"], [15883,"Misinformation: Strategic Sharing, Homophily, and Endogenous Echo Chambers","D. Acemoglu, A. Ozdaglar, James Siderius","We present a model of online content sharing where agents sequentially observe an article and must decide whether to share it with others. The article may contain misinformation, but at a cost, agents can fact-check it to determine whether its content is entirely accurate. While agents derive value from future shares, they simultaneously fear getting caught sharing misinformation. With little homophily in the sharing network, misinformation is often quickly identified and brought to an end. However, when homophily is strong, so that agents anticipate that only those with similar beliefs will view the article, misinformation spreads more rapidly because of echo chambers. We show that a social media platform that wishes to maximize content engagement will propagate extreme articles amongst the most extremist users, while not showing these articles to ideologically opposed users. This creates an endogenous echo chamberfilter bubblethat makes misinformation spread virally. We use this framework to understand how regulation can encourage more fact-checking by online users and mitigate the consequences of filter bubbles.","SSRN Electronic Journal","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0774fd1bd07975aed98e756ee6fc5ac0911e0cb9","Social Science Research Network",61,21,"","2021-06-01T00:00:00","0774fd1bd07975aed98e756ee6fc5ac0911e0cb9"], [15884,"Why Debunking Misinformation Is Not Enough to Change People's Minds About Vaccines.","H. Larson, David A. Broniatowski","The threat of viral misinformation spread through social media was recognized well before this pandemic struck 2 The World Health Organization named \"vaccine hesitancy\" as one of the top 10 global health threats in 2019 and pointed to the risks of an \"infodemic \" To many, this narrative is plausible: it is precisely the narrative that those trying to undermine confidence in vaccines are promoting on social media 4 Second, the misinformation contains a gist-a compelling, simple, bottom-line meaning-that interprets the facts in light of political, cultural, and social values held in long-term memory by its audience 5 In the midst of a pandemic marked by repeated restrictions on movement, the value of personal autonomy is even more pronounced Consider that a simple search on Google usingthe terms \"vaccine mRNA\" immediately yields a \"COVID-19 alert\" with several \"common questions,\" including \"Could an mRNA vaccine change my DNA?\" Clicking on this question yields the following answer: \"An mRNA vaccine-the first COVID-19 vaccine to be granted emergency use authorization (EUA) by the FDA [US Food and Drug Administration]-cannot change your DNA\" (https://bit ly/3uzxpnP) Even a more detailed factual response, such as the statement provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that \"mRNA from the vaccine never enters the nucleus ofthe cell and does not affect or interact with a person's DNA\" (https://bit ly/2Pc95tn) may be misconstrued because it assumes that the listener possesses, and can contextualize, knowledge of cell biology","American journal of public health","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/3ab643b3e3ee3cf2fdbd008175a3e15bedd9d972","American Journal of Public Health",0,19,"","2021-06-01T00:00:00","3ab643b3e3ee3cf2fdbd008175a3e15bedd9d972"], [15885,"A Theoretically Guaranteed Approach to Efficiently Block the Influence of Misinformation in Social Networks","M. Manouchehri, M. Helfroush, H. Danyali","Nowadays, social network plays an important role in human life. Besides all advantages of social networks, the dissemination of rumors becomes a major concern for users, so it is important to find a way to limit the spread of misinformation as much as possible. Influence blocking maximization (IBM) is the problem of finding
REMOVE
\nSkeptical Science is a volunteer-run website publishing refutations of climate misinformation. Some members of the Skeptical Science team actively research best-practices refutation techniques while other team members use the provided materials to share debunking techniques effectively either in writing or through presentations. In this submission, we highlight several of our publications and projects, designed to help to give facts a fighting chance against misinformation. While some of the resources are nominally related to climate change, the underlying techniques apply across different topics. Resources include the Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) “Denial101x - Making sense of Climate Science Denial” co-produced with the University of Queensland in 2015, the “FLICC-framework” explaining the taxonomy of science denial with its five main techniques (fake experts, logical fallacies, impossible expectations, cherry picking, and conspiracy theories), the Debunking Handbook 2020 which summarizes research findings and expert advice about debunking misinformation, and the Conspiracy Theory Handbook distilling research findings and expert advice on dealing with conspiracy theories. We will also introduce the Cranky Uncle smartphone game, using critical thinking, gamification, and cartoons to interactively explain science denial techniques and build resilience against misinformation.
","","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/1b973852605447e263e62c9945d5d3b6a074de4c","",6,0,"","2021-03-03T00:00:00","1b973852605447e263e62c9945d5d3b6a074de4c"], [17126,"Shu, Kai ., Wang, Suhang., Lee, D., Liu, Huan. (2020). Disinformation, Misinformation, and Fake News in Social Media.","E. Estrella","Este libro, a travs de 14 artculos, tiene el propsito de reunir a investigadores, profesionales y proveedores de medios sociales para entender la propagacin, mejorar la deteccin y poder mitigar la desinformacin en los medios sociales. Su lectura presenta las pautas necesarias para entender los principales retos, conocer las necesidades especficas y aprender el estado de arte de este fenmeno informativo.","","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/53e5cc5a5f24a386ef9db3b24efcb688361c88ae","",0,3,"","2021-03-03T00:00:00","53e5cc5a5f24a386ef9db3b24efcb688361c88ae"], [17127,"Gender Differences in Tackling Fake News: Different Degrees of Concern, but Same Problems","Ester Almenar, Sue Aran-Ramspott, Jaume Suau, Pere Masip","In the current media ecosystem, in which the traditional media coexists with new players who are able to produce information and spread it widely, there is growing concern about the increasing prominence of fake news. Despite some significant efforts to determine the effects of misinformation, the results are so far inconclusive. Previous research has sought to analyze how the public perceive the effects of disinformation. This article is set in this context, and its main objective is to investigate users perception of fake news, as well as identify the criteria on which their recognition strategies are based. The research pays particular attention to determining whether there are gender differences in the concern about the effects of fake news, the degree of difficulty in detecting fake news and the most common topics it covers. The results are based on the analysis of a representative survey of the Spanish population (N = 1,001) where participants were asked about their relationship with fake news and their competence in determining the veracity of the information, and their ability to identify false content were assessed. The findings show that men and womens perception of difficulty in identifying fake news is similar, while women are more concerned than men about the pernicious effects of misinformation on society. Gender differences are also found in the topics of the false information received. A greater proportion of men receive false news on political issues, while women tend to more frequently receive fake news about celebrities.","Media and Communication","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/28c9af696417a3530e76c42a617035c02c9a077a","Media and Communication",70,12,"","2021-03-03T00:00:00","28c9af696417a3530e76c42a617035c02c9a077a"], [17128,"Communicating in the aftermath of an earthquake: when Twitter proves to be a trustworthy and empathetic information channel.","M. Corradini, Laure Fallou, R. Bossu, F. Roussel","Twitter has proved to be a powerful tool for the dissemination of scientific information in the aftermath of a seismic event. During an earthquake crisis, the affected population is in need of rapid, reliable information on what has just happened and what to do next to stay safe. However, it is not rare that reliable earthquake information takes a few minutes to be accessible and shared with the population. This shortcoming can have harmful impact: every time there is a lack of information, rumors fill the void and misinformation spreads. To make matters worse, scientific communication is often jargon-laden and hence perceived as overly technical, inappropriate, and unfeeling. Effective earthquake communication must therefore be:
In this light, we discuss the communication strategy of @LastQuake, the official Twitter channel (160k followers) of the Euro-Med Seismological Centre. When an earthquake strikes and is felt by the population, real-time information on the seismic event begins to be automatically published via a twitter-robot. These automatic tweets range from easily-accessible scientific information about the earthquake location and magnitude, to the shaking felt by the earthquake eyewitnesses, to the safety guidelines and –where applicable– to tsunami warnings. Our automatic tweets have little or no technical jargon. The Information is primarily accessed by users who are in the midst of responding and possibly traumatized. Hence our words, tone, and images have been carefully chosen to provide competent and appropriate communication. Meanwhile, when necessary, further tweets may be manually published to counter the onset of specific false claims and theories, or to address cultural and situational specific needs.
Our discussion will outline the current @lastquake twitter-bot environment and discuss evidence-based best practices for using Twitter for earthquake crisis communication to avoid misinformation and promote self and community efficacy.
","","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/db10c194d3da147de6cdfab93c530ffe4fdada08","",0,0,"The discussion will outline the current @lastquake twitter-bot environment and discuss evidence-based best practices for using Twitter for earthquake crisis communication to avoid misinformation and promote self and community efficacy.","2021-03-03T00:00:00","db10c194d3da147de6cdfab93c530ffe4fdada08"], [17129,"Disinformation in Facebook Ads in the 2019 Spanish General Election Campaigns","Lorena Cano-Orn, Dafne Calvo, Guillermo Lpez Garca, Toms Baviera","As fake news elicits an emotional response from users, whose attention is then monetised, political advertising has a significant influence on its production and dissemination. Facebook ads, therefore, have an essential role in contemporary political communication, not only because of their extensive use in international political campaigns, but also because they address intriguing questions about the regulation of disinformation on social networking sites. This research employs a corpus of 14,684 Facebook ads published by the major national political parties during their campaigns leading up to the two Spanish general elections held in 2019. A manual content analysis was performed on all the visually identical ads so as to identify those containing disinformation and those denouncing it. The topics addressed in these ads were then examined. The results show that the political parties Facebook ad strategies were akin to those of conventional advertising. Disinformation messages were infrequent and mainly posted by Ciudadanos and VOX. Nonetheless, it is striking that the main topic addressed in the ads was the unity of Spainprecisely the issue of Catalonias independence. In light of this, it can be deduced that traditional parties are taking longer to renounce classical forms of campaigning than their new counterparts, thus demonstrating that the actors implementing disinformation strategies are not only restricted to the extreme right of the ideological spectrum.","Media and Communication","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/f27145f430b4e7afa3a96cc26e904f8e6623390a","",41,15,"","2021-03-03T00:00:00","f27145f430b4e7afa3a96cc26e904f8e6623390a"], [17130,"Fact-Checking Interventions as Counteroffensives to Disinformation Growth: Standards, Values, and Practices in Latin America and Spain","Victoria Moreno-Gil, Xavier Ramon, Ruth Rodrguez-Martnez","As democracy-building tools, fact-checking platforms serve as critical interventions in the fight against disinformation and polarization in the public sphere. The Duke Reporters Lab notes that there are 290 active fact-checking sites in 83 countries, including a wide range of initiatives in Latin America and Spain. These regions share major challenges such as limited journalistic autonomy, difficulties of accessing public data, politicization of the media, and the growing impact of disinformation. This research expands upon the findings presented in previous literature to gain further insight into the standards, values, and underlying practices embedded in Spanish and Latin American projects while identifying the specific challenges that these organizations face. In-depth interviews were conducted with decision-makers of the following independent platforms: Chequeado (Argentina), UYCheck (Uruguay), Maldita.es and Newtral (Spain), Fact Checking (Chile), Agencia Lupa (Brazil), Ecuador Chequea (Ecuador), and ColombiaCheck (Colombia). This qualitative approach offers nuanced data on the volume and frequency of checks, procedures, dissemination tactics, and the perceived role of the public. Despite relying on small teams, the examined outlets capacity to verify facts is noteworthy. Inspired by best practices in the US and Europe and the model established by Chequeado , all the sites considered employ robust methodologies while leveraging the power of digital tools and audience participation. Interviewees identified three core challenges in fact-checking practice: difficulties in accessing public data, limited resources, and the need to reach wider audiences. Starting from these results, the article discusses the ways in which fact-checking operations could be strengthened.","Media and Communication","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/3ead397be9b1dec93ec07d6a3668baab0bb829f0","",61,17,"","2021-03-03T00:00:00","3ead397be9b1dec93ec07d6a3668baab0bb829f0"], [17131,"Debunking Political Disinformation through Journalists Perceptions: An Analysis of Colombias Fact-Checking News Practices","C. Rodrguez-Prez, F. Paniagua-Rojano, Ral Magalln-Rosa","Fact-checking alliances emerged worldwide to debunk political disinformation in electoral contexts because of social concerns related to information authenticity. This study, thus, included the Latin American context in fact-checking journalism studies as a journalistic practice to fight political disinformation. Through analyzing RedCheq, the first fact-checking journalism alliance in an electoral regional context led by Colombiacheck, 11 in-depth interviews were conducted to identify the perceptions of regional fact-checkers regarding the usefulness of this journalistic practice, its achievements, and the key aspects for incorporating fact-checking into the regional media ecosystem. The study results revealed that RedCheq achieved the goal of fighting disinformation, and that fact-checking developed as transformational leverage for the regional media. Regional journalists perceived fact-checking as an element that restores credibility and social trust in regional media as the epistemology of this journalistic practice neglects the power pressure and dissemination of official narratives. Finally, this study highlighted how fact-checking journalism contributes to the democratic quality and civic empowerment in silenced and polarized environments. In addition, it discussed the need to expand fact-checking journalisms coverage to new geographical areas and improve journalists professional competencies and training, thereby enabling them to function as using verification tools based on regional journalists requirements.","Media and Communication","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/272c5013ab57272075f0beecad7bd2e0e0736772","",51,12,"","2021-03-03T00:00:00","272c5013ab57272075f0beecad7bd2e0e0736772"], [17132,"Digital Disinformation and Preventive Actions: Perceptions of Users from Argentina, Chile, and Spain","Jordi Rodrguez-Virgili, Javier Serrano-Puche, Carmen Beatriz Fernndez","This article explores audience perceptions of different types of disinformation, and the actions that users take to combat them, in three Spanish-speaking countries: Argentina, Chile, and Spain. Quantitative data from the Digital News Report (2018 and 2019), based on a survey of more than 2000 digital users from each country was used for the analysis. Results show remarkable similarities among the three countries, and how digital users identically ranked the types of problematic information that concerned them most. Survey participants were most concerned by stories where facts are spun or twisted to push a particular agenda, followed by, those that are completely made up for political or commercial reasons, and finally, they were least concerned by poor journalism (factual mistakes, dumbed-down stories, misleading headlines/clickbait). A general index of Concern about disinformation was constructed using several sociodemographic variables that might influence the perception. It showed that the phenomenon is higher among women, older users, those particularly interested in political news, and among left-wingers. Several measures are employed by users to avoid disinformation, such as checking a number of different sources to see whether a news story is reported in the same way, relying on the reputation of the news company, and/or deciding not to share a news story due to doubts regarding its accuracy. This article concludes that the perceived relevance of different types of problematic information, and preventive actions, are not homogeneous among different population segments.","Media and Communication","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/edced9b50e7e89333b97ed6c2dd8e993e8176959","",49,11,"","2021-03-03T00:00:00","edced9b50e7e89333b97ed6c2dd8e993e8176959"], [17133,"Cross-Media Alliances to Stop Disinformation: A Real Solution?","B. Palomo, J. Sedano","Social networks have surpassed their intermediary role and become gatekeepers of online content and traffic. This transformation has favored the spread of information disorders. The situation is especially alarming in Spain, where 57% of Spaniards have at some moment believed false news. Since 2016, First Draft has promoted several collaborative verification projects that brought together newsrooms to fact-check false, misleading and confusing claims circulating online during presidential elections in several countries. The main objective of this article is to study the collaboration forged between newsrooms in Spain in order to debunk disinformation contents in 2019 under the name of Comprobado (Verified) and the impact of this initiative. Applying a methodological approach based on non-participant observation, interviews, content analysis of reports, scientific articles, books and media archives, we examine the internal uses of this platform, how journalists verified public discourse, the strategies and internal agreements implemented, and the degree of participation of the 16 media involved. Results show that only half of the initiatives begun were transformed into published reports, and the media impact achieved was limited. Finally, we note that the principal reasons for the frustration of the project were its improvised implementation, due to the date of the election being brought forward, and the scant culture of collaboration in the sector. In Spain at least, cross-media alliances are still an exception.","Media and Communication","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d424d41e547ba9bd6d6f299fb2886eebd45b44f2","",61,8,"","2021-03-03T00:00:00","d424d41e547ba9bd6d6f299fb2886eebd45b44f2"], [17134,"Journalism Students and Information Consumption in the Era of Fake News","S. Tejedor, M. Portals-Oliva, Ricardo Carniel-Bugs, L. Cervi","Technological platforms, such as social media, are disrupting traditional journalism, as a result the access to high-quality information by citizens is facing important challenges, among which, disinformation and the spread of fake news are the most relevant one. This study approaches how journalism students perceive and assess this phenomenon. The descriptive and exploratory research is based on a hybrid methodology: Two matrix surveys of students and a focus group of professors (n = 6), experts in Multimedia Journalism. The first survey (n = 252), focused on students perception of fake news, the second (n = 300) aims at finding out the type of content they had received during the recent confinement caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. Results show that most of the students prefer online media as a primary source of information instead of social media. Students consider that politics is the main topic of fake news, which, according to the respondents, are mainly distributed by adult users through social networks. The vast majority believe that fake news are created for political interests and a quarter of the sample considers that there is a strong ideological component behind disinformation strategies. Nonetheless, the study also reveals that students do not trust in their ability to distinguish between truthful and false information. For this reason, this research concludes, among other aspects, that the promotion of initiatives and research to promote media literacy and news literacy are decisive in the training of university students.","Media and Communication","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/b4fe0ba6a367ba2ee61c92f787c44365a375e4d3","",65,10,"","2021-03-03T00:00:00","b4fe0ba6a367ba2ee61c92f787c44365a375e4d3"], [17135,"Political Memes and Fake News Discourses on Instagram","Ahmed Al-Rawi","Political memes have been previously studied in different contexts, but this study fills a gap in literature by employing a mixed method to provide insight into the discourses of fake news on Instagram. The author collected more than 550,000 Instagram posts sent by over 198,000 unique users from 24 February 2012 to 21 December 2018, using the hashtag #fakenews as a search term. The study uses topic modelling to identify the most recurrent topics that are dominant on the platform, while the most active users are identified to understand the nature of the online communities that discuss fake news. In addition, the study offers an analysis of visual metadata that accompanies Instagram images. The findings indicate that Instagram has become a weaponized toxic platform, and the largest community of active users are supporters of the US President Donald Trump and the Republican Party, mostly trolling liberal mainstream media especially CNN, while often aligning themselves with the far-right. On the other hand, a much smaller online community attempts to troll Trump and the Republicans. Theoretically, the study relies on political memes literature and argues that Instagram has become weaponized through an ongoing Meme War, for many members in the two main online communities troll and attack each other to exert power on the platform.","Media and Communication","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/43e1bd4ac295c3eb22a064eac59b23c86ba71889","",68,21,"","2021-03-03T00:00:00","43e1bd4ac295c3eb22a064eac59b23c86ba71889"], [17136,"Fake News, desordem informacional e pnico moral","Paulo Roberto Gonalves-Segundo","My aim, in this paper, is to discuss the sociosemiotic operation of fake news that reproduce moral panics, taking into account the context of sociopolitical polarization in contemporary Brazil. To do so, I will, first, establish a dialogue with the vast multidisciplinary literature on the theme, directing special attention to the notion of information disorder. Second, I will discuss, from a sociosemiotic standpoint, the hypothesis that this sort of fake news is a point of tension between the absurd and the evident. In order to qualify this proposal and systematize a set of discursive strategies that seem relevant to the characterization of different kinds of information disorder, in special, leaks, false context and manipulated content, I will analyze a video produced and published by a conservative youtuber, supporter of Bolsonaros administration, which denounces a pedagogical material allegedly elaborated by the Secretary of Education from the city of Fortaleza, Brazil, a city governed by a left-wing party. It is said, in the video, that the material aims at naturalizing intimate and sexual contact among children and adults, at stimulating childs masturbation and to ridicule the current Minister Damares Ales, who was herself a victim of sexual violence. As a result, I can point the ubiquity of the exogroup as a general discursive strategy, plausibly fundamental to the functioning of this sort of fake news; the simulation of dialogue with the endogroup and the use of image as evidence as part of the construal of leaks; the processes of spatiotemporal detachment, transference of enunciative responsibility and situational reconfiguration as discursive strategies pertaining to false context; and, finally, the dilution of spatial borders and the addition of immoral/criminal objectives as strategies of manipulated content.","","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/388a69643d78b3b75466a1c571043c4bbec79237","",0,2,"","2021-03-03T00:00:00","388a69643d78b3b75466a1c571043c4bbec79237"], [17137,"Image of China in Slovakia: ambivalence, adoration, and fake news","Matej imalk","","Asia Europe Journal","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/209fe3d8daf0f34a0886ffd1c84c56506f83c1b1","Asia Europe Journal",23,4,"Positive perception of China prevails in the media and among the public, it is not complex and prone to change, and three distinct groups exist, defined by their levels of pragmatism and pro-China positions.","2021-03-03T00:00:00","209fe3d8daf0f34a0886ffd1c84c56506f83c1b1"], [17138,"Can You Fake It Until You Make It?: Impacts of Differentially Private Synthetic Data on Downstream Classification Fairness","Victoria Cheng, V. Suriyakumar, Natalie Dullerud, Shalmali Joshi, M. Ghassemi","The recent adoption of machine learning models in high-risk settings such as medicine has increased demand for developments in privacy and fairness. Rebalancing skewed datasets using synthetic data created by generative adversarial networks (GANs) has shown potential to mitigate disparate impact on minoritized subgroups. However, such generative models are subject to privacy attacks that can expose sensitive data from the training dataset. Differential privacy (DP) is the current leading solution for privacy-preserving machine learning. Differentially private GANs (DP GANs) are often considered a potential solution for improving model fairness while maintaining privacy of sensitive training data. We investigate the impact of using synthetic images from DP GANs on downstream classification model utility and fairness. We demonstrate that existing DP GANs cannot simultaneously maintain model utility, privacy, and fairness. The images generated from GAN models trained with DP exhibit extreme decreases in image quality and utility which leads to poor downstream classification model performance. Our evaluation highlights the friction between privacy, fairness, and utility and how this directly translates into real loss of performance and representation in common machine learning settings. Our results show that additional work improving the utility and fairness of DP generative models is required before they can be utilized as a potential solution to privacy and fairness issues stemming from lack of diversity in the training dataset.","Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","","Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency",78,33,"The results show that additional work improving the utility and fairness of DP generative models is required before they can be utilized as a potential solution to privacy and fairness issues stemming from lack of diversity in the training dataset.","2021-03-03T00:00:00","b21b805be79655b1a91b336e1fdb75d3c089123d"], [17139,"DESTRUCTIVE OF CURRENT INFORMATION: CONTENT ANALYSIS OF THE HEADLINES OF NEWS AGGREGATORS IN UKRAINE, USA AND RUSSIA","Yaryna Pryshliak","The article outlines the impact of negative news on the minds of recipients, describes the reasons for the audiences demand for negative information and represents the quantitative data of destructive information in the media space of Ukraine, USA and Russia. The rapid development of communication technologies, which contributes to the creation and dissemination of the largest volumes of information in human history, and therefore negative news, explains the relevance of the chosen topic. The main objectives of the study are news headlines that appear in the feed of the Google News aggregator (regional versions of the United States, Ukraine and Russia).","","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/9affaa9db3a76ff8287af18dba7ca4eb5509d4f5","",0,0,"","2021-03-03T00:00:00","9affaa9db3a76ff8287af18dba7ca4eb5509d4f5"], [17140,"Correction to Medical News Interview.","","","JAMA","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/fc2906268c0ff977c01806c463d2e61874615b7c","Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA)",1,0,"","2021-03-03T00:00:00","fc2906268c0ff977c01806c463d2e61874615b7c"], [17141,"Post-Truth as a Mutation of Epistemology in Journalism","P. Capilla","In recent years, many authors have observed that something is happening to the truth, pointing out that, particularly in politics and social communication, there are signs that the idea of truth is losing consideration in media discourse. This is no minor issue: Truth, understood as the criterion for the justification of knowledge, is the essential foundation of enlightened rationality. The aim of this article, based on prior research on social communication (especially as regards journalism), is to elucidate an explanation of this phenomenon, known as post-truth. Because it is an epistemological question, the three main variables of the problem (reality, subject and truth) have been analysed by taking into account the manner in which digital social communication is transforming our perception of reality. By way of a conclusion, we propose that (a) the ontological complexity of reality as explained by the news media has accentuated the loss of confidence in journalism as a truth-teller, and that (b) truth is being replaced by sincerity, as an epistemological value, in peoples understanding of the news. The result, using Foucaults concept of Regime of Truth, suggests a deep change in the global framework of political, economic, social and cultural relations, of which post-truth is a symptom.","Media and Communication","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/086448729dbb27462b22b107f4d0ea79bd440ce8","",83,12,"","2021-03-03T00:00:00","086448729dbb27462b22b107f4d0ea79bd440ce8"], [17142,"Moral versus pragmatic legitimacy and corporate anti-bribery disclosure: evidence from Australia","Muhammad Azizul Islam, B. Cooper, S. Haque, Michael John Jones","ABSTRACT This study examines how the notions of moral and pragmatic legitimacy explain the role of the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) corporate governance guidelines on anti-bribery disclosure practices by Australian companies. In particular, by focusing on the largest 100 ASX-listed companies between 2001 and 2011, we aim to explore how the competing notions of pragmatic and moral legitimacy explain anti-bribery disclosure practices and how, during moments of crisis, managers, via anti-bribery disclosures, create a deficit of moral legitimacy in pursuing pragmatic legitimacy. This paper finds that generally anti-bribery disclosures respond to the ASX corporate governance disclosure guidelines the norms that the broader community expects to be in place for businesses to be socially and ethically accountable. In particular, we find that when responding to the disclosure guidelines, managers are inclined to avoid disclosing actual incidents of bribery that have already been reported by the news media, consistent with avoiding possible financial penalties and protecting managerial and shareholders interests. Such a corporate response is a compromise between maintaining moral legitimacy and gaining pragmatic legitimacy. The lack of corporate response to incidents of bribery, in turn creates a deficit in moral legitimacy.","Accounting Forum","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/e134eeb2d55a0fd4f824d29e0299b162c7166624","Accounting forum",57,8,"","2021-03-03T00:00:00","e134eeb2d55a0fd4f824d29e0299b162c7166624"], [17143,"The Value of Information Disclosure: Evidence from Mask Consumption in China","Zhenxuan Wang, Junjie Zhang","We study the effect of information provision on avoidance behavior, using China's staggered roll-out of air pollution information and a unique dataset of high-frequency mask purchase transactions. Employing a generalized difference-in-differences approach, we estimate that the provision of air pollution information increases expenditures on PM2.5 respirators by 32%, which is mainly driven by improved information quality and the addition of PM2.5 index. The effect is enhanced by increased attention to pollution alerts and it is more pronounced during heavily polluted days. Our results shed light on the benefits of information provision through inducing avoidance behavior to reduce air pollution exposure.","SSRN Electronic Journal","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/e65697141f7b3dc386355d226e2f0a3a53d657c3","Social Science Research Network",54,9,"","2021-03-03T00:00:00","e65697141f7b3dc386355d226e2f0a3a53d657c3"], [17144,"Information Asymmetries in E-Commerce: The Challenge of Credence Qualities","Noga Blickstein Shchory","The growth of e-commerce and the increase in online product informationallowing consumers to learn about almost any product with incredible speedbrought with it the great promise of better-informed consumers that can make better purchasing decisions. However, information is not within the consumers grip, as one may expect.REMOVE
\nINGV carries out, among other activities, seismic and volcanic monitoring of the Italian territory.
One of the main focus of the Institute is to widely disseminate information on research in these subject fields, with the aim of raising public awareness of issues that affect everyone's life.Despite the use of a simplified scientific language, the transmission of this kind of information has often proved difficult even for the specialized public of press operators who, if not experts in the subjects treated by INGV, tend not to consider the information transmitted and, consequently, not to convey it on their press organs.Therefore, in order to improve information for the press and the public, the INGV has developed a constant communication system through the use of social networks. Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, YouTube and WhatsApp represent a reality in which INGV is a constant actor of scientific information in geosciences.Different languages have been developed for the different communication channels: the Twitter limit of 280 characters, for example, forces the use of simple but exhaustive verbal forms for the scientific concepts.In addition to the thematic channels that strictly refer to the subjects of the \"Earthquakes\", \"Volcanoes\" and \"Environment\" Departments, the INGV has developed institutional channels that concern the body's activities as a whole. These channels are managed by the Press Office which, among other things, performs the functions of the Public Relations Office, a real institutional \"front office\" of Italian public institutions.Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and WhatsApp are the social networks used for the institutional communication and are mainly managed by the Institute's Press Office (with the precision that the Twitter channel refers to the President of the INGV and identifies itself as @ingv_president ).The constant information produced on social networks has created an await for our \"news\" and a feeling of esteem from the public: this has given rise to a spontaneous \"defense curb\" towards the sporadic phenomenon of the \"haters\" and / or of fake scientists who have tried to use the comments tool on the social networks of INGV to get their own visibility. The purpose of the document we want to present is to illustrate how the smart communication flows towards the press and general public, through the constant use of social media, have produced a numerically increased and increasingly positive diffusion of the INGV brand in the press and in user re-posts. This has led to the spread of accredited scientific news in geoscience subjects, in contrast to fake authors and fake news.This type of communication is very useful in the context of particularly sensitive issues (such as in highly seismic or volcanic territories) where false authors easily spread alarmist news.
\n","","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/63b05e76fb99545683d58a9a9be3c2cf12f1f379","",0,0,"The purpose of the document is to illustrate how the smart communication flows towards the press and general public, through the constant use of social media, have produced a numerically increased and increasingly positive diffusion of the INGV brand in the pressand in user re-posts.","2020-03-09T00:00:00","63b05e76fb99545683d58a9a9be3c2cf12f1f379"], [23959,"Affelt, Amy. All that's not fit to print: Fake news and the call to action for librarians and information professionals. London, UK: Emerald, 2019, 176 pp. 39.99 (paperback) (ISBN 9781789733648)","T. Froehlich","","J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol.","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/dd497e0230f4d578119b555913bab922426166e1","J. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol.",4,0,"","2020-03-09T00:00:00","dd497e0230f4d578119b555913bab922426166e1"], [23960,"Online Hate Speech: A Critical Appraisal of law relating Electronic Evidence in India","Chhtrapati Devangkumar Navnitlal, Dilip Mevada","We are living in the era of technology and internet is gift of technology. The advantage of\ninternet is blessings but misuse of internet results into the headache. Online hate speech is one of\nthe issues of the modern era. The legal mechanism is also going through big challenge regarding\nthe protection of online hate speech in India. Section 66 A of the Information Technology Act,\n2002, was struck down by the Honble Supreme Court and it created challenge for the protection\nof online hate speech. We have seen number of incidence where fake news/objectionable\nmaterials/hate speech/rumors are put through computer resources and communication devices. It\nhad spread hate and violence in the large number of cases. The researcher put light on the notion\nof hate speech and discuss in detail the international law, domestic law and judicial\npronouncements. Civilized Society is facing enormous crisis to deal with online hate speech. The\nresearcher is examining the existing legal mechanism on online hate speech with the relevant\nprovisions of the law and judgments. Electronic evidence is vital to judge the online hate speech.\nThe legal mechanism and judicial pronouncements on the electronic evidence are scrutinized in","","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/484e23c6a577eb103bd6ea77817d1acbd513324b","",0,0,"","2020-03-09T00:00:00","484e23c6a577eb103bd6ea77817d1acbd513324b"], [23961,"Kekacauan Pemilu 2019: Fenomena Firehose of falsehood dalam Relasi Sikap terhadap HOAX dan Kepercayaan Masyarakat Terhadap Komisi Pemilihan Umum","Lusy Asa Akhrani, Ika Herani, Ibnu Asqori Pohan, Muhammad Afif Alhad","Firehose of falsehood is a propaganda technique that has used in the political world. This propaganda is used by presenting hoax news/hoaxes in public awareness continuously until the public believes the news. The community more easily and quickly accepts media news anywhere and anytime because the public has direct media access to grasp. In contrast, the literacy and rechecking of news content are often not done due to time constraints and the emotional content of newsreaders. Information media believed to be one of the sources of increasing distrust in the election organizers, namely the KPU. This study aims to explore people's attitudes towards HOAX news on trust in the KPU. The research method uses quantitative with a survey approach to 558 2019 voter respondents through the distribution of Trust research scale to KPU and attitude scale towards hoaxes. The results study indicate there is a role for attitudes towards hoaxes towards trust in the KPU as an EMB in Indonesia.","Jurnal Transformative","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/7b019292cd8278765cbb1fb52925500891059de6","Jurnal Transformative",24,4,"","2020-03-09T00:00:00","7b019292cd8278765cbb1fb52925500891059de6"], [23962,"Understanding publics preferences for information provided on multi-hazard warning platforms","Irina Dallo, M. Stauffacher, Michle Marti","\nTriggered by the technical progress that allows combining information about different natural and artificial hazards, numerous multi-hazard platforms were established over the last years. Despite their increasing use to inform and warn the public, surprisingly, no research has been conducted evaluating their usefulness and effectiveness. This study contributes to fill in this research gap by assessing the public’s preferences, needs, and ability to handle information and warnings presented in a multi-hazard environment.
To this end, we conducted a representative online survey with 810 Swiss Germans. In the framework of a conjoint choice experiment, different scenarios were tested reflecting the diversity of elements used in multi-hazard platforms for information and warning purposes. In particular, we varied the map format the hazard classification as well as visual and textual information. The scenarios were randomly displayed as pairs to the respondents, asking them to first rate the scenarios separately and then to choose which of the two they would prefer. By observing the preferences with regard to the scenarios presented, it was possible to examine the relevance of multiple attributes and their characteristics to individual choices.
Regarding the representation of multiple hazards, first results indicate participants’ preferences for a specific map format, hazard classifications, and the display of textual information. For example, a single map including all hazards is preferred over a set of individual maps depicting the same information. This type of representation additionally has a stronger effect on participants’ motivation to seek for further information and to take (precautionary) action. The classification of hazard information into five categories is preferred over a classification with four or three categories respectively. And a list with additional textual information below the map is highly appreciated compared to a set of pictograms. Furthermore, high levels of trust and high levels of risk perception lead in general to a more favorable rating of the information presented. Regarding the content of messages for earthquakes or thunderstorms, participants appreciated the embedding of a sharing function. Such a function allows them to immediately spread the hazard information or warning among their families and friends. There is no preference between earthquake messages with behavioural recommendations in form of pictograms or those with textual recommendations. In comparison, warning messages for thunderstorms were significantly better rated when the behavioural recommendations were in text format.
To conclude, results indicate that the design of multi-hazard platforms strongly affects the public’s ability to handle the information and the warnings presented. Therefore, in parallel of the continuous improvement of scientific-technical products, social scientists should systematically examine the communication and perception of these products in order to achieve the desired effects.
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 821115.
\n","","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/17d8a3d685f67cf41a1e0922724f5d7eab46ded0","",0,0,"The design of multi-hazard platforms strongly affects the public's ability to handle the information and the warnings presented, and social scientists should systematically examine the communication and perception of these products in order to achieve the desired effects.","2020-03-09T00:00:00","17d8a3d685f67cf41a1e0922724f5d7eab46ded0"], [23963,"Peer Review Artikel The Language of Propaganda","M. Safrul","","","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/657e004a24c6880b35b127f101bd35b7234bab68","",0,0,"","2020-03-09T00:00:00","657e004a24c6880b35b127f101bd35b7234bab68"], [23964,"Traffic networks are vulnerable to disinformation attacks","Marcin Waniek, Gururaghav Raman, Bedoor K. AlShebli, J. Peng, Talal Rahwan","","Scientific Reports","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/6187a553a471e7b6411a6bf033a48dc0462f7b65","Scientific Reports",89,14,"This work considers urban traffic networks and focuses on fake information that manipulates drivers decisions to create congestion at a city scale, proving that finding an optimal solution is computationally intractable and implying that the adversary has no choice but to settle for suboptimal heuristics.","2020-03-08T00:00:00","6187a553a471e7b6411a6bf033a48dc0462f7b65"], [23965,"Discussion on the Law of Hidden Interview and News Tort in the Context of Integration Media","Junmiao Shi","The arrival of the media era has also brought about the diversity and novelty of news interview methods, and the controversial hidden interview is one of the important interview methods. In recent years, more and more journalists use implicit interviews to get the audience's attention, followed by a series of legal issues such as news infringement. Hidden interview as a double-edged sword, if not grasp the \"degree\" of interview, not only difficult to reveal the truth, often counterproductive, resulting in violations of privacy rights, therefore, how to avoid the hidden interview in the news practice of news infringement has become a problem that every journalist should ponder.","","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/5bbf8fd5deae75e9dd2519934533956d1f758d5a","",0,0,"","2020-03-08T00:00:00","5bbf8fd5deae75e9dd2519934533956d1f758d5a"], [23966,"Imposter Paranoia in the Age of Intelligent Surveillance","T. Kuldova","Artificial intelligence, deep learning and big data analytics are viewed as the technologies of the future, capable of delivering expert intelligence decisions, risk assessments and predictions within milliseconds. In a world of fakes, they promise to deliver hard facts and data-driven truth, but their solutions resurrect ideologies of purity, embrace bogus science reminiscent of the likes of anthropometry, and create a deeply paranoid world where the Other is increasingly perceived either as a threat or as a potential imposter, or both. Social sorting in the age of intelligent surveillance acquires a whole new meaning. This article explores the possible effects of algorithmic governance on society through a critical analysis of the figure of the imposter in the age of intelligent surveillance. It links a critical analysis of new technologies of surveillance, policing and border control, to the extreme ethnographic example of paranoia within outlaw motorcycle clubs organizations that are heavily targeted by new and old modes of policing and surveillance, while themselves increasingly embracing the very same logic and technologies themselves. With profound consequences. The article shows how in the quest for power, order, profit, and control, we are sacrificing critical reason and risk becoming as a society not unlike the paranoid criminal organizations.","J3ea","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/aeba1d749b81dcd5aa407471c209eebb347d615d","",109,4,"The article shows how in the quest for power, order, profit, and control, the authors are sacrificing critical reason and risk becoming as a society not unlike the paranoid criminal organizations.","2020-03-08T00:00:00","aeba1d749b81dcd5aa407471c209eebb347d615d"], [23967,"Issue Information","","","International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/e72c418aecd0b6548798bfafc6f35dd6955d0606","International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control",0,0,"","2020-03-08T00:00:00","e72c418aecd0b6548798bfafc6f35dd6955d0606"], [23968,"Issue Information","","","Strategic Management Journal","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/10833862d52201c84c980d94554ea7cde691954b","Strategic Management Journal",0,0,"","2020-03-08T00:00:00","10833862d52201c84c980d94554ea7cde691954b"], [23969,"Issue Information","","No abstract is available for this article.","Quality and Reliability Engineering International","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0f1b14549951bca9d237b0f7a4eabada144da484","Quality and Reliability Engineering International",0,0,"","2020-03-08T00:00:00","0f1b14549951bca9d237b0f7a4eabada144da484"], [23970,"Are You Picking Up What I Am Laying Down? Ideology in Low-Information Elections","Mirya R. Holman, J. C. Lay","In November 2017, New Orleans elected the first woman, and first Black woman, mayor in the citys history. Voters were unable to rely on gender, race, or partisanship to differentiate between the candidates in the race. How, then, do voters make decisions absent traditional heuristics? Using an analysis of campaign materials and two-wave panel survey, we show that the candidates sent ideological signals with endorsements and issue foci and that voters responded by placing the candidates ideologically. Those voters who could not differentiate between the candidates ideologies were less likely to turn out to vote and took longer to decide in the elections. Using a new measure of relative ideological distance adopted for multicandidate races, we show that the distance between each voter and the nearest candidates correlated with vote choice. Our results add to our knowledge of voting behavior and the use of ideology in local elections.","Urban Affairs Review","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/2e7f2f5e25465b2fa3f864888cd417ad5f338b22","",86,14,"","2020-03-07T00:00:00","2e7f2f5e25465b2fa3f864888cd417ad5f338b22"], [23971,"Issue Information","","","Addiction","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/bef67c59eee7678e41a7c063360cc9ff9343bd94","Addiction",0,0,"","2020-03-07T00:00:00","bef67c59eee7678e41a7c063360cc9ff9343bd94"], [23972,"Issue Information","","","Addiction","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/b8076c9eca1c251afb2f992a93c16af4ac4ed6ae","Addiction",0,0,"","2020-03-07T00:00:00","b8076c9eca1c251afb2f992a93c16af4ac4ed6ae"], [23973,"Issue Information","","","Molecular Oral Microbiology","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/2727c511c32befc3bc8537ac8f2161697ea85e97","Molecular Oral Microbiology",0,0,"","2020-03-07T00:00:00","2727c511c32befc3bc8537ac8f2161697ea85e97"], [23974,"MEDIA AND GENDER STEREOTYPING","M. S. Arthika, Dr.V. Chanthiramathi","Media is one of the most influential platform on how the world view men and women. Even though media is empowering the world through many ways it also gives limiting ideas and detrimental perception about gender. Media contributes much to the social construction of norms. Gender roles exist in the world as an authentic way of living, this assumption is solely based on the way gender is portrayed through media. It is very important to understand the role of media because media plays a dominant part in our life, besides the traditional media of televisions, newspapers, todays social life is almost captured by media in the form of Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. We share all our part of a private life as well as public life on media, so it must be realized that how media can lead to a kind of construction of a new kind of an understanding of gender in todays society.","","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/40a6cc713919a29aff338c4e06ae4561aac32530","",0,1,"","2020-03-07T00:00:00","40a6cc713919a29aff338c4e06ae4561aac32530"], [23975,"Lies, Gaslighting and Propaganda","M. Deane, G. A. Sinha","It is commonplace to observe that digital technologies facilitate our access to information on a scale unimaginable in previous eras, leading many to call this the Information Age. The vaunted advantages of unprecedented data flow obscure a dark corollary: the more modes of engaging with data are available to a people, the more modes are available for manipulating them. Whether through social media, blogs, email, newspaper headlines, or doctored images and videos, the public is indeed bombarded by information, and much of it is misleading or outright false. Much of it, in fact, is propaganda. As the methods for manipulating mass audiences continue to multiply, a clear understanding of the concept of propaganda has never been more relevant. \n \nThis Article constructs a precise, novel account of propaganda, incorporating notable scholarly insights into the concept as well as the overlooked lessons of the laws fragmented efforts to regulate it. To bring this new theoretical framework into focus and demonstrate its importance in the Information Age, the Article connects the underlying theory to contemporary communications practices, many of which are enhanced by the availability of new technology. Notably, in doing so, the Article also develops the first systematic account of political gaslighting, which properly understood (and counterintuitively, perhaps) constitutes a form of propaganda.","Buffalo Law Review","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/42091e54a0277824c6deeda91ec1decbc8f4043b","",17,3,"","2020-03-07T00:00:00","42091e54a0277824c6deeda91ec1decbc8f4043b"], [23976,"Partisan online media use, political misinformation, and attitudes toward partisan issues","N. Lee","The purpose of this study is to investigate whether or to what extent partisan online media use is positively associated with peoples obtaining partisan misinformation and forming partisanship-con...","Social Science Journal","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/741e72e7f8223b0df202597149ce949d07f75fb0","",39,3,"","2020-03-06T00:00:00","741e72e7f8223b0df202597149ce949d07f75fb0"], [23977,"LibGuides: Coronavirus (COVID-19) health information: Recognizing and avoiding misinformation","A. Bowen","","","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/3bb753b471185aeda85c509fadaa34fe1ee34ed2","",0,0,"","2020-03-06T00:00:00","3bb753b471185aeda85c509fadaa34fe1ee34ed2"], [23978,"The sixth estate: tech media corruption in the age of information","E. Spence","The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how some of the information and communication practices of the Tech Media and specifically of Facebook, constitute media corruption. The paper will examine what the professional role of Facebook is regarding its information/communication practices and then demonstrate that Facebook is essentially a media company and not merely a platform, therefore liable to the same normative responsibilities as other media companies.,Applying the dual obligation information theory (DOIT), a normative information and communication theory that applies generally to all media companies that disseminate and share information, the paper demonstrates that Facebooks role of mediating and curating the information of its users places upon it a normative editing responsibility, to ensure both the preventive detection and corrective editing of fake news, as well as other forms of misinformation disseminated on its platform. Finally, applying a philosophical model of media corruption the paper will demonstrate that Facebooks role in the Cambridge Analytica case was not only unethical but moreover, constituted media corruption.,The paper concludes that Facebooks media corruption illustrated in the Cambridge Analytica case is not a one-off case but the result of a systemic and inherent conflict of interest between its business model of selling users information to advertisers and its normative media role rendering the conflict of interest between those two roles conducive to media corruption.,The paper's originality is twofold. It demonstrates that Facebook is a media company normatively accountable on the basis of an original theory the DOIT and moreover, on the basis of an original media corruption theory its actions in the Cambridge Analytica case constituted media corruption.","J. Inf. Commun. Ethics Soc.","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/40fed7a24bdb72363c1a8ecd86814b5ba3d9ea23","Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society",7,2,"The paper concludes that Facebooks media corruption illustrated in the Cambridge Analytica case is not a one-off case but the result of a systemic and inherent conflict ofinterest between its business model of selling users information to advertisers and its normative media role rendering the conflict of interest between those two roles conducive to media corruption.","2020-03-06T00:00:00","40fed7a24bdb72363c1a8ecd86814b5ba3d9ea23"], [23979,"MARKET MANIPULATION, PREDATORY PRACTICES AND THE SMALL INVESTOR: UNDERSTANDING AND FINDING A WAY TO PROFIT","J. Dickie","How can one profit from the predatory practices of others? There is nothing new about market manipulation and crises creation. The techniques are variable but the objectives are the same, money and power for the inside operators. Outsiders on the other hand, such as the small investors or traders and the affected companies are the usual victims. Therefore, recognition of the social signs of market manipulation such as inconsistent concept application with strategic selectivity, contradictions, misinformation, as well as discontent which when supported by the financial signs of persistent price inequality, industry wide financial stress evident in overall share price declines will inform the investor to be wary as dividend revenue will not compensate for capital depreciation in a long position; however, the trader, knowing that stressed conditions will continue, at least until there is a rhetoric change, could buy short thereby capitalizing on the price decrease. Evaluating an investment potential should always require an analysis of the social dialogue, its ramifications, in order to develop more accurate future expectations. In this way, a competitive advantage may be achieved by the small investor.","","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/5a148fca9e99720430224202cffe621ee0185173","",0,0,"","2020-03-06T00:00:00","5a148fca9e99720430224202cffe621ee0185173"], [23980,"A Tangled Web: Should Online Review Portals Display Fraudulent Reviews?","Uttara M. Ananthakrishnan, Beibei Li, Michael D. Smith","Consumers rely on review platforms when deciding where to stay, where to eat, what movies to watch, or even which doctor to use. This is great for consumers, but it has makes online review platforms a target for fraud. Review platforms have responded by developing tools and algorithms to identify potentially fraudulent reviews. But the question remains: What should platforms do with fraudulent reviews after detecting them? Our research answers this question using randomized experiments and large-scale data analysis from Yelps review platform. Our results show that after detecting fraudulent reviews, platforms should keep them on their platforms, but should display them with a flag that identifies them as potentially fraudulent. Doing so will increase consumers' trust in the platform by demonstrating that the platform takes fraud serious and will also penalize dishonest businesses. Together, these results provide strong managerial and policy guidance to developing truthful, transparent, and accountable online ecosystems. Our research topic is particularly timely given the presence of misinformation on technology platforms, the incentives of actors to exploit anonymity to manipulate consumer beliefs, and the influence these actions can have on consumer trust.","Information Systems: Behavioral & Social Methods eJournal","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/cc1616ed5cc4e987a267c406a61f2204163f907a","Information systems research",69,35,"After detecting fraudulent reviews, platforms should keep them on their platforms, but should display them with a flag that identifies them as potentially fraudulent to increase consumers' trust in the platform and demonstrate that the platform takes fraud serious and will also penalize dishonest businesses.","2020-03-06T00:00:00","cc1616ed5cc4e987a267c406a61f2204163f907a"], [23981,"Blurred Shots: Investigating the Information Crisis Around Vaccination in Italy","A. Lovari, Valentina Martino, Nicola Righetti","This article aims at exploring a case of information crisis in Italy through the lens of vaccination-related topics. Such a controversial issue, dividing public opinion and political agendas, has received diverse information coverage and public policies over time in the Italian context, whose situation appears quite unique compared with other countries because of a strong media spectacularization and politicization of the topic. In particular, approval of the Lorenzin Decree, increasing the number of mandatory vaccinations from 4 to 10, generated a nationwide debate that divided public opinion and political parties, triggering a complex informative crisis and fostering the perception of a social emergency on social media. This resulted in negative stress on lay publics and on the public health system. The study adopted an interdisciplinary framework, including political science, public relations, and health communication studies, as well as a mixed-method approach, combining data mining techniques related to news media coverage and social media engagement, with in-depth interviews to key experts, selected among researchers, journalists, and communication managers. The article investigates reasons for the information crisis and identifies possible solutions and interventions to improve the effectiveness of public health communication and mitigate the social consequences of misinformation around vaccination.","American Behavioral Scientist","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/b0803bc6f3cf8283ae13e37ddc93aa5b4cf65ac8","",54,20,"The article investigates reasons for the information crisis and identifies possible solutions and interventions to improve the effectiveness of public health communication and mitigate the social consequences of misinformation around vaccination.","2020-03-06T00:00:00","b0803bc6f3cf8283ae13e37ddc93aa5b4cf65ac8"], [23982,"Public opinion as nowcast: consistency and the role of news uncertainty","J. Easaw, S. Heravi","ABSTRACT The purpose of this note is to consider the effect of perception noise when voters form public opinions. We provide a simple theoretical framework that will form the basis to investigate empirically the effect of news uncertainty on voters attentiveness when forming public opinion, or nowcasts. An attentive voter will consistently update their information set. Therefore, if voters nowcasts are consistent, any revision of the nowcasts must only reflect new information. We specifically consider how news uncertainty may affect voter attentiveness. The paper focuses on US presidential competence and popularity indices. We find that the nowcasts are consistent during periods of low news uncertainty but highly persistent when news uncertainty is high.","The Journal of Mathematical Sociology","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d7f4930e118b6811b655c5d1a3a30b6e6d9fc89c","The Journal of mathematical sociology",24,0,"","2020-03-06T00:00:00","d7f4930e118b6811b655c5d1a3a30b6e6d9fc89c"], [23983,"The putative reader in mass media persuasion stance, argumentation and ideology","P. White","This article explores a framework for analyses of what has variously been termed the implied, imagined, virtual or putative reader/addressee the effect by which ostensibly monologic texts, such as news media commentary, political pronouncements and academic essays project particular attitudes, beliefs and expectations on to the reader/addressee. The framework is demonstrated in being applied to an examination of the construal of putative addressee positioning in a selection of mass media texts concerned with the Israeli militarys invasion of Gaza in 2014. The framework is novel in the way in which it mobilises the account of the options for dialogistic positioning offered by the appraisal-framework literature, combined with some insights from Toulmins notion of the argumentative warrant. Conclusions are offered as to how such analyses of the readers being written into the text can extend insights into the rhetorical workings of such texts and their ideological functionality in naturalising particular value positions.","Discourse & Communication","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0b8d1956e5491c4ede2bd47e92d837fe1bdf8df1","",50,8,"","2020-03-06T00:00:00","0b8d1956e5491c4ede2bd47e92d837fe1bdf8df1"], [23984,"Did It Really Happen? How the Public Interprets Journalistic Disclaimers","Jacob Sohlberg, Bengt Johansson, P. Esaiasson","Immediately following dramatic events, news reporting must be both fast and accurate. In an attempt to reconcile the inherent conflict between these two ambitions, journalists often use disclaimers, for example, unconfirmed or reports of. These disclaimers allow for the rapid publication of less than reliable content. The results from our survey experiment suggest that strong disclaimers, as intended, do lower the perceived reliability of stories among news consumers. Furthermore, the results indicate that the context influences the effectiveness of disclaimers. It appears that in a crisis environment, such as after a large terrorist attack, individuals are less sensitive to disclaimers.","Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/e9fe9ea21392821980fa06a558c18015dc8fcaba","",12,1,"","2020-03-06T00:00:00","e9fe9ea21392821980fa06a558c18015dc8fcaba"], [23985,"Essays on Expectations : Information, Formation and Outcomes","K. Persson","The first chapter investigates the relationship between economic media sentiment and individuals expectations and perceptions about economic conditions. We test if economic media sentiment Granger-causes individuals expectations and opinions concerning economic conditions, controlling for macroeconomic variables. We develop a measure of economic media sentiment using a supervised machine learning method on a data set of Swedish economic media during the period 19932017. We classify the sentiment of 179,846 media items, stemming from 1,071 unique media outlets, and use the number of news items with positive and negative sentiment to construct a time series index of economic media sentiment. Our results show that thisindex Granger-causes individuals perception of macroeconomic conditions. This indicates that the way the economic media selects and frames macroeconomic news matters for individuals aggregate perception of macroeconomic reality. The second chapter investigates if individuals experiencing different socio-economic environments during their formative years have different expectations about future economic conditions. We analyse differences in expectations across five generations of consumers by testing if they have different levels of confidence. The chapter focuses on all the different generations of the 1900s as defined by Howe and Strauss (1997, 2000). In our econometric model, we use the Millennial Generation as a baseline, as this generation is about to make up the largest fraction of consumers in the economy. Contrary to the theory developed by the literature on generations, such as Howe and Strauss, our results show that confidence increases gradually across generations. We find that the Millennials are more confident than generations born in the first half of the 1900s, but similar in confidence to other generations born in the second half of the 1900s.The third chapter test whether there is an interaction effect between expectations and policy shocks, that is, whether the effect of monetary policy depends on households expectations of the future state of the nationwide economy and their own personal economy. We find that a positive monetary policy shock increases household savings, but the effect is weak when households are more optimistic about their own future household finances and stronger when households are more pessimistic. Households expectations of the Swedish economy have no impact on their savings decisions or their response to monetary policy shocks.","","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/edbf01300b7df6cb856121698f87b93cd982916a","",0,0,"","2020-03-06T00:00:00","edbf01300b7df6cb856121698f87b93cd982916a"], [23986,"The Absence of Attrition in the War of Attrition under Complete Information","G. Georgiadis, YoungSook Kim, H. D. Kwon","","Human Behavior & Game Theory eJournal","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/50d38862aea76578a08dfc7372c5960501d73209","Games Econ. Behav.",47,15,"","2020-03-06T00:00:00","50d38862aea76578a08dfc7372c5960501d73209"], [23987,"Delegation of Stocking Decisions Under Asymmetric Demand Information","O. Alp, Alper en","Problem definition: We consider the incentive design problem of a retailer that delegates stocking decisions to its store managers who are privately informed about local demand. Academic/practical relevance: Shortages are highly costly in retail, but are less of a concern for store managers, as their exact amounts are usually not recorded. In order to align incentives and attain desired service levels, retailers need to design mechanisms in the absence of information on shortage quantities. Methodology: The headquarters knows that the underlying demand process at a store is one of J possible Wiener processes, whereas the store manager knows the specific process. The store manager creates a single order before each period. The headquarters uses an incentive scheme that is based on the end-of-period leftover inventory and on a stock-out occasion at a prespecified inspection time before the end of a period. The problem for the headquarters is to determine the inspection time and the significance of a stock-out relative to leftover inventory in evaluating the performance of the store manager. We formulate the problem as a constrained nonlinear optimization problem in the single period setting and a dynamic program in the multiperiod setting. Results: We show that the proposed early inspection scheme leads to perfect alignment when J equals two under mild conditions. In more general cases, we show that the scheme performs strictly better than inspecting stock-outs at the end and achieves near-perfect alignment. Our numerical experiments, using both synthetic and real data, reveal that this scheme can lead to considerable cost reductions. Managerial implications: Stock-out-related measures are typically not included in store managers performance scorecards in retail. We propose a novel, easy, and practical performance measurement scheme that does not depend on the actual amount of shortages. This new scheme incentivizes the store managers to use their private information in the retailers best interest and clearly outperforms centralized ordering systems that are common practice.","Manuf. Serv. Oper. Manag.","https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/a64ebf8d773cb95583901fae67f18c7831716743","Manufacturing & Service Operations Management",47,5,"","2020-03-06T00:00:00","a64ebf8d773cb95583901fae67f18c7831716743"], [23988,"Compliance by Fire Alarm: Regulatory Oversight through Information Feedback Loops","David Orozco","This article contributes to the growing body of compliance law theory and scholarship. It does so by introducing a new and third approach to compliance called the fire alarm approach. This approach is grounded in the theoretical perspectives of negotiated governance and director primacy. It also contrasts but complements two other well-known compliance approaches discussed by scholars; the policing and architectural approaches. The fire alarm approach is executed throughout the compliance system that includes regulators, firms, executives, and third-party relationships. A virtue of the fire alarm approach is that it helps reduce agency costs by increasing transparency and information flows across the various system elements. This is achieved through what are called information feedback loops. These information flows, or feedback loops, reduce agency costs that lead to opportunism, shirking of duties and conflicts of interest. This in turn, promotes the goals of regulation that are designed to ensure trust in the marketplace and the protection and integrity of public welfare, health and safety.Research objective. The purpose of the study is to reveal the mechanisms of manipulative influence in the media by journalists and other representatives of the media sphere, their impact on public opinion and consequences for society, particularly in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war.
Research methodology. A combination of methods was used to achieve the objective, including structural-semiotic analysis, monitoring, content analysis, observation, comparison, synthesis and conceptual mapping.
Results. The article provides an overview and analysis of different types of media manipulation, from standard methods to the use of modern technologies such as artificial intelligence and social media. The article also grounds the importance of critical thinking and media literacy as a means of resisting media manipulation.
Novelty. World events in recent years have led to a rethinking of the importance of controlling information and the media influence on the formation of citizens' worldviews. In this context, the article suggests ways to counter media manipulation.
Practical significance. The findings of this study are to determine the importance of understanding and identifying media manipulation in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war. The study reveals the need for further research and promotion of discussion of the problem at various levels of society.
Key words: media, manipulation, media literacy, content, information, fake, disinformation, war.
","State and Regions. Series: Social Communications",null,"State and Regions. Series: Social Communications",0,0,null,"2024-07-01T00:00:00","d37e87257b14da8452177c6a4f699c5f91e64f5c"], [37477,"Boosting generalization of fine-tuning BERT for fake news detection","[\"Simeng Qin\", \"Mingli Zhang\"]",null,"Inf. Process. Manag.",null,"Information Processing & Management",52,10,null,"2024-07-01T00:00:00","2cdccec338aeeeba640299cf5e07aff654362afa"], [37478,"Desinformação e Fake News:","[\"L\\u00edcia Frezza Pisa\", \"Miguel Quessada\"]","As fakes news emergiram com a pós-verdade e de tão usual, a nomenclatura tornou-se complexa. O presente artigo objetiva trazer esse emaranhado de conceitos e como os campos do jornalismo e da análise do discurso trabalham essa terminologia por meio de uma revisão bibliográfica. O texto ainda justifica o porquê ser mais apropriado usar a terminologia desinformação no lugar de fake news, motivo pelo qual a imprensa tradicional jamais produz fake news.","Cambiassu: Estudos em Comunicação",null,"Cambiassu: Estudos em Comunicação",0,0,null,"2024-07-01T00:00:00","f7954ee5654aadc06000b595fa94f9b0930776ca"], [37479,"POLygraph: Polish Fake News Dataset","[\"Daniel Dzienisiewicz\", \"Filip Grali'nski\", \"Piotr Jab\\u0142o\\u0144ski\", \"Marek Kubis\", \"Pawel Sk'orzewski\", \"Piotr Wierzcho'n\"]","This paper presents the POLygraph dataset, a unique resource for fake news detection in Polish. The dataset, created by an interdisciplinary team, is composed of two parts: the “fake-or-not” dataset with 11,360 pairs of news articles (identified by their URLs) and corresponding labels, and the “fake-they-say” dataset with 5,082 news articles (identified by their URLs) and tweets commenting on them. Unlike existing datasets, POLygraph encompasses a variety of approaches from source literature, providing a comprehensive resource for fake news detection. The data was collected through manual annotation by expert and non-expert annotators. The project also developed a software tool that uses advanced machine learning techniques to analyze the data and determine content authenticity. The tool and dataset are expected to benefit various entities, from public sector institutions to publishers and fact-checking organizations. Further dataset exploration will foster fake news detection and potentially stimulate the implementation of similar models in other languages. The paper focuses on the creation and composition of the dataset, so it does not include a detailed evaluation of the software tool for content authenticity analysis, which is planned at a later stage of the project.","ArXiv",null,"Workshop on Computational Approaches to Subjectivity, Sentiment and Social Media Analysis",53,0,"The POLygraph dataset, a unique resource for fake news detection in Polish, is created by an interdisciplinary team and developed a software tool that uses advanced machine learning techniques to analyze the data and determine content authenticity.","2024-07-01T00:00:00","b1c484d4ba3604ab50af22a6e97adfc0a8c7a2e6"], [37480,"EMIF: Evidence-aware Multi-source Information Fusion Network for Explainable Fake News Detection","[\"Qingxing Dong\", \"Mengyi Zhang\", \"Shiyuan Wu\", \"Xiaozhen Wu\"]","Extensive research on automatic fake news detection has been conducted due to the significant detrimental effects of fake news proliferation. Most existing approaches rely on a single source of evidence, such as comments or relevant news, to derive explanatory evidence for decision-making, demonstrating exceptional performance. However, their single evidence source suffers from two critical drawbacks: (i) noise abundance, and (ii) resilience deficiency. Inspired by the natural process of fake news identification, we propose an Evidence-aware Multi-source Information Fusion (EMIF) network that jointly leverages user comments and relevant news to make precise decision and excavate reliable evidence. To accomplish this, we initially construct a co-attention network to capture general semantic conflicts between comments and original news. Meanwhile, a divergence selection module is employed to identify the top-K relevant news articles with content that deviates the most from the original news, which ensures the acquisition of multiple evidence with higher objectivity. Finally, we utilize an inconsistency loss function within the evidence fusion layer to strengthen the consistency of two types of evidence, both negating the authenticity of the same news. Extensive experiments and ablation studies on real-world dataset FibVID show the effectiveness of our proposed model. Notably, EMIF shows remarkable robustness even in scenarios where a particular source of information is inadequate.","ArXiv",null,"arXiv.org",58,0,"This work proposes an Evidence-aware Multi-source Information Fusion (EMIF) network that jointly leverages user comments and relevant news to make precise decision and excavate reliable evidence, and shows remarkable robustness even in scenarios where a particular source of information is inadequate.","2024-07-01T00:00:00","353a1020d15bdb30b6326e7c3810409e6ce9a6fc"], [37481,"What Makes Fake News Appeal to You? Empirical Evidence from the Tweets Related to COVID-19 Vaccines","[\"Minjung Park\", \"Sangmi Chai\"]","Social media has become a popular means for users to accept and share the news. At the same time, however, it has also enabled the wide spread of fake news. The negative impact of fake news on society has been rapidly increased. To mitigate this problem, this study aims to find out the effect of social media users’ types of perception of information toward the acceptance and intention of spreading fake news. We conducted an online experiment with 743 of social media users and showed the following results. First, users respond differently depending on the type of message provider even if the same fake news. Second, users who relied more on experiential information processing system were more likely to accept fake news regardless of their perceived social conformity.","Sage Open",null,"SAGE Open",70,0,null,"2024-07-01T00:00:00","3ac7fad0f549fed76ddeb205801d94ececfcc6a5"], [37482,"Fake News and the Individual. Personal Characteristics Which Influence What We Choose to Believe","[\"Sebastian Vaida\", \"Ovidiu Cristian\"]","\"As the phenomenon of fake news continues to increase and spread throughout the world, there is a need to understand how individual characteristics influence the propensity to believe in fake news. In this systematic review, we performed a search of relevant databases for scientific studies published starting with 2016, the year this term became mainstream, 2024. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, we selected ten studies, which showed that higher extraversion is related with an increased belief in fake news, while agreeableness, conscientiousness, and open-mindedness tend to protect against believing in fake news. A heightened state of emotionality (either negative or positive) is another individual characteristic which predisposes people to believe fake news. High intelligence individuals, but especially individuals with high analytical skills, who often use deep reflection (instead of their intuition/gut feeling) when processing information and making decisions, are the most protected when it comes to believing news that is not true. Keywords: fake news, intelligence, personality, analytic thinking, emotions\"","Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Psychologia-Paedagogia",null,"Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Psychologia-Paedagogia",0,0,null,"2024-07-01T00:00:00","3088b6ceafbdafa90fc849a90406f48b6b31306a"], [37483,"The spread of fake news: Disclosure willingness role","[\"Minh T.H. Le\"]",null,"Heliyon",null,"Heliyon",82,2,null,"2024-07-01T00:00:00","581a428de17834d518b8cd67608a9efc5a1029ac"], [37484,"The strength of weak ties and fake news believability","[\"Babajide Osatuyi\", \"Alan R. Dennis\"]",null,"Decis. Support Syst.",null,"Decision Support Systems",112,2,null,"2024-07-01T00:00:00","18fa396dd754cf5548ed545b6cc61e648ea3bbc2"], [37485,"Modelling the Association Between Social Media Flow Experience and Fake News Sharing: Testing the Mediating Role of Social Media Flow Experience and the Moderating Role of Social Media Scepticism","[\"Yiling Wan\", \"Oberiri Destiny Apuke\"]",null,"International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction",null,"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction",69,0,null,"2024-07-01T00:00:00","bfc9b8352d7c86c088c1cedd074da95d07f30da4"], [37486,"Fake news? The impact of information mismatch on mating behaviour","[\"Leonor R. Rodrigues\", \"Sara Magalh\\u00e3es\"]","Abstract Multiple cues are often used for mate choice in complex environments, potentially entailing mismatches in the information conveyed by different sources. We address the consequences of this information mismatch for receivers using the spider mite Tetranychus urticae, in which virgin females are highly valuable mates compared to mated females, given first male sperm precedence. Accordingly, males are known to prefer virgins and distinguish them using cues from the females themselves and that they leave on the substrate. Whereas cues from females are highly reliable, those left on the substrate may not reflect the real female mating status if females move and/or mate. Here, we tested the consequences of such mismatch by exposing males to mated or virgin females on patches previously impregnated with cues deposited by females of either mating status. Male mating attempts were solely affected by substrate cues while female acceptance and the number of mating events were independently affected by both cues. Copulation duration, in contrast, depended mainly on the mating status of the female, with the number of copulations and the total time spent mating being intermediate in environments with mismatched information. We also show that males incur mating costs, reflected in reduced survival in environments with virgin cues. These results suggest that substrate cues left by females are instrumental for males to find their mates. However, in environments with mismatched information, males may pay survival costs without the associated benefit of mating with virgins, or they may lose opportunities to mate with virgins by responding to substrate cues from mated females. The benefit of using multiple cues will then hinge upon the frequency of information mismatch, which itself should vary with the dynamics of populations.","Ecology and Evolution",null,"Ecology and Evolution",51,0,"It is suggested that substrate cues left by females are instrumental for males to find their mates, however, in environments with mismatched information, males may pay survival costs without the associated benefit of mating with virgins, or they may lose opportunities to mate with virgins by responding to substrate cues from mated females.","2024-07-01T00:00:00","77b428ba42e596de1dade06dc64818512905fcdc"], [37487,"Nudging punishment against sharing of fake news","[\"Biljana Meiske\", \"Amalia \\u00c1lvarez-Benjumea\", \"Giulia Andrighetto\", \"Eugenia Polizzi\"]",null,"European Economic Review",null,"European Economic Review",58,0,null,"2024-07-01T00:00:00","5742f4ca17bcbc45b1f202dc6fe4c5205ec92017"], [37488,"Nurturing resilient journalists: A Fiji case study of student news reporting in challenging Pacific environments","[\"Shailendra Singh\", \"Geraldine Panapasa\"]","This article examines the multifaceted learning experiences University of the South Pacific (USP) journalism students gain from practical training. It is the latest in a series of papers on applied learning and teaching at USP journalism. Applied training methods take into account the challenges of the Pacific news reporting terrain in which USP journalism graduates will operate once they start work. The article reiterates that the best way to condition future journalists for their work environment is to expose them to the elements. The article uses USP student journalists’ coverage of the 2018 and 2022 Fiji elections as background case studies of practical experience and learning outcomes.","Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa",null,"Pacific Journalism Review – Te Koakoa",13,0,null,"2024-07-01T00:00:00","add65718ae0ae04cbc61702aa4ef4481b2b5467f"], [37489,"EPISTEMIC NETWORK ANALYSIS OF TAIWANESE SIXTH GRADERS’ ONLINE COLLABORATIVE ARGUMENTATION REGARDING FALSE NEWS","[\"Chien-Yuan Su\", \"Yuan-Cheng Wang\", \"Chun Hsu Lin\"]",null,"EDULEARN Proceedings",null,"EDULEARN Proceedings",0,0,null,"2024-07-01T00:00:00","7a707291f51364d7516be6fb641338b276bdc3f4"], [37490,"The Cross Section of Information Transmission in News Media and Stock Returns","[\"Yi Wu\", \"Xinyao Wang\"]",null,"Finance Research Letters",null,"Finance Research Letters",35,0,null,"2024-07-01T00:00:00","963d0360ce425220fd280c5598e61acb5615d811"], [37491,"Librarians as guardians of information quality: navigating the challenges of misinformation and disinformation","[\"Akinade Adebowale Adewojo\", \"Adedoyin Oluwatosin Esan\", \"Abdulmalik Oyindamola Aleem\"]","Purpose\nThis study aims to explore the pivotal role of libraries in combating misinformation and disinformation in the contemporary information landscape, emphasizing their significance as guardians of information integrity.\n\nDesign/methodology/approach\nDrawing on a review of literature and surveying librarian perspectives, this study examines the multifaceted strategies used by libraries to address misinformation and disinformation. It delves into the roles of librarians in distinguishing between different forms of false information, promoting information literacy and fostering community engagement.\n\nFindings\nLibraries serve as bastions of knowledge, curating diverse and reliable resources while actively combating false information through educational initiatives, technological innovations and community outreach. Librarians play a crucial role in empowering users with the skills to critically evaluate information and navigate the complexities of the digital age.\n\nOriginality/value\nThis study contributes to the scholarly discourse by highlighting the evolving role of libraries as guardians of information integrity in the face of misinformation and disinformation. It underscores the importance of libraries in promoting a more informed and resilient society, enriching public discourse with the values of truth and understanding.\n","Library Hi Tech News",null,"Library Hi Tech News",12,0,null,"2024-07-02T00:00:00","ea09bd6a84e925851a3f589501661cfe5cce3710"], [37492,"WARNING This Contains Misinformation: The Effect of Cognitive Factors, Beliefs, and Personality on Misinformation Warning Tag Attitudes","[\"Robert A. Kaufman\", \"Aaron Broukhim\", \"Michael Haupt\"]","Social media platforms enhance the propagation of online misinformation by providing large user bases with a quick means to share content. One way to disrupt the rapid dissemination of misinformation at scale is through warning tags, which label content as potentially false or misleading. Past warning tag mitigation studies yield mixed results for diverse audiences, however. We hypothesize that personalizing warning tags to the individual characteristics of their diverse users may enhance mitigation effectiveness. To reach the goal of personalization, we need to understand how people differ and how those differences predict a person's attitudes and self-described behaviors toward tags and tagged content. In this study, we leverage Amazon Mechanical Turk (n = 132) and undergraduate students (n = 112) to provide this foundational understanding. Specifically, we find attitudes towards warning tags and self-described behaviors are positively influenced by factors such as Personality Openness and Agreeableness, Need for Cognitive Closure (NFCC), Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) score, and Trust in Medical Scientists. Conversely, Trust in Religious Leaders, Conscientiousness, and political conservatism were negatively correlated with these attitudes and behaviors. We synthesize our results into design insights and a future research agenda for more effective and personalized misinformation warning tags and misinformation mitigation strategies more generally.","ArXiv",null,"arXiv.org",94,0,"App attitudes towards warning tags and self-described behaviors are positively influenced by factors such as Personality Openness and Agreeableness, Need for Cognitive Closure (NFCC), Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) score, and Trust in Medical Scientists.","2024-07-02T00:00:00","a31d244738b437730181c03b183c3304443a0006"], [37493,"Polarisation, News Consumption, and Beliefs in Misinformation and Conspiracy Theories: Early Signs of the Fragmentation of the Public Sphere in Iceland","[\"J\\u00f3n Gunnar \\u00d3lafsson\", \"Valger\\u00f0ur J\\u00f3hannsd\\u00f3ttir\"]",null,"Javnost - The Public",null,"Javnost - The Public",25,0,null,"2024-07-02T00:00:00","a25f94d18adc12e034ac32c2281843570628ceea"], [37494,"Supporters and Skeptics: LLM-based Analysis of Engagement with Mental Health (Mis)Information Content on Video-sharing Platforms","[\"Viet Cuong Nguyen\", \"Mini Jain\", \"Abhijat Chauhan\", \"Heather J. Soled\", \"Santiago Alvarez Lesmes\", \"Zihang Li\", \"Michael L. Birnbaum\", \"Sunny X. Tang\", \"Srijan Kumar\", \"M. D. Choudhury\"]","Over one in five adults in the US lives with a mental illness. In the face of a shortage of mental health professionals and offline resources, online short-form video content has grown to serve as a crucial conduit for disseminating mental health help and resources. However, the ease of content creation and access also contributes to the spread of misinformation, posing risks to accurate diagnosis and treatment. Detecting and understanding engagement with such content is crucial to mitigating their harmful effects on public health. We perform the first quantitative study of the phenomenon using YouTube Shorts and Bitchute as the sites of study. We contribute MentalMisinfo, a novel labeled mental health misinformation (MHMisinfo) dataset of 739 videos (639 from Youtube and 100 from Bitchute) and 135372 comments in total, using an expert-driven annotation schema. We first found that few-shot in-context learning with large language models (LLMs) are effective in detecting MHMisinfo videos. Next, we discover distinct and potentially alarming linguistic patterns in how audiences engage with MHMisinfo videos through commentary on both video-sharing platforms. Across the two platforms, comments could exacerbate prevailing stigma with some groups showing heightened susceptibility to and alignment with MHMisinfo. We discuss technical and public health-driven adaptive solutions to tackling the\"epidemic\"of mental health misinformation online.","ArXiv",null,"arXiv.org",63,0,"It is found that few-shot in-context learning with large language models (LLMs) are effective in detecting MHMisinfo videos and distinct and potentially alarming linguistic patterns in how audiences engage with MHMisinfo videos through commentary on both video-sharing platforms are discovered.","2024-07-02T00:00:00","03ef1e2e7c72b39a809b34ee5f88bd1c74a3dd58"], [37495,"Marketing Government: X-Raying Nigerian Government’s Use of Disinformation in Citizen-Engagement (2015-2023)","[\"Soji Alabi\", \"O. Ajibade\", \"Solomon Tommy\"]","The goal of citizen/public engagement is to make develop trust between the government and the governed. However, evidence shows that citizens are losing trust on the government owing to misleading information. Thus, it has become imperative to investigate the underlying aim of government communication and the consequence of the approach adopted by the governments in engaging with their citizens. This paper sought to peripherally investigate the approach adopted by the Nigerian government between May 29th 2015, and May 29th 2023. Since the work of marketing the government is predominately domiciled within the official functions of the Minister of Information and Culture, this paper focuses on the speeches made by the then Minister. The study adopted agenda setting theory and propaganda model as the theoretical framework that guided the research. To attain the basic aim of this paper, qualitative content analysis was adopted by the researcher, which allows for the speeches made by the Minister within the timeframe being studied to be examined. This study found that most of the information and speeches made via interviews, press releases and press conferences for public consumption by the then Minister of on issues about security and economy were generally misleading. Thus, the study recommended that the government adopt a different but balanced approach, as its current strategy will likely cause general disillusionment amongst the citizenry. The balance must keep the citizens gainfully informed, even considering public safety, interest and the government's official secrets.","Journal of Communication & Public Relations",null,"Journal of Communication & Public Relations",68,0,null,"2024-07-02T00:00:00","83f5e3ae98939850994d56aca44d991054830b23"], [37496,"Fake News Detection: It's All in the Data!","[\"Soveatin Kuntur\", \"Anna Wr'oblewska\", \"M. Paprzycki\", \"M. Ganzha\"]","This comprehensive survey serves as an indispensable resource for researchers embarking on the journey of fake news detection. By highlighting the pivotal role of dataset quality and diversity, it underscores the significance of these elements in the effectiveness and robustness of detection models. The survey meticulously outlines the key features of datasets, various labeling systems employed, and prevalent biases that can impact model performance. Additionally, it addresses critical ethical issues and best practices, offering a thorough overview of the current state of available datasets. Our contribution to this field is further enriched by the provision of GitHub repository, which consolidates publicly accessible datasets into a single, user-friendly portal. This repository is designed to facilitate and stimulate further research and development efforts aimed at combating the pervasive issue of fake news.","ArXiv",null,"arXiv.org",0,1,"This comprehensive survey meticulously outlines the key features of datasets, various labeling systems employed, and prevalent biases that can impact model performance, offering a thorough overview of the current state of available datasets.","2024-07-02T00:00:00","316eccf95dd6a33782abab8a56c819bc5bd9535e"], [37497,"The Sentiment of Fake News","[\"Nadav Voloch\", \"M. Petrocchi\", \"Rocco De Nicola\"]","Over the past few years, extensive research has been conducted on the topic of Fake News across various social networks, exploring several aspects and disciplines. There are two main issues concerning Fake News in social networks. The identification of Fake and Real news, and the tracking and prevention of their dissemination on social media, while identifying users, organizations, or pages as Fake News propagators. Among the prominent platforms facilitating the propagation of Fake News, the platform once known as Twitter stands out as a widespread medium. Different users, public figures and organizations use it to shape public opinion and garner support, often employing problematic and inaccurate data. This study focuses on a specific aspect of Fake News, namely their sentiment. Previous research and prevailing public opinion suggest that Fake News tends to exhibit a predominantly negative sentiment. Based on this initial assumption, we use NLP techniques of sentiment analysis, to build a sentiment analyzer and use it on large scale datasets of verified mixed Fake and True news. The findings provide interesting insights into the different sentiment of Fake News when the topics under consideration are different.","2024 Fifteenth International Conference on Ubiquitous and Future Networks (ICUFN)",null,"International Conference on Ubiquitous and Future Networks",0,0,null,"2024-07-02T00:00:00","8464d4c9a077a5f9196bf17fd0c7561c6b005346"], [37498,"Unintended Consequences of Disclosing Recommendations by Artificial Intelligence versus Humans on True and Fake News Believability and Engagement","[\"Hanzhuo Ma\", \"Wei Huang\", \"Alan R. Dennis\"]",null,"Journal of Management Information Systems",null,"Journal of Management Information Systems",97,1,null,"2024-07-02T00:00:00","31746164719451f8be14eff1baddb5dd53e54141"], [37499,"Learning from scams: the target of fake news","[\"Maurizio Mascitti\"]",null,"Inquiry",null,"Inquiry",12,0,null,"2024-07-02T00:00:00","19b8b6569bbc495daf2903bc84d6dfa0661d691d"], [37500,"Tracing Testosterone in Women’s Elite Sports News Coverage: Cisnormatively Policing the Category of Women","[\"Signe Uldbjerg\", \"Molly Occhino\"]",null,"NORA - Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research",null,"NORA - Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research",23,0,null,"2024-07-02T00:00:00","da8c0f7b1717d6f9267c929144a10f92caf09237"], [37501,"Pharmacists' role in combating medical misinformation","[\"Ila M. Harris\", \"Michelle L. Hilaire\", \"Michelle Jeon\", \"K. Kier\", \"Faria Munir\", \"Alex S. Carmon\", \"M. Maffei\", \"S. M. Mukherjee\", \"S. Osae\"]","Medical misinformation can pose serious threats to public health. This commentary explores the pharmacist's unique role in addressing and mitigating the impact of medical misinformation. Pharmacists are uniquely positioned to engage with other healthcare providers, patients, and communities to dispel myths, provide accurate information, and promote evidence‐based healthcare decision‐making. This commentary showcases examples of the multifaceted roles of pharmacists in combating medical misinformation. It explores various strategies and interventions that can be used by pharmacists, including patient education, effective communication, information dissemination, and community engagement. Pharmacists' interventions are often at the intersection of medication management and health information needs, making them integral in ensuring patients and providers make informed healthcare choices. Moreover, this commentary highlights the impact pharmacists can have as advocates for scientific rigor and evidence‐based practices within healthcare systems to educate against medical misinformation and discusses the need for continued education, training, and support for pharmacists to excel in their roles as healthcare educators and medication experts. Pharmacists have a role in countering medical misinformation when serving patients by providing information that empowers a more informed society.","JACCP: JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY",null,"Journal of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy",12,0,"This commentary showcases examples of the multifaceted roles of pharmacists in combating medical misinformation and explores various strategies and interventions that can be used by pharmacists, including patient education, effective communication, information dissemination, and community engagement.","2024-07-03T00:00:00","a6ef9a22c491700f98c247d6bd987b23ec68f35b"], [37502,"A MULTIDISCIPLINARY ANALYSIS ON THE PERVASIVENESS OF BIG DATA, DISINFORMATION, AND MISGUIDANGE","[\"Ahmet Efe\"]","This is a multidisciplinary study that uses the \"paradigm shifts theory\" of Thomas Kuhn over ubiquitous data, information, and knowledge which are subjects to the metaverse, misdirection, and social engineering in this age of Cyber-capitalism. Discussions are held to raise awareness of digital pollution and disinformation economy which has become one of the biggest problems of our time, on material and moral values and possible precautions that can be taken from a wisdom approach from IT, AI, ethics, and theology. It is argued that artificial intelligence processes should be provided with opportunities to revise themselves on digital transformation, ethics, cybersecurity, and data analytics.","Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Yönetimi Dergisi",null,"Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Yönetimi Dergisi",48,0,"It is argued that artificial intelligence processes should be provided with opportunities to revise themselves on digital transformation, ethics, cybersecurity, and data analytics.","2024-07-03T00:00:00","e2317c89592188cae1877af887a284a4f4bec598"], [37503,"Routledge handbook of disinformation and national security\n Routledge handbook of disinformation and national security\n , edited by Rubén Arcos, Irena Chiru, and Cristina Ivan, Abingdon, Routledge, 2024, 453 pp., $280.00/$53.00 (ebook), ISBN 978-1-03-204050-9 (hbk), 978-1-00-319036-3 (ebook)","[\"Anna-Maria Osula\"]",null,"Journal of Baltic Studies",null,"Journal of Baltic Studies",0,0,null,"2024-07-03T00:00:00","5c821841106be3de1ae57ef36258e102d25cce3d"], [37504,"Arctic disinformation on X (Twitter) – an empirical investigation","[\"Mathieu Landriault\", \"Gabrielle LaFortune\", \"G. Poelzer\"]",null,"Polar Geography",null,"Polar Geography",25,0,null,"2024-07-03T00:00:00","338163ed1d1ea42635664f2908fed36d6cb6a8d6"], [37505,"Reconceptualising Transparency in Journalism: Thinking Through Secrecy and PR Press Releases in News Cultures","[\"Anne M. Cronin\"]",null,"Journalism Studies",null,"Journalism Studies",39,0,null,"2024-07-03T00:00:00","faf6813641f4dc1d3f6bfc8919d4de22ab30b4c7"], [37506,"Information Greenhouse: Optimal Persuasion for Medical Test-Avoiders","[\"Zhuo Chen\"]","Patients often delay or reject medical tests due to information avoidance, which hinders timely reception of necessary treatments. This paper studies the optimal information policy to persuade an information-avoidant patient to undergo the test and make the best choice that maximizes his health. The patient sequentially decides whether to take the test and the optimal treatment plan. The information provided is about the background knowledge of the disease, and disclosure can take place both before and after the test decision. The optimal information policy depends on whether the patient is willing to be tested when he is completely pessimistic. If so, the optimal policy features warning-in-advance: the disclosure only takes place before the test, and the bad news guarantees the patient to be tested and be treated even without further information. If not, the optimal policy constructs an information greenhouse: an information structure that provides high anticipatory utility is committed when the patient is tested and the test result is bad. Extensions to ex ante participation constraint and general information preference are also considered.",null,null,"",0,0,"This paper studies the optimal information policy to persuade an information-avoidant patient to undergo the test and make the best choice that maximizes his health.","2024-07-03T00:00:00","e405ba3dd3b0a85df56080332c4dfab019af12ba"], [37507,"Perception of misinformation on social media among Chinese college students","[\"Bowen Jiang\", \"Desheng Wang\"]","Background Chinese college students predominantly use social media applications to collect information, communicate with each other, advance their education, and go shopping. Research has highlighted the spread of misinformation or fake news on social media, and this has affected college students negatively as they are the most frequent users of social media. Objective This research aims to investigate Chinese college students’ perceptions of misinformation on social media, including their views on the consequences of misinformation, insights into the reasons for its dissemination, how misinformation impacts their mental health, and their perspectives on how to control misinformation. Methods This study followed a qualitative approach, selecting 36 participants from 12 universities in China, collecting data through semi-structured interviews, and analyzing the data to enable thematic analysis. Results Chinese college students are aware of the adverse impact of spreading misinformation on social media. They believe that false information is disseminated primarily due to inadequate punishment for those who intentionally spread it. Most college students lack proficiency in identifying misinformation, and they expect the government to do more to control the misinformation phenomenon. Moreover, misinformation on social media may cause Chinese college students to feel dysphoric, angry, and even depressed, thereby affecting their mental health. This research indicates that the public and government should make efforts to address the misinformation phenomenon in order to protect college students from being harmed.","Frontiers in Psychology",null,"Frontiers in Psychology",49,0,null,"2024-07-04T00:00:00","8de3f4b4a89b9855599d0cce70d45e0e2281dcda"], [37508,"Disinformation in Times of Disaster and Crisis","[\"Feyza Dalayli\"]","This research is based on 3 consecutive disaster (pandemic, earthquake and flood) in Turkey. During these successive disasters, it has been observed that the traditional and social media handling of similar news has changed. The political stance, in particular, affects the way the news is reflected, causing the elements of disinformation to increase and the target audience to be affected by the views of the news encoder. Although the political stance displayed by the traditional media tools is clear, the political views and goals are not always clear because the news flow in the new media is carried out in the context of personal accounts. Within the scope of the research, 3 examples were selected for each disaster shared by the Turkish people on Twitter, one of the social media tools, during 3 disasters. Similar news in the traditional media was also examined and a comparison was made between the two media channels. The semiotic method was used in the study. The semiotic method was used in the study. One of the possible results of this study is the finding that disinformation elements change according to the way the news is presented in social media and traditional media. On the other hand, despite the fact that the news in social media is produced by people, it has been noticed that sometimes these news are more accurate than traditional media and that the disinformation desired to be created in the traditional media is tried to be prevented.","Afet ve Risk Dergisi",null,"Afet ve Risk Dergisi",16,0,null,"2024-07-04T00:00:00","b28fe88112b996cb135dc7ce120ce9e171f35f69"], [37509,"The regulation of disinformation: a critical appraisal","[\"Alexander Peukert\"]",null,"Journal of Media Law",null,"Journal of Media Law",0,1,null,"2024-07-04T00:00:00","8f61c46549c006f04ffb3e6f735fa220a4e2584a"], [37510,"“Fake news you can trust”: How\n The Babylon Bee\n brings news satire to the Right","[\"Parker Bach\"]",null,"The Communication Review",null,"The Communication Review",20,0,null,"2024-07-05T00:00:00","fa73a7080606224609d576b1348f2f3d6ddbd28e"], [37511,"Explaining Mainstream News Media Use in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Roles of Partisanship, Perceptions of Threat, Negative Emotions, and News Media Trust","[\"Junghyun Moon\", \"Jason T. Peifer\"]",null,"Mass Communication and Society",null,"Mass Communication & Society",37,0,null,"2024-07-05T00:00:00","e3fd35f4e3a957b5a48f26260714b1f023c93de6"], [37512,"Halal Standards and Regulations: Implications for Producers and Consumers in Literature Studies","[\"N. Jailani\"]","This study aims to analyze in depth halal standards and regulations and their implications for producers and consumers. In addition, this study aims to identify and understand the challenges faced by producers in complying with halal standards, as well as their impact on consumer purchasing decisions. This research was carried out using the library research method, using a qualitative approach. The data sources used are secondary data sources, namely collecting and then understanding, and analyzing previous articles, news, and books with relevant topics, be it journal articles or online media, as well as books that discuss halal standards and regulations. The data collection techniques used in this study are literature and documentation. Meanwhile, the data analysis technique applied in this study is a descriptive method. In this study, the limitations of the review are first, the articles or journals used are those published in 2016-2024. The results of the study show that the implementation of halal standards has been proven to have a positive influence on the producers company's internal operations, although then, at the same time they as producers face complex challenges such as the heterogeneity of halal standards, questionable raw materials, unethical practices, communication gaps, acceptance variability, human resource management issues, supply chain bottlenecks, and improper Islamic marketing orientation. For consumers, halal standards play an important role in shaping purchasing decisions, especially in the Muslim community. Consumer awareness of halal regulations is not only about recognizing the halal logo or understanding the basic principles of halal. This involves a deeper understanding of the entire halal certification process, the authorities involved, and its implications for product quality and safety.","Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art",null,"Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art",63,3,null,"2024-07-05T00:00:00","9da9bc457ba12c26fa653f5914e966d741fcac8a"], [37513,"MEDIA FAKES AS A MEANS OF LINGUISTIC MANIPULATION AND TRANSFORMATION OF PUBLIC CONSCIOUSNESS","[\"\\u0414.\\u041c. \\u0416\\u0443\\u0440\\u0430\\u0432\\u043b\\u0435\\u0432\"]","Статья посвящена изучению фейков, которые в контексте СМИ функционируют в качестве инструмента языкового манипулирования и трансформации общественного сознания. Выделяются способы репрезентации недостоверной информации. Приводятся различные определения понятия «фейк», отмечаются характерные особенности данного феномена. Рассматриваемое явление представляет угрозу, так как намеренное распространение дезинформации влияет на общественное сознание человека. Фейк-новости в СМИ служат различным целям, однако основной фундамент такого рода информации – язык. Особое значение в статье уделяется вопросу выявления фейков через определенные маркеры языкового манипулирования. Реципиент, не владеющий определенной системой противодействия фейкам, не способен защититься от их влияния. В рамках нашего исследования была разработана классификация маркеров фейковых новостей, которая опирается на исследования И. А. Стернина, А. М. Шестерниной и А. В. Николаевой. На основе изучения фейковых заголовков и статей, взятых из популярных электронных изданий, выявлены наиболее характерные маркеры фейк-новостей в русскоязычных и англоязычных СМИ. Определены сходства в их построении и отличительные особенности в использовании маркеров.\n The article examines media fakes as a means of linguistic manipulation and transformation of public consciousness in the media, and defines the role of fakes in the system of language manipulation. Various definitions of the concept of \"fake\" and its characteristic features are examined. Fakes pose a threat because they elicit changes in public consciousness. Fake news in the media serves various purposes, and the main foundation of this kind of news is language. The article focuses on the issue of detecting fakes through markers of linguistic manipulation. A recipient who does not know a certain system of anti-fake measures is not able to protect themselves from linguistic manipulation. As part of our research, a classification of fake news markers was developed. The classification is based on the research of I.A. Sternin, A.M. Shesternina and A.V. Nikolaeva. Based on fake articles from popular electronic publications, the most characteristic markers of fake news in Russian and English-language media have been identified. Similarities in the construction of fakes and distinctive features in the use of markers in the mass media in Russian-language and English-language fake news are identified.","Bulletin of the Chuvash State Pedagogical University named after I Y Yakovlev",null,"Bulletin of the Chuvash State Pedagogical University named after I Y Yakovlev",2,0,null,"2024-07-05T00:00:00","529ea06285ce571a0f4258e344974948d3d8ba40"], [37514,"Harnessing Deep Learning to Combat Misinformation and Detect Depression on Social Media: Challenges and Interventions","[]",null,"Nanotechnology Perceptions",null,"Nanotechnology Perceptions",0,0,null,"2024-07-06T00:00:00","764d2359d61fcc81fc17840e3c2d58073cbf921c"], [37515,"Social Media, Fake News, Information Manipulation and Democracy and The Challenges of Finding Legal Truth in The Post-Truth Era","[\"Lasmin Alfies Sihombing\", \"Iwan Darmawan\", \"Yuyut Prayuti\"]","The post-truth era creates uncertainty in the search for absolute truth, where objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than emotions and personal beliefs. This phenomenon has a negative impact on the democratic process, public perception of democratic institutions, and legal justice. The challenge of distinguishing facts from fabricated opinions affects law enforcement and the integrity of the democratic process. The research method used in this article is normative legal research that examines law as norms or rules that apply in society, focusing on document analysis and the use of legal sources. This research aims to find legal norms that are relevant in answering certain legal challenges or problems, as well as to produce arguments and theories as guidelines in resolving legal cases using secondary data (library research or document studies). In the post-truth era, law remains an important foundation in maintaining justice and order. Although challenges to political correctness can shake public confidence, the roots of law remain strong. The post-truth phenomenon is an irrational phenomenon, while legal truth (ontologically, epistemologically, and axiologically) is related to rational things, so it is quite difficult to debate and bring these two things together. Therefore, it is important to position the two different things in a position where we can find the most basic thing, both philosophically and legally.","Pena Justisia: Media Komunikasi dan Kajian Hukum",null,"Pena Justisia Media Komunikasi dan Kajian Hukum",40,0,null,"2024-07-06T00:00:00","bc4ff6946f41712255d7ba120569bd2c6ee7f257"], [37516,"Exploring agent interaction patterns in the comment sections of fake and real news","[\"Kailun Zhu\", \"Songtao Peng\", \"Jiaqi Nie\", \"Zhongyuan Ruan\", \"Shanqing Yu\", \"Qi Xuan\"]","User comments on social media have been recognized as a crucial factor in distinguishing between fake and real news, with many studies focusing on the textual content of user reactions. However, the interactions among agents in the comment sections for fake and real news have not been fully explored. In this study, we analyse a dataset comprising both fake and real news from Reddit to investigate agent interaction patterns, considering both the network structure and the sentiment of the nodes. Our main findings reveal that, compared with fake news, where users generate more negative sentiment, real news tends to elicit more neutral and positive sentiments. Additionally, nodes with similar sentiments cluster together more tightly than anticipated. From a dynamic perspective, we found that the sentiment distribution among nodes stabilizes early and remains stable over time. These findings have both theoretical and practical implications, particularly for the early detection of real and fake news within social networks.","Journal of the Royal Society, Interface",null,"Journal of the Royal Society Interface",43,0,"This study analyzes a dataset comprising both fake and real news from Reddit to investigate agent interaction patterns, considering both the network structure and the sentiment of the nodes.","2024-07-06T00:00:00","6c72364dc06c875f5f19eb7272f58b7df2ce03f7"], [37517,"Journalism in the post-truth era","[\"Rodrigo Fidel Rodr\\u00edguez Borges\"]","The break of the citizens' confidence in the information conveyed to them by the media is not a minor issue. In a regime of opinion and in a globalized society in which the issues that directly affect us are beyond our reach or understanding, the mediation work of journalists is essential. For this reason, the phenomenon of fake news in the so-called post-truth era is of paramount importance because it undermines the notion of truth, which is supposed to be the heart and raison d'être of the journalistic profession. The task of journalists is to provide public opinion with true or honestly truthful information that allows citizens to form a complete idea of what is happening and, based on this, make well-founded decisions on matters under public discussion. Without a minimum consensus on the facts, citizens are exposed to the effects of pure propaganda, their ability to decide is manipulated and the core of democracy damaged. The actions of tobacco companies to deny the lethality of tobacco, the denial of climate change, the orchestrated campaigns against the efficacy of vaccines or the unbridled dissemination of \"alternative facts\" in politics, have highlighted the fragility of the truth in the face of to the distorting power of unscrupulous media and irrepressible social networks. ","Revista Internacional de Investigación y Transferencia en Comunicación y Ciencias Sociales",null,"Revista Internacional de Investigación y Transferencia en Comunicación y Ciencias Sociales",0,0,null,"2024-07-06T00:00:00","c13b28d80cf2205d0a39e74ba4f20b7ecc9c3fb8"], [37518,"How to fight fake papers: a review on important information sources and steps towards solution of the problem","[\"Jonathan Wittau\", \"Roland Seifert\"]",null,"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology",null,"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology",68,4,null,"2024-07-06T00:00:00","299e012f74537dc47a7de2acd358f9c5257d3f18"], [37519,"Political Propaganda in the “Progsus” Program on MNC News, Channel 84","[\"Siti Aisyah\", \"Suraya Mansur\"]","Propaganda in the media is often carried out to gain power or strengthen legitimacy. In 2024–2028, the Indonesian government will again hold general elections (PILEG), which are held every five years. The object of this research is a special program broadcast on Channel 84 Television MNC NEWS. The theory used in this research is propaganda theory applied to reporting on television. The research method is Framing Analysis Gamson and Modigliani, with a constructivist qualitative approach. The data collection technique carries out content analysis of Entman’s framing. There are 33 News stories regarding Political Reporting about the 2024 election. The research results show that the owner of the Perindo Party, Harry Tanoesudibjo, who is also the owner of MNC News Morning, uses all the content formed in the framing of MNC News Morning according to the political policies and interests of the media owner.","European Journal of Communication and Media Studies",null,"European Journal of Communication and Media Studies",29,0,null,"2024-07-06T00:00:00","018187bf903e831c2c4ae26c475bcda7f4d8f63c"], [37520,"Web Search or Conversation with an Artificial Intelligence? Analysis of Misinformation and Relevance in the Case of Radon Gas","[\"Noel Pascual-Presa\", \"Marcos Fern\\u00e1ndez-Pichel\", \"David E. Losada\", \"Berta Garc\\u00eda-Orosa\"]","Health-related information plays a crucial role in public health management, empowering individuals to make informeddecisions and adopt behaviours that mitigate the effects of potential risks. The internet and the emergence of newtechnologies, such as conversational models equipped with Artificial Intelligence, present opportunities, and challengesin this field. This research focuses specifically on the risk of radon, a natural radioactive gas recognised worldwide asone of the leading causes of lung cancer and a persistent threat over time. The aim of this study is to analyse theinformation provided for this specific risk by two key information access tools: web search engines and AI-basedconversational agents (ChatGPT). To carry out this interdisciplinary research (journalism-communication-computerscience) we employ a mixed methodological design (quantitative and qualitative) and apply methods from the areas ofInformation Retrieval (IR), Big Data, and Artificial Intelligence (AI). The results of this study show that information onthe internet about the risk of radon often lacks relevance and does not meet the information needs of users. We alsofound that some websites provide a significant amount of good quality information but there are often some misleadingcontents. ChatGPT proves to be more accurate in providing relevant and good quality information but contains a higherproportion of misinformation. Consequently, this raises concerns about the integrity of the information provided andemphasises the need to monitor and improve the accuracy of these computational tools.","Profesional de la información",null,"El Profesional de la Informacion",2,1,"It is shown that information on the internet about the risk of radon often lacks relevance and does not meet the information needs of users, which raises concerns about the integrity of the information provided and emphasises the need to monitor and improve the accuracy of these computational tools.","2024-07-07T00:00:00","c017cf5c5e73029f4cf0a11ca24443566f298c69"], [37521,"The Digital Services Act’s red line: what the Commission can and cannot do about disinformation","[\"Martin Husovec\"]","The Digital Services Act (DSA) creates a system of general risk management that is composed of two main obligations: risk assessment (Article 34), and risk mitigation (Article 35). The obligations are mandatory for very large online platforms and search engines (VLOPs/VLOSEs). The adoption of the risk-based approach to digital services make the law more future-proof. But inevitably it also makes the law very vague. This vagueness of the statutory language causes some to suggest that the European Commission will inevitably become the proverbial Ministry of Truth when tackling disinformation. This article argues that upon closer reading of the DSA, and its constitutional context, the worries that the Commission inevitably becomes a Ministry of Truth are misplaced. Suppressing incorrect or misleading lawful information is not the goal of the DSA. That is not to say that the DSA cannot be abused. But the law is not pre-programmed to do so.","Journal of Media Law",null,"Journal of Media Law",14,1,null,"2024-07-07T00:00:00","8e65680512678f741dc0fccc8c6e8f336cf71624"], [37522,"Main Criteria for the Classification of Disinformation and Attempts to Criminalisation of Its Spread in Ukraine","[\"Viktor Tyshchuk\"]","Based on the methodology of documentary review of scientific sources, available materials of public organisations, the judicial practices in investigating cases of disinformation spread, Ukrainian and foreign sources, the process of disinformation propagation has been researched. Using this approach, the main criteria for classifying disinformation by domains, objectives, methods, sources, forms, and channels were formulated. It was found that in Ukraine, there is still no unified legislative practice to counter disinformation, which leads to the uncontrolled application of manipulative processes and the dissemination of unreliable information by hostile intelligence services. Mass media and other channels of disinformation dissemination continue to evade the attention of law enforcement agencies, for instance, in the fields of economics, science, education, culture, and sports.","Bratislava Law Review",null,"Bratislava Law Review",12,1,null,"2024-07-07T00:00:00","4b6f8b43a97531822cc06ae07e6ed2f8f4019d15"], [37523,"Pointing Fingers in the Disinformation Era: How Journalists and Politicians Perceive Each Other’s Role in Spreading Disinformation and Its Impact on their Relationship","[\"Emma van der Goot\", \"Karolin Soontjens\", \"Kathleen Beckers\", \"Willem Buyens\", \"Peter van Aelst\"]",null,"Journalism Studies",null,"Journalism Studies",43,0,null,"2024-07-07T00:00:00","4aa435478e4dab5359160748c75ee59cccffe7b1"], [37524,"Unsupervised approach for misinformation detection in Russia-Ukraine war news","[\"N. Khairova\", \"Andrea Galassi\", \"Fabrizio Lo Scudo\", \"Bogdan Ivasiuk\", \"Ivan Redozub\"]","The Russian-Ukrainian war has attracted considerable global attention; however, fake news often obstructs the formation of public opinion and disseminates false information. To address this issue, we have curated the RUWA dataset, comprising over 16,500 news articles covering the pivotal events of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. These articles were sourced from established outlets in the USA, EU, Asia, Ukraine, and Russia, spanning the period from February to September 2022. The paper explores the use of semantic similarity to compare different aspects of articles from various web sources that cover the same events of the war. This unsupervised machine learning approach becomes crucial when obtaining annotated datasets is practically impossible due to the lack of real fact-checking during the ongoing war. The research goal is to uncover the potential of employing semantic similarity measures as a viable approach for detecting misinformation in news articles.","{\"pages\": \"21-36\"}",null,"International Conference on Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Systems",30,1,"The paper explores the use of semantic similarity to compare different aspects of articles from various web sources that cover the same events of the war, to uncover the potential of employing semantic similarity measures as a viable approach for detecting misinformation in news articles.","2024-07-08T00:00:00","7d5157781d68ccfc5db216285ab6a37bc1b5ec6c"], [37525,"Generative Debunking of Climate Misinformation","[\"Francisco Zanartu\", \"Yulia Otmakhova\", \"John Cook\", \"Lea Frermann\"]","Misinformation about climate change causes numerous negative impacts, necessitating corrective responses. Psychological research has offered various strategies for reducing the influence of climate misinformation, such as the fact-myth-fallacy-fact-structure. However, practically implementing corrective interventions at scale represents a challenge. Automatic detection and correction of misinformation offers a solution to the misinformation problem. This study documents the development of large language models that accept as input a climate myth and produce a debunking that adheres to the fact-myth-fallacy-fact (“truth sandwich”) structure, by incorporating contrarian claim classification and fallacy detection into an LLM prompting framework. We combine open (Mixtral, Palm2) and proprietary (GPT-4) LLMs with prompting strategies of varying complexity. Experiments reveal promising performance of GPT-4 and Mixtral if combined with structured prompts. We identify specific challenges of debunking generation and human evaluation, and map out avenues for future work. We release a dataset of high-quality truth-sandwich debunkings, source code and a demo of the debunking system.","ArXiv",null,"CLIMATENLP",42,1,"This study documents the development of large language models that accept as input a climate myth and produce a debunking that adheres to the fact-myth-fallacy-fact (“truth sandwich”) structure, by incorporating contrarian claim classification and fallacy detection into an LLM prompting framework.","2024-07-08T00:00:00","43e95e1ebace303670e6b0ddf9023bbdd505f0d8"], [37526,"Between Trust and Misinformation: A Study of User Engagement with Cloned Pages of ‘Daily Trust’ and ‘Vanguard’ Newspapers on Facebook","[\"A. Ibrahim\", \"Umar Farouq Jibril\", \"Adamkolo Mohammed Ibrahim\"]","This study explores the interaction between users and content on the ‘Daily Trust Hausa’ and ‘Vanguard Hausa’ cloned pages of the authentic ‘Daily Trust’ and ‘Vanguard’ newspapers on Facebook, with a focus on the prevalence of fake news and its implications for media trust. Using a survey methodology with a sample of 400 respondents selected purposively from the postgraduate student population across four public universities in the north-west of Nigeria, namely Ahmadu Bello University (ABU) Zaria, Bayero University, Kano (BUK) and Usman Dan Fodio University, Sokoto (UDUS), the research examines the frequency of visits, encounters with posts and the users’ ability to discern fake news. The findings reveal a high engagement with these pages, yet a significant concern over the authenticity of news articles, leading to a cautious and sceptical approach towards online news sources. The implications of these results are profound, suggesting a need for enhanced content moderation, fact-checking measures and media literacy campaigns, particularly within the Nigerian digital media landscape. The study underscores the importance of journalistic integrity and collaborative efforts to combat misinformation, which is crucial for maintaining public discourse integrity and fostering informed citizenship globally. \n \nReceived: 19 April 2024 / Accepted: 23 June 2024 / Published: 8 July 2024","Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences",null,"Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences",46,0,null,"2024-07-08T00:00:00","ad8585a051adf1ec12d2bf32676a0a823551d731"], [37527,"Blame and obligation: The importance of libertarianism and political orientation in the public assessment of disinformation in the United States","[\"Adrian Rauchfleisch\", \"Andreas Jungherr\"]","Disinformation concerns have heightened the importance of regulating content and speech in digital communication environments. Perceived risks have led to widespread public support for stricter control measures, even at the expense of individual speech rights. To better understand these preferences in the US context, we investigate public attitudes regarding blame for and obligation to address digital disinformation by drawing on political ideology, libertarian values, trust in societal actors, and issue salience. A manual content analysis of open‐ended survey responses in combination with an issue salience experiment shows that political orientation and trust in actors primarily drive blame attribution, while libertarianism predominantly informs whose obligation it is to stop the spread. Additionally, enhancing the salience of specific aspects of the issue can influence people's assessments of blame and obligation. Our findings reveal a range of attributions, underlining the need for careful balance in regulatory interventions. Additionally, we expose a gap in previous literature by demonstrating libertarianism's unique role vis‐à‐vis political orientation in the context of regulating content and speech in digital communication environments.","Policy & Internet",null,"Policy & Internet",37,0,null,"2024-07-08T00:00:00","cf80dfc2be19a4e9d9ffa7028ea79ced54ad4ccb"], [37528,"Building a framework for fake news detection in the health domain","[\"Juan R. Martinez-Rico\", \"Lourdes Araujo\", \"Juan Mart\\u00ednez-Romo\"]","Disinformation in the medical field is a growing problem that carries a significant risk. Therefore, it is crucial to detect and combat it effectively. In this article, we provide three elements to aid in this fight: 1) a new framework that collects health-related articles from verification entities and facilitates their check-worthiness and fact-checking annotation at the sentence level; 2) a corpus generated using this framework, composed of 10335 sentences annotated in these two concepts and grouped into 327 articles, which we call KEANE (faKe nEws At seNtence lEvel); and 3) a new model for verifying fake news that combines specific identifiers of the medical domain with triplets subject-predicate-object, using Transformers and feedforward neural networks at the sentence level. This model predicts the fact-checking of sentences and evaluates the veracity of the entire article. After training this model on our corpus, we achieved remarkable results in the binary classification of sentences (check-worthiness F1: 0.749, fact-checking F1: 0.698) and in the final classification of complete articles (F1: 0.703). We also tested its performance against another public dataset and found that it performed better than most systems evaluated on that dataset. Moreover, the corpus we provide differs from other existing corpora in its duality of sentence-article annotation, which can provide an additional level of justification of the prediction of truth or untruth made by the model.","PLOS ONE",null,"PLoS ONE",47,1,"A new framework that collects health-related articles from verification entities and facilitates their check-worthiness and fact-checking annotation at the sentence level and a new model for verifying fake news that combines specific identifiers of the medical domain with triplets subject-predicate-object is provided.","2024-07-08T00:00:00","788329fc1ca2e297becf821c28fd01617842edbf"], [37529,"The Impact of Fake News on Virtual Public Sphere","[\"Benbouziane Abderrahim\"]","This research paper seeks to understand the impact of the phenomenon of fake news on the virtual public sphere. This is done through a review of a wide range of theoretical works and empirical research. In addition to reviewing the concept of fake news and the virtual public sphere.","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EARLY CHILDHOOD SPECIAL EDUCATION",null,"International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education",12,0,null,"2024-07-08T00:00:00","ec53c30d35e8b4dbb1dd8755447bef18da38d1a3"], [37530,"Seeing is Not Always Believing: An Empirical Analysis of Fake Evidence Generators","[\"Zhaojie Hu\", \"Jingzhou Ye\", \"Yifan Zhang\", \"Xueqiang Wang\"]","Online scams pose a growing threat to the cyberspace, with cybercriminals frequently using fake evidence, such as identification and financial documents, to illicitly elevate their credibility in online activities. This deceptive trend is fueled by an emerging set of fake evidence generators (FEGens). These FeGensreplicate the output of authoritative sources, such as official bank applications, to automatically generate large quantities of authentic-looking fake evidence. To the best of our knowledge, FeGens,as effective tools for cybercriminals, have not been systematically analyzed in terms of their supply chain, including development, promotion, and delivery, as well as the risks and impacts they pose to end users. In this paper, we present the first systematic empirical analysis of FegEnsand related fake evidence. Our findings shed light on the FegEn ecosystem, particularly the tactics employed by FegEndevelopers and retailers to mimic authoritative sources and promote the use of FeGens. We also evaluate the effectiveness of FeGensand associated risks in cybercrime.","2024 IEEE 9th European Symposium on Security and Privacy (EuroS&P)",null,"European Symposium on Security and Privacy",60,0,"The first systematic empirical analysis of FegEn related fake evidence is presented, shedding light on the FegEn ecosystem, particularly the tactics employed by FegEndevelopers and retailers to mimic authoritative sources and promote the use of FeGens.","2024-07-08T00:00:00","800d9eab83970b9303a9a25b8099a1e3cc4fa470"], [37531,"Epistemological Bias As a Means for the Automated Detection of Injustices in Text","[\"Kenya Andrews\", \"Lamogha Chiazor\"]","Injustice occurs when someone experiences unfair treatment or their rights are violated and is often due to the presence of implicit biases and prejudice such as stereotypes. The automated identification of injustice in text has received little attention, due in part to the fact that underlying implicit biases or stereotypes are rarely explicitly stated and that instances often occur unconsciously due to the pervasive nature of prejudice in society. Here, we describe a novel framework that combines the use of a fine-tuned BERT-based bias detection model, two stereotype detection models, and a lexicon-based approach to show that epistemological biases (i.e., words, which presupposes, entails, asserts, hedges, or boosts text to erode or assert a person's capacity as a knower) can assist with the automatic detection of injustice in text. The news media has many instances of injustice (i.e. discriminatory narratives), thus it is our use case here. We conduct and discuss an empirical qualitative research study which shows how the framework can be applied to detect injustices, even at higher volumes of data.","ArXiv",null,"arXiv.org",20,0,"A novel framework is described that combines the use of a fine-tuned BERT-based bias detection model, two stereotype detection models, and a lexicon-based approach to show that epistemological biases can assist with the automatic detection of injustice in text.","2024-07-08T00:00:00","e730b92e41f4530f4e93d496299891ff3bfb0762"], [37532,"Susceptibility to scientific misinformation and perception of news source reliability in secondary school students","[\"A. Siani\", \"Maria Joseph\", \"Claudiu Dacin\"]",null,"Discover Education",null,"Discover Education",29,1,null,"2024-07-09T00:00:00","7ba328f30948876cd6b318479c7377f350caa6c9"], [37533,"Perceptions of misinformation salience: a cross-country comparison of estimations of misinformation prevalence and third-person perceptions","[\"T. G. van der Meer\", \"M. Hameleers\"]",null,"Information, Communication & Society",null,"Information, Communication & Society",37,1,null,"2024-07-09T00:00:00","071f5ed3ef74baa53bab1ebdb3d63c860bf4ad6c"], [37534,"Scientific literacy in the age of misinformation","[\"A. Abeysekera\"]","Many of the important issues that confront society today such as mitigating climate change, alternative energy sources, genetically modified organisms and the use of pesticides and weedicides in agriculture, require the general public to possess scientific literacy to understand and decide amongst different proposals presented by policy makers and politicians. However, it is clear that in today’s world, scientific literacy which is limited only to a knowledge of some basic theories and facts regarding the natural world does not enable society to take reasonable decisions on these issues.\nThis is mainly due to the fact that the controls that existed in the flow of scientific information, such as boards of scientific and academic organizations, editors and knowledgeable science journalists are now being by-passed via social media and the internet. Various ideological and political campaigns are now behind much of what passes as “science”. Fidelity to the truth is no longer a concern. The anti-vaccine drive in many technologically advanced countries during the Covid-19 pandemic, and the banning of chemical fertilizers in Sri Lanka in 2021 stand as illustrative examples. An unfortunate by-product of the digital revolution has been the current age of misinformation. \nWhile the implications of these developments for democracy and freedom of expression are being debated, it is evident that being a scientifically literate person implies the ability to evaluate the trustworthiness of science-related information that is so readily available on the internet. The different fields of science are so highly specialized today, that it may not be possible even for a scientist to evaluate the evidence for a particular claim outside one’s own specialty with certainty. Thus, the starting point for both scientists and the general public has to be to assess the trustworthiness of their sources of information. This may not be as straightforward as it seems, but the kinds of questions that should be looked into are conflict of interest, ideological bias, credentials for expertise and level of agreement with other experts in the field. Being able to evaluate ‘who’ is making a claim becomes as important as considering ‘what’ is being claimed. ","Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka",null,"Journal of the National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka",0,0,null,"2024-07-09T00:00:00","79c86751b7d70fee5288017a2105f3ee5e74b847"], [37535,"Automated Justification Production for Claim Veracity in Fact Checking: A Survey on Architectures and Approaches","[\"Islam Eldifrawi\", \"Shengrui Wang\", \"Amine Trabelsi\"]","Automated Fact-Checking (AFC) is the automated verification of claim accuracy. AFC is crucial in discerning truth from misinformation, especially given the huge amounts of content are generated online daily. Current research focuses on predicting claim veracity through metadata analysis and language scrutiny, with an emphasis on justifying verdicts. This paper surveys recent methodologies, proposing a comprehensive taxonomy and presenting the evolution of research in that landscape. A comparative analysis of methodologies and future directions for improving fact-checking explainability are also discussed.","ArXiv",null,"Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",73,1,"Recent methodologies are surveyed, proposing a comprehensive taxonomy and presenting the evolution of research in that landscape, and a comparative analysis of methodologies and future directions for improving fact-checking explainability are discussed.","2024-07-09T00:00:00","707cecdd1f663dd8a5f18b67e469d702f4f9859e"], [37536,"Combining Large Language Models and Crowdsourcing for Hybrid Human-AI Misinformation Detection","[\"Xia Zeng\", \"Queen Mary\", \"David La Barbera\", \"Kevin Roitero\", \"A. Zubiaga\", \"Stefano Mizzaro\"]","Research on misinformation detection has primarily focused either on furthering Artificial Intelligence (AI) for automated detection or on studying humans’ ability to deliver an effective crowdsourced solution. Each of these directions however shows different benefits. This motivates our work to study hybrid human-AI approaches jointly leveraging the potential of large language models and crowd-sourcing, which is understudied to date. We propose novel combination strategies Model First, Worker First, and Meta Vote, which we evaluate along with baseline methods such as mean, median, hard-and soft-voting. Using 120 statements from the PolitiFact dataset, and a combination of state-of-the-art AI models and crowdsourced assessments, we evaluate the effectiveness of these combination strategies. Results suggest that the effectiveness varies with scales granularity, and that combining AI and human judgments enhances truthfulness assessments’ effectiveness and robustness.","{\"pages\": \"2332-2336\"}",null,"Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval",37,3,"Results suggest that the effectiveness of combining AI and human judgments enhances truthfulness assessments’ effectiveness and robustness, and that combining AI and human judgments enhances truthfulness assessments’ effectiveness and robustness.","2024-07-10T00:00:00","c63dd8dca54976fde056e6817b1dcfc6473844cb"], [37537,"Preventing and Detecting Misinformation Generated by Large Language Models","[\"Aiwei Liu\", \"Qiang Sheng\", \"Xuming Hu\"]",null,"{\"pages\": \"3001-3004\"}",null,"Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval",14,6,null,"2024-07-10T00:00:00","5667f64b23cf48c94ff7413122bc56e5aad7e6a2"], [37538,"Control of Misinformation with Safety and Engagement Guarantees","[\"Arash Amini\", \"Y. E. Bayiz\", \"U. Topcu\"]","Misinformation (e.g., rumors and fake news) on social networks poses substantial threats in various domains, underscoring the urgent need for interventions to address misinformation propagation. We present an edge-based optimal control algorithm to minimize the spread of misinformation over social networks. The proposed algorithm preserves the level of information each network node receives while preventing rumors from going viral. We introduce a localized version of the algorithm to enable scaling to large networks. Localization is based on removing any connecting edges between two nodes in the underlying graph that exceed the predefined localization distance in the latent space, whereby the probability of interaction between the two nodes decays exponentially with the distance between them in the latent space. The proposed localized control algorithm compensates for the truncation errors and retains the baseline algorithm's guarantees while reducing computational complexity. Empirical studies applying the baseline algorithm on random spatial networks and its localized counterpart on large-scale social networks extracted from 100 million Twitter messages reduced the ratio of infected users by 8 % in synthetic networks and up to 6 % on real-world social networks while preserving the level of information each node receives and preventing viral rumors.","2024 American Control Conference (ACC)",null,"American Control Conference",30,1,"An edge-based optimal control algorithm to minimize the spread of misinformation over social networks and preserves the level of information each network node receives while preventing rumors from going viral is presented and a localized version of the algorithm is introduced to enable scaling to large networks.","2024-07-10T00:00:00","be6c7ab7e477ba50e4498bffd388b10834208843"], [37539,"Enhanced Detection of Misinformation Text-Based Fake News Analysis","[\"Divya J\", \"Ragul M\", \"R. S\"]","In today's digitally-driven society, fake news has become a common problem, spreading disinformation and having unfavorable effects. Addressing this issue poses several challenges, including the detection of nuanced language patterns, handling the large volume and variety of news content, and distinguishing between satire, misinformation, and genuine news. Recent techniques using machine learning have shown promise but often struggle with high false positive rates and scalability issues. This research work proposes a machine learning-based method for identifying false news that combines advanced feature selection, classification algorithms, and natural language processing approaches. The proposed method examines the textual content of news items and extracts pertinent characteristics such as sentiment analysis, metadata, source reliability, and language patterns. The proposed system uses feature selection techniques to identify the most informative features and reduce the dataset's dimensionality. Then, this study train and evaluate the model using a hybrid stacking classifier that integrates Random Forest, XGBoost, and Logistic regression, achieving high recall rates and precision. The proposed approach addresses the challenges of existing systems by improving accuracy and scalability, effectively recognizing and highlighting potentially misleading or inaccurate material to combat fake news.","2024 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Computing and Smart Systems (ICSCSS)",null,"2024 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Computing and Smart Systems (ICSCSS)",11,0,"This research work proposes a machine learning-based method for identifying false news that combines advanced feature selection, classification algorithms, and natural language processing approaches, and trains and evaluates the model using a hybrid stacking classifier that integrates Random Forest, XGBoost, and Logistic regression.","2024-07-10T00:00:00","78e8109ae90b38c4cbc2e22841dc4d8992b8bd03"], [37540,"Optimization-Based Countering of Misinformation on Social Networks","[\"Y. E. Bayiz\", \"U. Topcu\"]","False information is prevalent on social media platforms, necessitating effective countering methods to combat its spread. We propose an algorithm that reduces the false information spread while preserving the spread of correct information. We model the social media network as a random network of users in which each news item propagates in the network in consecutive cascades. Existing studies suggest that the cascade behaviors of misinformation and correct information are affected differently by user polarization and reflexivity. We show that this difference can be used to alter network dynamics in a way that selectively hinders the spread of misinformation content. To implement these alterations, we introduce an optimization-based probabilistic dropout method that randomly removes connections between users to achieve minimal propagation of misinformation. We test the algorithm's effectiveness using simulated social networks. In our tests, we use both synthetic network structures based on stochastic block models, and natural network structures that are generated using random sampling of data collected from Twitter. The results show that on average the algorithm decreases the cascade size of misinformation content by up to 70% in synthetic network tests and up to 45% in natural network tests while maintaining a branching ratio of at least 1.5 for correct information.","2024 American Control Conference (ACC)",null,"American Control Conference",27,0,"An optimization-based probabilistic dropout method is introduced that randomly removes connections between users to achieve minimal propagation of misinformation and shows that on average the algorithm decreases the cascade size of misinformation content.","2024-07-10T00:00:00","944a0cb26b9aa8087f45747f0b3b194f1845687c"], [37541,"Leveraging LLMs for Detecting and Modeling the Propagation of Misinformation in Social Networks","[\"Payel Santra\"]",null,"{\"pages\": \"3073\"}",null,"Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval",1,1,null,"2024-07-10T00:00:00","5349c13003c3b0944c7e2d843cdbdc99914c5941"], [37542,"Misinformation Mitigation Praxis: Lessons Learned and Future Directions from Co·Insights","[\"Scott A. Hale\", \"Venkata Rama Kiran Garimella\", \"Shiri Dori-Hacohen\"]",null,"{\"pages\": \"2852-2854\"}",null,"Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval",4,0,null,"2024-07-10T00:00:00","2ec42a4a0845aa0ce84bd866dc37659b62807894"], [37543,"African Democracy in the Era of Generative Disinformation: Challenges and Countermeasures against AI-Generated Propaganda","[\"Chinasa T. Okolo\"]","In light of prominent discourse around the negative implications of generative AI, an emerging area of research is investigating the current and estimated impacts of AI-generated propaganda on African citizens participating in elections. Throughout Africa, there have already been suspected cases of AI-generated propaganda influencing electoral outcomes or precipitating coups in countries like Nigeria, Burkina Faso, and Gabon, underscoring the need for comprehensive research in this domain. This paper aims to highlight the risks associated with the spread of generative AI-driven disinformation within Africa while concurrently examining the roles of government, civil society, academia, and the general public in the responsible development, practical use, and robust governance of AI. To understand how African governments might effectively counteract the impact of AI-generated propaganda, this paper presents case studies illustrating the current usage of generative AI for election-related propaganda in Africa. Subsequently, this paper discusses efforts by fact-checking organisations to mitigate the negative impacts of disinformation, explores the potential for new initiatives to actively engage citizens in literacy efforts to combat disinformation spread, and advocates for increased governmental regulatory measures. Overall, this research seeks to increase comprehension of the potential ramifications of AI-generated propaganda on democratic processes within Africa and propose actionable strategies for stakeholders to address these multifaceted challenges.","ArXiv",null,"arXiv.org",6,1,"To understand how African governments might effectively counteract the impact of AI-generated propaganda, this paper presents case studies illustrating the current usage of generative AI for election-related propaganda in Africa.","2024-07-10T00:00:00","e2def90edcc9a8383a2d8c0a0c20b6acec9e858e"], [37544,"Japanese mainstream media and the challenge of gendered disinformation","[\"Charl\\u00e8ne Clonts\"]",null,"Media Asia",null,"Media Asia",2,0,null,"2024-07-10T00:00:00","1659662666ec0995cf3fde58820e5f650f38a9c4"], [37545,"The web of Big Lies: state-sponsored disinformation in Iran","[\"Shahram Akbarzadeh\", \"Amin Naeni\", \"Galib Bashirov\", \"Ihsan Yilmaz\"]",null,"Contemporary Politics",null,"Contemporary Politics",25,0,null,"2024-07-10T00:00:00","374a3a3ff9626bbcf05472466de714a94001de0d"], [37546,"Search, Examine and Early-Termination: Fake News Detection with Annotation-Free Evidences","[\"Yuzhou Yang\", \"Yangming Zhou\", \"Qichao Ying\", \"Zhenxing Qian\", \"Xinpeng Zhang\"]","Pioneer researches recognize evidences as crucial elements in fake news detection apart from patterns. Existing evidence-aware methods either require laborious pre-processing procedures to assure relevant and high-quality evidence data, or incorporate the entire spectrum of available evidences in all news cases, regardless of the quality and quantity of the retrieved data. In this paper, we propose an approach named \\textbf{SEE} that retrieves useful information from web-searched annotation-free evidences with an early-termination mechanism. The proposed SEE is constructed by three main phases: \\textbf{S}earching online materials using the news as a query and directly using their titles as evidences without any annotating or filtering procedure, sequentially \\textbf{E}xamining the news alongside with each piece of evidence via attention mechanisms to produce new hidden states with retrieved information, and allowing \\textbf{E}arly-termination within the examining loop by assessing whether there is adequate confidence for producing a correct prediction. We have conducted extensive experiments on datasets with unprocessed evidences, i.e., Weibo21, GossipCop, and pre-processed evidences, namely Snopes and PolitiFact. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art approaches.","{\"pages\": \"1463-1470\"}",null,"European Conference on Artificial Intelligence",89,0,"An approach that retrieves useful information from web-searched annotation-free evidences with an early-termination mechanism that outperforms state-of-the-art approaches is proposed.","2024-07-10T00:00:00","d85f16e1285fad7ea187a4815275bc345345f839"], [37547,"Assessment order and faking behavior","[\"Brett L. Wallace\", \"Gary N. Burns\"]","Personality testing is a critical component of organizational assessment and selection processes. Despite nearly a century of research recognizing faking as a concern in personality assessment, the impact of order effects on faking has not been thoroughly examined. This study investigates whether the sequence of administering personality and cognitive ability measures affects the extent of faking. Previous research suggests administering personality measures early in the assessment process to mitigate adverse impact; however, models of faking behavior and signaling theory imply that test order could influence faking. In two simulated applicant laboratory studies (Study 1 N = 172, Study 2 N = 174), participants were randomly assigned to complete personality measures either before or after cognitive ability tests. Results indicate that participants who completed personality assessments first exhibited significantly higher levels of faking compared to those who took cognitive ability tests first. These findings suggest that the order of test administration influences faking, potentially due to the expenditure of cognitive resources during cognitive ability assessments. To enhance the integrity of selection procedures, administrators should consider the sequence of test administration to mitigate faking and improve the accuracy of personality assessments. This study also underscores the need for continued exploration of contextual factors influencing faking behavior. Future research should investigate the mechanisms driving these order effects and develop strategies to reduce faking in personality assessments.","International Journal of Selection and Assessment",null,"International Journal of Selection and Assessment",29,0,null,"2024-07-10T00:00:00","8b511ef3c043df1ba7e6a4d25984af2909c72fc8"], [37548,"HIV and hepatitis C virus-related misinformation may contribute to rising rates of infection and suboptimal clinical outcomes among persons with substance use.","[\"Alejandro De La Hoz\", \"Kristin Graves\", \"Judith A. Bernstein\", \"S. A. Assoumou\"]","HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection rates among persons, who use drugs, have risen during the US overdose crisis. We elicited patient perspectives about these interconnected infections to identify the areas of misinformation that might prevent appropriate management. We used in-depth interviews and thematic analysis of coded data collected from patients (N = 24) at detox and from key informants (N = 10). Seventy-one per cent reported injecting drugs. We found that patient narratives included misinformation about HIV and HCV transmission, natural history and treatment. Some participants thought that activities such as sharing drinkware or food with persons with HIV could lead to infection, while others believed that mainly men who have sex with men were at risk. Despite significant improvements in treatment, some participants still believed that HIV was a fatal condition, while others noted that treatment was only necessary at later stages. Some participants thought that HCV was a common, mild infection that might not need immediate attention, and others stated that individuals who were actively using drugs were ineligible for treatment. The current study exposes a considerable level of misinformation about HIV prevention and about the importance and benefits of HCV therapy. Educational interventions are necessary to counter misinformation identified.","AIDS care",null,"AIDS Care",25,0,"A considerable level of misinformation about HIV prevention and about the importance and benefits of HCV therapy is exposed and educational interventions are necessary to counter misinformation identified.","2024-07-11T00:00:00","9cb5232a240d0e0e5781cd47241f405c3982d25c"], [37549,"Finding \"fake\" in the news: the relationship between social media use, political knowledge, epistemic political efficacy and fake news literacy","[\"Bingbing Zhang\", \"A. Holton\", \"H. G. D. Z\\u00fa\\u00f1iga\"]","PurposeIn the past few years, research focusing on misinformation, referred to broadly as fake news, has experienced revived attention. Past studies have focused on explaining the ways in which people correct it online and on social media. However, fewer studies have dealt with the ways in which people are able to identify fake news (i.e. fake news literacy). This study contributes to the latter by theoretically connect people’s general social media use, political knowledge and political epistemic efficacy with individuals’ fake news literacy levels.Design/methodology/approachA diverse and representative two-wave panel survey in the United States was conducted (June 2019 for Wave 1, October 2019 for Wave 2). We performed cross-sectional, lagged and autoregressive regression analyses to examined how social media us, people’s political knowledge and political epistemic efficacy are related to their fake news literacy.FindingsResults suggest that the more people used social media, were politically knowledgeable and considered they were able to find the truth in politics (i.e. epistemic political efficacy), the more likely they were to discern whether the news is fake. Implications of helping media outlets and policy makers be better positioned to provide the public with corrective action mechanisms in the struggle against fake news are discussed.Research limitations/implicationsThe measurement instrument employed in the study relies on subjects’ self-assessment, as opposed to unobtrusive trace (big) digital data, which may not completely capture the nuances of people’s social media news behaviors.Practical implicationsThis study sheds light on how the way people understand politics and gain confidence in finding political truth may be key elements when confronting and discerning fake news. With the help of these results, journalists, media outlets and policymakers may be better positioned to provide citizens with efficient, preemptive and corrective action mechanisms in the struggle against misinformation.Originality/valueRecent literature highlights the importance of literacy education to contest fake news, but little is known about what specific mechanisms would contribute to foster and reinvigorate people’s fake news literacy. This study helps address this gap.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/OIR-03-2024-0140","Online Inf. Rev.",null,"Online information review (Print)",52,0,null,"2024-07-11T00:00:00","afb36d0bc3d0e57b5edffe36b6dc9cddacbadf5b"], [37550,"Freedom of expression\n after\n disinformation: Towards a new paradigm for the right to receive information","[\"P. Cavaliere\"]",null,"Journal of Media Law",null,"Journal of Media Law",0,0,null,"2024-07-11T00:00:00","acd04fc4771d3bc1e5b11593e53006069ead6bf4"], [37551,"Unveiling the Potential of BERTopic for Multilingual Fake News Analysis - Use Case: Covid-19","[\"Karla Sch\\u00e4fer\", \"Jeong-Eun Choi\", \"Inna Vogel\", \"Martin Steinebach\"]","Topic modeling is frequently being used for analysing large text corpora such as news articles or social media data. BERTopic, consisting of sentence embedding, dimension reduction, clustering, and topic extraction, is the newest and currently the SOTA topic modeling method. However, current topic modeling methods have room for improvement because, as unsupervised methods, they require careful tuning and selection of hyperparameters, e.g., for dimension reduction and clustering. This paper aims to analyse the technical application of BERTopic in practice. For this purpose, it compares and selects different methods and hyperparameters for each stage of BERTopic through density based clustering validation and six different topic coherence measures. Moreover, it also aims to analyse the results of topic modeling on real world data as a use case. For this purpose, the German fake news dataset (GermanFakeNCovid) on Covid-19 was created by us and in order to experiment with topic modeling in a multilingual (English and German) setting combined with the FakeCovid dataset. With the final results, we were able to determine thematic similarities between the United States and Germany. Whereas, distinguishing the topics of fake news from India proved to be more challenging.","ArXiv",null,"arXiv.org",31,0,"This paper compares and selects different methods and hyperparameters for each stage of BERTopic through density based clustering validation and six different topic coherence measures and aims to analyse the results of topic modeling on real world data as a use case.","2024-07-11T00:00:00","9f1074160a4849c34ca88ba0d1819e68f12e73a4"], [37552,"The undeclared use of third-party service providers in academic publishing is unethical: an epistemic reflection and scoping review","[\"J. A. Teixeira da Silva\", \"T. Daly\", \"J. C. T\\u00fcrp\", \"Bernhard A Sabel\", \"G. Kendall\"]",null,"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology",null,"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology",85,2,null,"2024-07-11T00:00:00","a3000f54dd5816e317e0cf9f6cf1d20c2e9200df"], [37553,"FACT-CHECKING IN THE AGE OF MISINFORMATION: LINGUISTIC STRATEGIES FOR ACCURATE REPORTING","[\"Chelsi Aprilia Ashari\", \"Firna Apriani\", \"Ainun Jariyah\", \"Fadia Rezky Amelia\", \"Safitri Rahmadani Suraj\", \"Helsa Zein\"]","Fact-checking journalism has become a common practice to counteract misinformation. In an era of widespread disinformation, the factuality of information is crucial. This research explores linguistic strategies for fact-checking accurate reporting. With a focus on factuality, linguistic approaches are analyzed to identify effective methods in combating misinformation. Specifically, we studied whether there are differences in perceptions based on Linguistic Strategies for Accurate Reporting, dan how often fact-checkers conduct fact-checking. It integrates linguistic understanding with journalism practice to strengthen the reliability of information presented to the public.","PRIMACY Journal of English Education and Literacy",null,"PRIMACY Journal of English Education and Literacy",1,0,null,"2024-07-12T00:00:00","49b48021f97056a9928cfbea16ecb49767131c55"], [37554,"“Falsehoods Fly: Why Misinformation Spreads and How to Stop It” by Paul Thagard. Columbia University Press","[\"Eric B. Winsberg\"]",null,"The Journal of Value Inquiry",null,"Journal of Value Inquiry",0,3,null,"2024-07-13T00:00:00","8557c0ec7142aba5b9245b057b8ed3ceb246f486"], [37555,"Detecting Diabetes Misinformation: Leveraging Medical Expertise and NLP Models for Effective Detection","[\"Ebraam Hani Aziz\", \"Ahmed Abdelmalek Samir Ibrahim\", \"Abdelrahman Mohamed Said\", \"Magi Hossam\", \"Mohamed Tharwat Waheed\"]","The proliferation of health-related misinformation on social media, particularly regarding diabetes, poses a substantial threat to public health decision-making and awareness. This study addresses the challenge of identifying false information about diabetes on Arabic social media platforms. A comprehensive dataset was collected directly from these platforms, with the verification of data authenticity conducted by medical professionals who accurately labeled the information. We subsequently evaluated various machine learning models for their effectiveness in detecting misinformation, achieving notable accuracy. Furthermore, the study incorporated an advanced Large Language Model (LLM), specifically GPT-4, to assess its proficiency in identifying fake news relative to the evaluations by our medical team. The findings highlight the efficacy of integrating human expertise with artificial intelligence to enhance the detection and mitigation of misleading health information.","2024 Intelligent Methods, Systems, and Applications (IMSA)",null,"Internet, Multimedia Systems and Applications",9,0,"The challenge of identifying false information about diabetes on Arabic social media platforms is addressed and the efficacy of integrating human expertise with artificial intelligence to enhance the detection and mitigation of misleading health information is highlighted.","2024-07-13T00:00:00","701f205d148630913ef33e9447bc935a7f2d6e00"], [37556,"Parody Facebook Accounts as Facilitators of Fake News: Perceptions of South Africa","[\"Tumelo Matome Modiba\"]","The purpose of this study was to examine the use of Facebook as a platform for reporting fake news. Researchers investigated the following problem: Facebook users tend to disseminate fake news, adversely affecting the credibility of content posted on Facebook as factual information. Facebook is misused by individuals who post fake news fabricated to degrade the integrity and credibility of others. However, organizations and other community groups are also drawn to the platform because it connects them to the public in valuable ways. This occurs as participation increases and the amount of data generated improves the platform's ability to advise, recommend, and share information among all parties. Therefore, the study was underpinned by practice theories. An exploratory research design was implemented to provide a strong and robust connection between a cause and an outcome. This exploration represents how Facebook users tend to use this platform to address social problems and their attitudes toward each other, as it was originally meant for socialization, entertainment, and education. Hence, the need to inquire about the use of Facebook for fake news was qualitatively researched. For the data collection process, semi-structured interviews were conducted with Facebook users. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data and develop themes. The key conclusion of the study is that there has been an increase in the quantity of fake news on Facebook across the country. This study aims to theoretically contribute to the existing body of knowledge in media and communication studies. It indicates that in the future, researchers will discover current knowledge regarding parody Facebook profiles as facilitators of fake news perceptions from Polokwane Municipality, Limpopo South, in the field of media and communication studies.","Innovation Journal of Social Sciences and Economic Review",null,"Innovation Journal of Social Sciences and Economic Review",17,0,null,"2024-07-13T00:00:00","16f7765913c1855786b12b296cb1a424036c6ee0"], [37557,"AI’s Bipolar Effect on Mitigating and Motivating Frauds","[]","In the time of digital innovation, Artificial Intelligence (AI) stands at the forefront, signaling new capabilities in fraud management but also new vulnerabilities. This paper aims to dissect AI's paradoxical influence on fraud, portraying its roles in both promoting and mitigating fraudulent activities. The research seeks to bridge the gap in understanding the dual nature of AI, highlighting the need for ethical and regulatory frameworks to traverse the complications AI introduces into fraud detection and prevention. Utilising secondary data from Google News and academic databases with the keyword 'AI fraud,' this study adopts a keyword-based analysis to sift through the most relevant literature. The approach is designed to capture a comprehensive snapshot of the current discourse, underlining the bipolar impact of AI on fraud. The analysis reveals AI's significant potential in enhancing fraud detection systems through rapid data analysis and pattern recognition. However, AI technologies can be exploited to facilitate sophisticated fraud schemes. The study underscores an urgent need for evolving practices and policies that counteract AI's potential for misuse, weighing in the emerging concept of self-regulatory AI systems as a promising direction for future research. This paper contributes insights into the dualistic role of AI in fraud, adding depth to the discourse on its implications for security, ethical considerations, and regulatory challenges. It advocates for a balanced perspective on AI's capabilities.","Recent trends in Management and Commerce",null,"Recent trends in Management and Commerce",4,0,"Insight is added into the dualistic role of AI in fraud, adding depth to the discourse on its implications for security, ethical considerations, and regulatory challenges, and advocates for a balanced perspective on AI's capabilities.","2024-07-13T00:00:00","bea89dab828e97d882e3dfb9ebb89819584a6047"], [37558,"Challenges of Truth-telling to Patients and Their Families: A Qualitative Study","[\"Soore Khaki\", \"M. Hosseini\", \"F. Mohammadi-shahboulaghi\", \"G\\u00fclbeyaz Can\", \"Masoud Fallahi-Khoshknab\"]","Background: The issue of truth-telling by healthcare providers is critically important, and it has legal and ethical implications. Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the perceptions and preferences of patients, families, and healthcare providers related to truth disclosure to identify barriers to this important aspect of communication. Methods: A total of 27 participants (4 patients, 7 family members, 4 physicians, and 12 nurses) were recruited by purposeful sampling. Data were collected through in-depth, semi-structured interviews and analyzed by qualitative thematic analysis. Results: Three main themes and eight sub-themes emerged from the data: (1) truth shock: Patient inability to face the truth, family inability to handle the truth; (2) secrecy during treatment and recovery: Withholding critical information from patients and families; family confusion about the patient’s condition; families preventing truth disclosure to the patient; family fear of the truth’s impact on the patient; and (3) patient's right to information: Lack of patient awareness of their rights; the importance of informing patients about their condition. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that healthcare providers can deliver bad news to patients and their families more effectively and satisfyingly using an approach based on culture, patient preferences, and ethical values","International Journal of Cancer Management",null,"International Journal of Cancer Management",19,0,"The findings of this study suggest that healthcare providers can deliver bad news to patients and their families more effectively and satisfyingly using an approach based on culture, patient preferences, and ethical values.","2024-07-14T00:00:00","494f4231978c03a6e941c9fe6de47050eab7b0a9"], [37559,"Discursive authority in COVID-19 vaccination fact-checking: the case of @butantanoficial on Instagram","[\"Augusto Vinicius de Oliveira\", \"Gabriel Guimar\\u00e3es Alexandre\", \"F. Komesu\", \"Juliana Alves Assis\", \"C\\u00e9dric Fluckiger\"]","From the theoretical-methodological perspective of New Literacy Studies and French Discourse Analysis, this paper aims to investigate discursive strategies employed by Butantan Institute in publications aimed at debunking dis- or misinformation about COVID-19 vaccination in Brazil. The corpus consists of 32 visual-verbal textual productions (posts) published by the @butantanoficial profile on the digital social network Instagram in the years 2020, 2021, 2022, and 2023. The hypothesis, grounded in the studies of Amossy (2022), is that over these years, the Institute has made various attempts to establish authority in the discourse surrounding COVID-19 vaccination, particularly concerning the possession of what would be perceived as “true statements” about vaccination, in contrast to “false statements”, within a context of disinformation and fake news. The results highlight the prioritization of strategies in the discursive construction and re-elaboration of an ethos closely tied to different demands from the public as well as to interests of the Institute itself, across various stages of the COVID-19 pandemic.","Revista do GEL",null,"Revista do GEL",0,0,null,"2024-07-15T00:00:00","efcd7fe550dd9e48e4c252a8575e5e2f212a641e"], [37560,"Unveiling Scaling Laws in the Regulatory Functions of Reddit","[\"Shambhobi Bhattacharya\", \"Jisung Yoon\", \"Hyejin Youn\"]","Online platforms like Reddit, Wikipedia, and Facebook are integral to modern life, enabling content creation and sharing through posts, comments, and discussions. Despite their virtual and often anonymous nature, these platforms need rules and oversight to maintain a safe and productive environment. As these communities grow, a key question arises: how does the need for regulatory functions scale? Do larger groups require more regulatory actions and oversight per person, or can they manage with less? Our analysis of Reddit's regulatory functions reveals robust scaling relationships across different subreddits, suggesting universal patterns between community size and the amount of regulation needed. We found that the number of comments and moderator actions, such as comment removals, grew faster than the community size, with superlinear exponents of 1.12 and 1.18, respectively. However, bot-based rule enforcement did not keep pace with community growth, exhibiting a slightly sublinear exponent of 0.95. Further analysis of the residuals from these scaling behaviors identified a 'trade-off axis,' where one-way coordination mechanisms (bots and moderators) counteract two-way interactions (comments) and vice versa. Our findings suggest that a more proactive moderation approach, characterized by increased bot activity and moderator comment removals, tends to result in less user engagement under the scaling framework. Understanding these natural scaling patterns and interactions can help platform administrators and policymakers foster healthy online communities while mitigating harmful behaviors such as harassment, doxxing, and misinformation. Without proper regulation, these negative behaviors can proliferate and cause significant damage. Targeted interventions based on these insights are key to ensuring online platforms remain safe and beneficial spaces.","ArXiv",null,"arXiv.org",44,0,"Analysis of Reddit's regulatory functions reveals robust scaling relationships across different subreddits, suggesting universal patterns between community size and the amount of regulation needed, and suggests that a more proactive moderation approach, characterized by increased bot activity and moderator comment removals, tends to result in less user engagement under the scaling framework.","2024-07-15T00:00:00","6f33ab26d0eb9429bdb97f42ec48e15b987ea105"], [37561,"Disinformation and media trust in the south of Europe. A moderated mediation model","[\"Aurken Sierra\", \"Mar\\u00eda Fernanda Novoa Jaso\", \"Javier Serrano-Puche\"]","Nuestro estudio explora cómo el tipo de fuente de noticias actúa como factor mediador en la relación entre la preocupación de las personas por la desinformación y su confianza general en los medios de comunicación. Además, examinamos cómo la ideología de una persona influye en su elección de fuentes de noticias y, en última instancia, en su confianza en las noticias en general. Para ello, examinamos los datos del Digital News Report 2022 (N= 10.106) para cinco mercados de noticias: Francia (N= 2059), Grecia (N= 2004), Italia (N= 2004), Portugal (N= 2011) y España (N= 2028). Los resultados confirman que la ideología desempeña un papel moderador en las relaciones entre «preocupación por la desinformación», «confianza en los medios» y «tipo de fuente mediática» Una mayor preocupación por la desinformación disminuye significativamente la confianza en las noticias. Además, los individuos altamente preocupados por la desinformación tienden a aumentar su consumo de medios de comunicación tradicionales. Esta investigación presenta un modelo moderado que explica cómo interactúan estos diversos factores para conformar la confianza en los medios de comunicación.","index.comunicación",null,"Index Comunicación",0,0,null,"2024-07-15T00:00:00","74a9ed28a4ef771e7987b34466abe07dc447575a"], [37562,"Disinformation and Narrative Building: A Study on Chinese Local Applications","[\"Lidan Liu\", \"Fuli Liu\"]","The current research aimed to measure the impact of information source, information channel, information verification,and information community response on narrative building in China. The motivation of this research was to provide recommendations to reduce the spread of fake information on social media platforms, which can harm the community. The population of this study was Chinese, and a sample of 390 respondents was considered for research findings. Partial Least Square – Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM) was used to analyze data. The research empirically confirmed that information sources, information channels, information verification, and information community response are significant in narrative building in China. The findings of this research contributed to the inconclusive discussion by the previous studies in the literature. The study practically recommends the findings focus on information source, channel, verification, and community response before working on it","Profesional de la información",null,"El Profesional de la Informacion",0,0,"The research empirically confirmed that information sources, information channels, information verification, and information community response are significant in narrative building in China.","2024-07-15T00:00:00","4fe8504eb6748eecfc94d8f861e13eae5fc7de38"], [37563,"Stop the spread: Empowering students to address misinformation through community‐engaged, interdisciplinary science communication training","[\"Shelby M. Cagle\", \"Ashley A. Anderson\", \"Nicole C. Kelp\"]","Teaching science in an age of disinformation and misinformation requires empowering students to address inaccurate information in evidence‐based ways. Science communication scholarship highlights the growing importance of inclusive and relational approaches for addressing misinformation. Thus, we developed, implemented, and evaluated an interdisciplinary, graduate‐level course for students in STEM, journalism/communication, and public health to learn to address misinformation using community‐engaged, evidence‐based approaches. We used the Theory of Planned Behavior as a theoretical framework for our mixed‐methods analysis of the efficacy of this course, assessing both the behaviors that students planned to utilize in community‐engaged science communication to address misinformation, as well as the attitudes, norms, and perceived behavioral control that influenced these planned behaviors. Quantitative self‐report metrics indicated that this curriculum increased students' subjective norms for misinformation correction as well as perceived behavioral control of science communication and science civic engagement. Thematic analysis of qualitative student interview data showed that the course helped students increase their plans for inclusive approaches to addressing misinformation. This study indicates the importance of community‐engaged curriculum to develop the mindset and self‐efficacy necessary for scientists‐in‐training to address misinformation in their communities.","Journal of Research in Science Teaching",null,"Journal of Research in Science Teaching",126,1,null,"2024-07-16T00:00:00","16374c756b287ab882d8ecaff0f2a0526785126a"], [37564,"A Matter of Misunderstanding? Explaining (Mis)Perceptions of Electoral Integrity across 25 Different Nations","[\"R. Vliegenthart\", \"Carolien van Ham\", \"S. Kruikemeier\", \"K. Jacobs\"]","Abstract In this paper, we investigate how trust in traditional and social media correlate with misperceptions of electoral integrity. Relying on insights from political communication research on exposure to misinformation and selective exposure mechanisms, as well as insights on the different roles of traditional and social media in different regime types, we argue that misperceptions of election integrity are likely driven in large part by the interplay between the trust people have in different media sources and the context (i.e., the level of press freedom) in which the elections take place. Using data from a survey conducted in 25 countries across the world, we find that trust in information from traditional media decreases misperceptions, while trust in information from social media increases misperceptions. However, both these effects are smaller when press freedom is restricted. In countries with low levels of press freedom, trust in social media is even associated with lower levels of misperceptions.","Public Opinion Quarterly",null,"Public Opinion Quarterly",41,1,null,"2024-07-16T00:00:00","f01465df0f2ce5dbbc91d15315590be161d8787c"], [37565,"Disinformation against Crimean Tatars in Russian Social Media","[\"L. Bidochko\"]","This article examines the persistence of Tatarophobia against Crimean Tatars in the Russian segment of social media during the first year of the full-scale invasion (24 February 2022–24 February 2023). A total of 4,435 posts from various social media platforms, including Facebook, Odnoklassniki, Telegram, Twitter, and Vkontakte, were analysed. The discourse predominantly echoes Russia’s imperial and Soviet-era narratives, along with xenophobic and oppressive rhetoric exacerbated by the full-fledged invasion. The propaganda seeks to cultivate a negative perception of Crimean Tatars as an ethnic community, manipulating cultural and historical aspects related to them. Additionally, it endeavours to construct an adversarial image of relations between Ukraine and the Crimean Tatars, as well as of Ukraine’s current policies. Russian special services perceive the capacity of Crimean Tatars to self-organize, establish volunteer units, or organize blockades as a threat. The propaganda effort not only fosters harassment and hate speech but also encourages peninsula residents to view them as “unreliable elements” deserving of suppression.","Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe",null,"Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe",43,0,null,"2024-07-16T00:00:00","612f96420205e7685002507ca9bbb700a7e0013c"], [37566,"The influence of threat and right-wing authoritarianism on the selection of online (dis)information—a conceptual replication and extension of Lavine et al. (2005)","[\"L. Klebba\", \"Stephan Winter\"]","\n Over the decades, communication research has investigated the situational and personal conditions under which people particularly prefer attitude-consistent over attitude-inconsistent content (confirmation bias). In a central study, Lavine et al. (2005) [Lavine, H., Lodge, M., & Freitas, K. (2005). Authoritarianism, threat, and motivated reasoning. Political Psychology, 26(2), 219–244.] examined how right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and threat cause bias when processing political information. Their laboratory experiment suggested that right-wing authoritarians prefer attitude-consistent information in the presence of a threat. Given new crisis environments accompanied by various threats, we re-examined this interaction effect and conceptually replicated Lavine et al.'s central hypothesis in a contemporary media environment. In an online experiment (N = 1,118), we focused on selective exposure to verified news and disinformation and tracked participants’ selection unobtrusively. Contrary to expectations, the interaction between different threats and RWA did not increase selective exposure to attitude-consistent (dis)information. The results challenge the hypothesis’ underlying framework and make it necessary to consider new ways of advancing the theoretical model.","Human Communication Research",null,"Human Communication Research",16,0,null,"2024-07-16T00:00:00","9bd01077865cf9260123a53611636dcad40d5484"], [37567,"Desinformación y memética: réplica y mutación del argumentario antivacunas en contenidos informativos","[\"Cande S\\u00e1nchez-Olmos\", \"Ra\\u00fal Rodr\\u00edguez-Ferr\\u00e1ndiz\", \"T. Hidalgo Mar\\u00ed\"]","La desinformación sobre la vacunación es tan antigua como el origen de las vacunas que surgieron a finales del siglo XVIII, su alcance es transnacional y ha supuesto un reto no solo para el orden informativo, sino también para la salud pública, especialmente durante la pandemia de la Covid-19. A pesar de que las fake news difundidas por los antivacunas fueron desmentidas durante epidemias previas, las antiguas ideas contra la vacunación resucitaron en un ecosistema digital hipermedia que multiplicó la réplica de la desinformación, especialmente durante la pandemia. Se persigue conocer si existen características meméticas en la desinformación difundida por los antivacunas contemporáneos en una muestra de contenidos de desinformación tanto del siglo XIX como de la actualidad. Primeramente, se documenta el origen del movimiento antivacunas. Seguidamente se describen formatos y medios de difusión de desinformación desde el origen hasta la Covid-19. Finalmente, se extraen argumentos antivacunas del siglo XIX y se comparan con los actuales aplicando la teoría memética de Dawkins. Se concluye que las ideas antivacunas actuales contienen características meméticas de los argumentos del XIX que se han replicado en fake news, bulos, redes sociales y vallas publicitarias resucitando una desinformación que ha erosionado la credibilidad de la vacunación. Concretamente, el argumentario antivacunas es longevo, porque persiste con ideas similares en la actualidad, especialmente fecundo, por la capacidad de réplica que ofrece los medios digitales interactivos, pero menos fidedigno, porque las ideas antivacunas han mutado adaptándose al contexto social actual","Cuadernos de Documentación Multimedia",null,"Cuadernos de Documentación Multimedia",10,0,null,"2024-07-16T00:00:00","2988c1674976991fa5c7815dca78b6d8ff850540"], [37568,"mRNA Vaccine Hesitancy: Spreading Misinformation Through Online Narratives.","[\"Hilary K Fussell Sisco\", \"John Brummette\"]","This research examined the themes that emerge from online discussions of the COVID-19 vaccines to assist health communicators and officials in combating misinformation in health-related discussions. Using framing theory and the diffusion of innovation framework, this study presents findings from a semantic network analysis of 3842 tweets collected during the first week of February 2022. The authors calculated betweenness and page rank centrality scores for Twitter users participating in the online dialogue and identified 36 semantic themes. Findings revealed that the most influential dialogue participants were retired health and medical professionals, data analysts, journalists, online advocates, and politicians. The frames identified in the study contained several misinformation narratives about the COVID-19 vaccines. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for health officials and communicators as well as the theoretical implications of the diffusion of misinformation and framing as a tool to reiterate untruths.","Journal of health communication",null,"Journal of health communication",43,1,"Findings from a semantic network analysis of 3842 tweets collected during the first week of February 2022 revealed that the most influential dialogue participants were retired health and medical professionals, data analysts, journalists, online advocates, and politicians.","2024-07-17T00:00:00","f3122d3655ee80ef4364c85a060b7a9c0a9ed4c6"], [37569,"Polarization and Misinformation: Anticipating Early Signs of Potential Fake News on Social Media","[\"C. Comito\"]","Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram are just a few examples of social media platforms where individuals share news worldwide. However, the content circulating on these platforms is often unverified and become susceptible to spreading false or misleading news, manipulating user opinions. Identifying such misinformation is vital yet challenging, given its potential to cover a wide range of topics. Polarization among users and confirmation bias are pivotal factors in the dissemination of misinformation across online social media platforms. Leveraging this understanding, our objective is to identify potential targets susceptible to fake news. In this paper, we present a frame-work designed to identify polarizing content on social media, thereby facilitating the prediction of forthcoming fake news topics. In light of this scenario, it becomes essential to discern the predominant topics being discussed on social media and comprehend individuals' perspectives, viewpoints, and sentiments through sentiment analysis of user engagements related to these topics. In addressing this challenge, this paper presents a novel method for conducting sentiment analysis that is attuned to the ongoing topics of discussion. The objective is to analyze Twitter conversations and pinpoint false information. A semi-supervised approach that integrates false information detection with a sentiment-aware topic modeling algorithm has been proposed. Different types of features are extracted, including linguistic and sentiment ones, and exploited by state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms to classify a real-world dataset pertaining to COVID-19. Results demonstrate a significant enhancement in accuracy on average of 15%, with the incorporation of the polarized topic detection task in our model.","2024 15th International Conference on Information, Intelligence, Systems & Applications (IISA)",null,"International Conference on Information, Intelligence, Systems and Applications",9,0,"A semi-supervised approach that integrates false information detection with a sentiment-aware topic modeling algorithm has been proposed and results demonstrate a significant enhancement in accuracy on average of 15%, with the incorporation of the polarized topic detection task in the model.","2024-07-17T00:00:00","29f579cb461fb43d12ed31f3781b42eb53add5c2"], [37570,"Examining the Effectiveness of Fact-Checking Tools on Social Media in Reducing the Spread of Misinformation","[\"Mansor Alohali\"]","Misinformation on social media poses a significant threat to individuals and society. This study examines the effectiveness of in-platform fact-checking tools in reducing the spread of misinformation. To this extent an online survey was conducted to assess individuals' awareness of misinformation and fact-checking tools, their behavior toward social media, and how it impacts their exposure to misinformation and the sharing of misinformation. The authors found a concerning reliance on social media as a primary news source, highlighting the need for readily available verification mechanisms. Encouragingly, awareness of misinformation correlated with fact-checking tool use. Participants utilizing fact-checking tools reported encountering less misinformation. Notably, participants with higher education displayed greater concern about misinformation. This study demonstrates the potential of fact-checking tools, particularly among educated individuals, but emphasizes the need for a multi-pronged approach. This includes improved tools, awareness campaigns, critical thinking skill development, and fostering a culture of inquiry.","International Journal of E-Adoption",null,"International Journal of E-Adoption (IJEA)",54,0,"The authors found a concerning reliance on social media as a primary news source, highlighting the need for readily available verification mechanisms and the need for a multi-pronged approach.","2024-07-17T00:00:00","54be8cdc72ba37a787f5a7bf44a29408f0843296"], [37571,"Profile, Incidence, and Perspectives of Disinformation among Ecuadorians","[\"Abel Suing\", \"J. Su\\u00e1rez-Villegas\"]","The phenomenon of disinformation raises serious questions for society, affecting public trust and democratic stability. In this context, an attempt is made to configure a profile of the practices of identification and fight against disinformation, assess the incidence of social networks, and identify citizens’ perceptions of media literacy in Ecuador. The methodology used is quantitative and qualitative, with a descriptive approach, using a survey, interviews with experts, and focus groups. The converging points between experts and citizens are the need to develop media literacy processes that begin in basic education and the institutionalisation of the fight against disinformation, which should be assumed through an articulation between citizens and schools. On the other hand, training to identify fake news is directly related to information verification practices. Likewise, statistical evidence shows that Ecuadorians who verify information perceive themselves as fully informed citizens.","Journalism and Media",null,"Journalism and Media",59,2,null,"2024-07-17T00:00:00","89ebc8ef69b7fa76e95126f7b6bc6bfd2c8fb2fa"], [37572,"Examining Social Actors in Investment Fraud News: A Transitivity and Appraisal Analysis","[\"Eny Maulita Purnama Sari\", \"R. Santosa\", \"D. Djatmika\", \"T. Wiratno\"]","This study examined media-framed investment fraud issues through critical discourse analysis (CDA) by Fairclough (1995). It analyzed the impact of context on text, employing van Dijk's (2009) theory of news discourse and van Leeuwen's (2008) framework for social actors (SAs) in investment fraud news, they were the affiliate (AF), the investor (IF), and the police (PL). Transitivity analysis (TA) was used to assess power relationships, while the appraisal system (AS) was used to identify SA’s attitudes. Framing served various purposes, enhancing salience in news contexts. In investment fraud news, the AF was portrayed as a target with immoral attitudes, the IF as un/fortunate behavers, and the PL as trustworthy sayers. The data obtained from Indonesian online media during the investment fraud reports were analyzed. The study utilized systemic functional linguistics (SFL) within CDA, integrating transitivity analysis for power relations and the appraisal system for attitude analysis of each social actor. The results demonstrated how the social actors shape the construction of social and economic values, influencing the public perceptions and beliefs of the business investment.","Theory and Practice in Language Studies",null,"Theory and Practice in Language Studies",70,1,null,"2024-07-17T00:00:00","c05421f309a9373ab18966696942765d40e7de7e"], [37573,"“What the Heck Is Going on in the Group!”: Challenging Journalistic Authority by Pseudo-Professional WhatsApp News Groups","[\"Jonathan Ilan\"]",null,"Journalism Practice",null,"Journalism Practice",31,0,null,"2024-07-17T00:00:00","498628116cd68304beb2d790e13549a4f5f57957"], [37574,"Similarity over Factuality: Are we making progress on multimodal out-of-context misinformation detection?","[\"Stefanos-Iordanis Papadopoulos\", \"C. Koutlis\", \"Symeon Papadopoulos\", \"P. Petrantonakis\"]","Out-of-context (OOC) misinformation poses a significant challenge in multimodal fact-checking, where images are paired with texts that misrepresent their original context to support false narratives. Recent research in evidence-based OOC detection has seen a trend towards increasingly complex architectures, incorporating Transformers, foundation models, and large language models. In this study, we introduce a simple yet robust baseline, which assesses MUltimodal SimilaritiEs (MUSE), specifically the similarity between image-text pairs and external image and text evidence. Our results demonstrate that MUSE, when used with conventional classifiers like Decision Tree, Random Forest, and Multilayer Perceptron, can compete with and even surpass the state-of-the-art on the NewsCLIPpings and VERITE datasets. Furthermore, integrating MUSE in our proposed\"Attentive Intermediate Transformer Representations\"(AITR) significantly improved performance, by 3.3% and 7.5% on NewsCLIPpings and VERITE, respectively. Nevertheless, the success of MUSE, relying on surface-level patterns and shortcuts, without examining factuality and logical inconsistencies, raises critical questions about how we define the task, construct datasets, collect external evidence and overall, how we assess progress in the field. We release our code at: https://github.com/stevejpapad/outcontext-misinfo-progress","ArXiv",null,"arXiv.org",36,1,"This study introduces a simple yet robust baseline, which assesses MUltimodal SimilaritiEs (MUSE), specifically the similarity between image-text pairs and external image and text evidence, and demonstrates that MUSE, when used with conventional classifiers, can compete with and even surpass the state-of-the-art on the NewsCLIPpings and VERITE datasets.","2024-07-18T00:00:00","b1efbe7540b7a15a234ae4316198f34fa6574202"], [37575,"Vaccine-related misinformation and attitude toward COVID-19 vaccination in Japan","[\"Yuki Furuse\", \"Takahiro Tabuchi\", \"Minato City Tokyo Shirokanedai\"]","We have struggled with vaccine hesitancy for vaccination rollout during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the spread of misinformation seems to play a role in vaccine hesitancy, the extent to which it affects attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccination is unknown. Here, we investigated the prevalence of beliefs about misinformation regarding COVID-19 vaccines in vaccinated and unvaccinated populations in Japan and analyzed associated risk factors. An online survey of 31,000 participants in 2021 found that 8.1% of vaccine-accepted individuals believed vaccine-related misinformation, whereas 36.6% of those who refused vaccination believed misinformation. Most factors associated with beliefs about misinformation and vaccine hesitancy overlapped, including young age, unmarried status, low income, particular information sources, and history of COVID-19 infection. Interestingly, some factors, such as age and sources of information, had different effects on vaccine acceptance between individuals who did not believe misinformation and those who did. Advanced age was associated with vaccine acceptance among non-misinformation believers. In contrast, misinformation believers in their 10s and 20s were more willing to be vaccinated than older adults. The effects of television and Internet information were stronger in individuals who believed misinformation on their attitude toward vaccination than non-misinformation believers. This study highlights the importance of understanding the relationship between beliefs about misinformation and vaccine hesitancy for ongoing and future pandemics.",null,null,"medRxiv",16,1,"Investigation of beliefs about misinformation regarding COVID-19 vaccines in vaccinated and unvaccinated populations in Japan found that 8.1% of vaccine-accepted individuals believed vaccine-related misinformation, whereas 36.6% of those who refused vaccination believed misinformation.","2024-07-18T00:00:00","721edd77511867302cf8754b6300f2606725c84e"], [37576,"Misinformation Campaigns through WhatsApp and Telegram in Presidential Elections in Brazil","[\"Fabr\\u00edcio Benevenuto\", \"P. Melo\"]",null,"Commun. ACM",null,"Communications of the ACM",13,1,null,"2024-07-18T00:00:00","38c1f4ded98e3c7581de60276729db317a8fdfa8"], [37577,"The Anatomy of Deception","[\"Sara E. Gorman\"]","\n What has happened to trust in the healthcare system in recent years, especially in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, and how does trust interact with citizens’ feelings about democracy and the outlook of the country writ large? Through a combination of original qualitative and secondary-source research, this book closely examines the relationship among trust, misinformation, and democracy over the past 5 years in American culture. It advances some important groundbreaking new theories about the central place of trust in healthcare in Americans’ general attitudes toward the functioning of democracy more generally. The book makes a case for the renewal of trust in the healthcare system as a central component of repairing the general decline of democracy in the United States at present and argues that health equity considerations merit a larger role in attempts to restore faith in the government.",null,null,"",0,0,"The book makes a case for the renewal of trust in the healthcare system as a central component of repairing the general decline of democracy in the United States at present and argues that health equity considerations merit a larger role in attempts to restore faith in the government.","2024-07-18T00:00:00","eef49cb98ab03698ede9130635670398f7b9e222"], [37578,"Fake News Technologies as a Tool for Public Opinion Manipulation","[\"D. Bartashevich\"]","Political instability characterizes the modern world. Fake news has long been influential in politics, serving as a means to manipulate public opinion and sway the masses. The paper briefly discusses basic concepts of fake news. In addition, the paper outlines ways for further research aimed at studying how fake news influences public consciousness and shapes ideas about anything.","Humanities and Social Sciences. Bulletin of the Financial University",null,"Humanities and Social Sciences Bulletin of the Financial University",0,0,null,"2024-07-18T00:00:00","f0574c7b3d226979c2d86b38dbc7923643d6c67f"], [37579,"The power of perception: how persuasion knowledge and perceived deception in advertisement impact brand-related fake news adoption","[\"A. Verma\", \"J. Nayak\"]","Purpose\nThis paper aims to explain how consumer persuasion knowledge and perceived deception in advertisements can influence consumers’ future evaluation of fake news about a brand.\n\nDesign/methodology/approach\nThis research develops a conceptual model using widely used persuasion knowledge theory and confirmation bias theory. A questionnaire-based online survey (n = 410) was conducted by displaying an advertisement stimulus followed by a fake news stimulus to test the model. Covariance-based structural equation modeling was used to analyze the hypothesized research model.\n\nFindings\nThe results demonstrate that consumers with high persuasion knowledge are more likely to trust and adopt fake news about an advertised brand through the mediation of perceived deception in the advertisement. Additionally, perceived deception indirectly affects information adoption through the mediation of news credibility.\n\nPractical implications\nTheoretically, this study contributes to the existing body of literature on advertising deception and fake news. This research also extends theory of persuasion knowledge in understanding adoption of fake news. Practically, this study has significant implications for various stakeholders, including brands, social media corporations and consumers.\n\nOriginality/value\nThis research adds novel insights in the relationship of consumers’ persuasion knowledge and credibility and adoption of fake news. Furthermore, the investigation of the relationship between the perceived deception in advertising and the adoption of fake news has not been explored, which is also novel.\n","Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication",null,"Global Knowledge Memory and Communication",58,0,null,"2024-07-18T00:00:00","fd0d414fee6d185d933db9f0e7a2f49b0e45118a"], [37580,"Trust in news media: the naïve perception of the causes is dominated by the…","[\"Andrius Vai\\u0161nys\"]","In the last twenty years trust in traditional news media has been declining all over the world, but there are few countries where the fall has been as dramatic as in Lithuania. While in the early 2000s the Lithuanian legacy media top-ranked any public trust survey, today their reputation as a reliable source of news could hardly be worse. Researchers from a number of EU countries have studied this process in general, yet none of their explanations seems to fit the Lithuanian realities. In Lithuania the trust deficit may be the result of changes, especially in the news production format, from a fairly orderly, 'objective' narratives to a fast-paced hodgepodge of scenes and multiple voices, i.e. a format which prioritizes immediacy and sensationalism (especially in 24-hour news channels). It is this shift that may have precipitated the collapse in trust in news media, and yet it has never been properly investigated. To get a better understanding of the problem, we examined the views of the general public collected in a recent survey and matched them with the views sampled from a series of structured interviews with the publishers, editors and journalists of local weekly newspapers. The latter were keenly aware of their reduced authority, the fragmenta-tion of the field, and the precarious, chaotic conditions under which they had to work. They saw the root cause of their woes in the new strategic model adopted throughout the news media and inadequate government funding of the news industry.","Rocznik Historii Prasy Polskiej",null,"Rocznik Historii Prasy Polskiej",32,0,null,"2024-07-18T00:00:00","d0d8f5ee93f383072bb5c0ab0c1741993bd54081"], [37581,"Ownership and investor responses to news on fraud and pecuniary actions: a comparative analysis of Indian banks","[\"Akila Anantha Krishnan\", \"Angan Sengupta\"]","\nPurpose\nThis study aims to understand investors’ reactions to news on fraud and pecuniary and regulatory action in privately owned and government-owned banks.\n\n\nDesign/methodology/approach\nTo examine the role of ownership holdings, this study deploys event study methodology and cross-sectional regression to analyze the abnormal returns and the intergroup dynamics. Event study methodology studies the abnormal return on stock prices on days when fraud, pecuniary actions and regulatory news were reported for 36 banks that are listed on the NSE. Data on news has been collected from Reuters for 110 months. Cross-sectional regression analyses are done to examine whether selected variables on bank characteristics influence the abnormal returns. Exploring the intergroup dynamics between government and privately owned banks helps to accentuate how stakeholders influence investor responses.\n\n\nFindings\nPrivate and government-owned banks display an anomalous return pattern during the events, though to varying degrees and for a longer duration. The sharp downturn observed in private banks in response to pecuniary and regulatory actions related to news can be attributed to the associated risk of these banks. Intergroup dynamics further demonstrate that the effect of such news regarding government-owned bank stocks is more pronounced on privately owned banks compared to the effect of news related to privately owned banks on public banks.\n\n\nOriginality/value\nThe study shows how ownership structure variedly impacts investors’ response to news related to fraud, and pecuniary and regulatory actions on Indian banks, which may eventually ask for customized investment approaches for government-owned and privately owned banks.\n","Journal of Money Laundering Control",null,"Journal of Money Laundering Control",66,0,null,"2024-07-18T00:00:00","d5d06da461c65f564926989a2c909661fbac47f0"], [37582,"Multimodal Misinformation Detection using Large Vision-Language Models","[\"Sahar Tahmasebi\", \"Eric M\\u00fcller-Budack\", \"Ralph Ewerth\"]","The increasing proliferation of misinformation and its alarming impact have motivated both industry and academia to develop approaches for misinformation detection and fact checking. Recent advances on large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance in various tasks, but whether and how LLMs could help with misinformation detection remains relatively underexplored. Most of existing state-of-the-art approaches either do not consider evidence and solely focus on claim related features or assume the evidence to be provided. Few approaches consider evidence retrieval as part of the misinformation detection but rely on fine-tuning models. In this paper, we investigate the potential of LLMs for misinformation detection in a zero-shot setting. We incorporate an evidence retrieval component into the process as it is crucial to gather pertinent information from various sources to detect the veracity of claims. To this end, we propose a novel re-ranking approach for multimodal evidence retrieval using both LLMs and large vision-language models (LVLM). The retrieved evidence samples (images and texts) serve as the input for an LVLM-based approach for multimodal fact verification (LVLM4FV). To enable a fair evaluation, we address the issue of incomplete ground truth for evidence samples in an existing evidence retrieval dataset by annotating a more complete set of evidence samples for both image and text retrieval. Our experimental results on two datasets demonstrate the superiority of the proposed approach in both evidence retrieval and fact verification tasks and also better generalization capability across dataset compared to the supervised baseline.","{\"pages\": \"2189-2199\"}",null,"International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management",53,3,"A novel re-ranking approach for multimodal evidence retrieval using both LLMs and large vision-language models (LVLM) is proposed and the retrieved evidence samples serve as the input for an LVLM-based approach for multimodal fact verification (LVLM4FV).","2024-07-19T00:00:00","aa53480cf7d0c846204434edb563fbbcf644ebdf"], [37583,"Critical Climate Machine: A Visual and Musical Exploration of Climate Misinformation through Machine Learning","[\"Ga\\u00ebtan Robillard\", \"J\\u00e9r\\u00f4me Nika\"]","Critical Climate Machine is a cutting-edge media art installation that critically exposes and quantifies mechanisms of climate change misinformation. Utilizing computational aesthetics across data, imagery, and sound, this work processes real-time data from X (Twitter) through a natural language processing learning model derived from cognitive sciences. It not only renders the statistical aspects of this data visually but also manifests its thermal effects. A unique audio dimension is introduced through dialogues between climate skeptics and climate advocates, processed by the generative machine learning (ML) algorithm Dicy2. These elements collectively shape the installation, each unveiling its distinctive algorithmic aesthetics and technical underpinnings. This paper concentrates on the dual application of ML algorithms: one for dissecting extensive online misinformation streams, and the other for creating climate-related dialogues. This dual approach opens a discussion on the mediation of climate, at the convergence of computational and physical realms. Our aim is to critically examine the role of ML technologies in crafting aesthetic experiences that resonate within scientific discourse and public debate on climate issues.","Proc. ACM Comput. Graph. Interact. Tech.",null,"Proceedings of the ACM on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques",4,0,"This paper concentrates on the dual application of ML algorithms: one for dissecting extensive online misinformation streams, and the other for creating climate-related dialogues.","2024-07-19T00:00:00","88b18be10ec4ed6e59d6e81edcd8f928be370792"], [37584,"Author Correction: Prominent misinformation interventions reduce misperceptions but increase scepticism","[\"E. Hoes\", \"Brian Aitken\", \"Jingwen Zhang\", \"Tomasz Gackowski\", \"Magdalena Wojcieszak\"]",null,"Nature Human Behaviour",null,"Nature Human Behaviour",0,0,null,"2024-07-19T00:00:00","18611fdf0795a799e29b417414bbbb9cac8680d0"], [37585,"Online news ecosystem dynamics: supply, demand, diffusion, and the role of disinformation","[\"Pietro Gravino\", \"Giulio Prevedello\", \"Emanuele Brugnoli\"]",null,"Appl. Netw. Sci.",null,"Applied Network Science",46,0,"It is proved that the share of disinformation in the Supply and Diffusion of news has a significant linear relation with the gap between Demand and Supply/Diffusion of news from all sources, allowing for a real-time assessment of disinformation share in the system.","2024-07-19T00:00:00","085dee6e5203a454cb6be5ba4d796ded874c8890"], [37586,"Informational Health -Toward the Reduction of Risks in the Information Space","[\"F. Toriumi\", \"Tatsuhiko Yamamoto\"]","The modern information society, markedly influenced by the advent of the internet and subsequent developments such as WEB 2.0, has seen an explosive increase in information availability, fundamentally altering human interaction with information spaces. This transformation has facilitated not only unprecedented access to information but has also raised significant challenges, particularly highlighted by the spread of ``fake news'' during critical events like the 2016 U.S. presidential election and the COVID-19 pandemic. The latter event underscored the dangers of an ``infodemic,'' where the large amount of information made distinguishing between factual and non-factual content difficult, thereby complicating public health responses and posing risks to democratic processes. In response to these challenges, this paper introduces the concept of ``informational health,'' drawing an analogy between dietary habits and information consumption. It argues that just as balanced diets are crucial for physical health, well-considered nformation behavior is essential for maintaining a healthy information environment. This paper proposes three strategies for fostering informational health: literacy education, visualization of meta-information, and informational health assessments. These strategies aim to empower users and platforms to navigate and enhance the information ecosystem effectively. By focusing on long-term informational well-being, we highlight the necessity of addressing the social risks inherent in the current attention economy, advocating for a paradigm shift towards a more sustainable information consumption model.","ArXiv",null,"arXiv.org",0,1,"The concept of ``informational health,'' drawing an analogy between dietary habits and information consumption, is introduced, arguing that just as balanced diets are crucial for physical health, well-considered nformation behavior is essential for maintaining a healthy information environment.","2024-07-19T00:00:00","bf6dbd659aa60b1b736bfec529cd586c6f2f7a64"], [37587,"A critical discourse analysis of narrative discrepancies in Pakistani news channel headlines","[\"Awais Rubbani\", \"Karizza P. Bravo-Sotelo\", \"Manal\"]",null,"Cogent Arts & Humanities",null,"Cogent Arts & Humanities",30,0,null,"2024-07-19T00:00:00","32e8828dd52d2dd0657f20da36a3b6922c1a0b15"], [37588,"Designing for Trust: How Online News Consumers View and Interpret Informational Transparency Boxes","[\"Charlotte N. Varnum\", \"Bartosz W. Wojdynski\", \"Matt Binford\", \"Jeffrey Duncan\"]",null,"Digital Journalism",null,"Digital Journalism",46,0,null,"2024-07-19T00:00:00","a88c9d5e650b63a5e50f6e43068e1d33b906f82b"], [37589,"Regulating Digital Era: A Comparative Analysis of Policy Perspectives on Media Entertainment","[\"Reeta Sony\", \"S. Chopra\"]","The rapid proliferation of digital media platforms has democratized content creation and distribution, enabling a vast spectrum of voices to be heard. It has brought about a significant shift in media entertainment landscapes worldwide, with India being a prominent case study due to its vast and diverse content consumption patterns. The massive content on the Internet has also raised concerns regarding misinformation, copyright infringement, and cultural sensitivity. Therefore, in the context of media entertainment, the regulation of the digital era presents a vast complex array of challenges for policymakers. Thereby, it analyzes the regulatory challenges and policy perspectives; addressing how India is navigating the complexities introduced by digital technologies. The study outlines India’s current regulatory framework including legislative measures. Apart from this, the paper contains exploration of challenges of balancing free speech with societal norms in a country characterized by its cultural pluralism. The authors of the article argue that rational regulation is able to help to prevent the spread of misinformation, protect national security, and ensure privacy. It can play a pivotal role in promoting national integration by fostering unity, preventing communal tensions, and ensuring equal representation. To achieve the objectives, the paper analyzes three case studies — Swami Ramdev v. Facebook, Inc.* (2019), the Tandav Controversy (2021), and the Tiktok ban for privacy and security concerns (2020). In the later section, the authors analyze and compare the regulatory framework of different states including India, the United States, European countries, Australia, and China. In the end, the paper summarizes the need for changes in the regulatory framework and also recommends policy measures that may be implemented to safeguard the consumers’ interest, preserve cultural values, and ensure the integrity of content.","Legal Issues in the Digital Age",null,"Legal Issues in the Digital Age",5,0,null,"2024-07-20T00:00:00","63cced7caaea5d0424a8e158b4964a782768bc54"], [37590,"Transformer-based models for combating rumours on microblogging platforms: a review","[\"Rini Anggrainingsih\", \"G. Hassan\", \"Amitava Datta\"]",null,"Artif. Intell. Rev.",null,"Artificial Intelligence Review",72,2,"A novel taxonomy is presented that covers a wide array of techniques and approaches employed in the deployment of Transformer-based models for identifying misinformation on microblogging platforms and highlights the challenges associated with this field.","2024-07-20T00:00:00","0989f7bc6aeaaf610f2c1042d1364ba3b34d55ea"], [37591,"Blending News Text and Economic Policy Uncertainty to Forecast the Company's Unexpected Earnings","[\"Yixin Guan\", \"Jinhao Hu\", \"Yutong Wang\", \"Wentao Gu\", \"Houjiao Xi\"]","Employing Chinese A-share market data, this study explores how news text and economic policy uncertainty (EPU) can be combined to predict a company’s unanticipated earnings using the XL (extra long) Transformer and long short term memory (LSTM) models. The results show that adding news text features or the EPU index can improve the model’s predictive performance. However, adding the EPU index improves the model prediction performance by a tiny amount. Next, news headlines have better predictive performance relative to news content. Meanwhile, as a supplement to news headlines, news content can further improve predictive performance. Finally, the XL-Transformer model has better predictive performance than the LSTM model, but the improvement in the effect is limited.","J. Adv. Comput. Intell. Intell. Informatics",null,"Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics",6,0,"The results show that adding news text features or the EPU index can improve the model’s predictive performance, however, adding the EPU index improves the model prediction performance by a tiny amount.","2024-07-20T00:00:00","198d4a0d215ea72bf626a83821e97efb36e9ca18"], [37592,"Geopolitical tensions, vaccine misinformation and the right to proper medication.","[\"Jeconiah Louis Dreisbach\"]",null,"Journal of public health",null,"Journal of public health",3,0,null,"2024-07-21T00:00:00","df2faf12ed89e7def3f97272e3f37c22dcba4cb9"], [37593,"The Impact of Media Literacy and Internet Information Trustworthiness on Fact-Checking Behavior among Elderly Internet Users: The Moderating Role of Critical Thinking","[\"Chengyan Qiu\"]","In the digital age, the spread of misinformation has become a significant concern for individuals and societies worldwide. This study examines the impact of media literacy and the trustworthiness of internet information on fact-checking behavior among retired elderly internet users, with a particular focus on the moderating role of critical thinking. Using a questionnaire survey method, data were collected from 379 retired elderly internet users. The study employs Media Literacy Theory to explore how media literacy and trust in internet information influence the frequency of fact-checking behavior. Results indicate that higher media literacy and trust in internet information are both positively associated with increased fact-checking behavior. Additionally, critical thinking significantly moderates these relationships, enhancing the positive impact of media literacy on fact-checking behavior.","International Journal of Social Sciences and Public Administration",null,"International Journal of Social Sciences and Public Administration",13,0,"Results indicate that higher media literacy and trust in internet information are both positively associated with increased fact-checking behavior, and critical thinking significantly moderates these relationships, enhancing the positive impact of media literacy on fact-checking behavior.","2024-07-21T00:00:00","734396cbdc2fdb12fcce37ab7bafa87526e73af3"], [37594,"“Standard” Appearance and “Accentless” Speech: How Performance Neutrality Limits Diversity in Broadcast News","[\"Elia Powers\"]","Scholars commonly reference journalistic neutrality, but not in the context of self-presentation. This study examines how journalists feel compelled to demonstrate neutrality through their performance of self. Through in-depth interviews ( n = 57) with broadcast journalists and those who shape their on-air presentation, I explore the construct of performance neutrality, identifying dimensions related to speech, appearance, and demeanor. Journalists negotiated expectations of performance neutrality by conforming to—and in some cases challenging—restrictive institutionalized norms. Drawing on social constructionism theory and the notion of White normativity, I argue that neutrality is a false ideal that upholds the status quo and limits diversity in broadcast journalism.","Electronic News",null,"Electronic News",16,0,null,"2024-07-21T00:00:00","704f89f8cadf0c2056b35e2ebad61e82b37c4b90"], [37595,"Breaching BBC impartiality rules: Journalism identity, institutional networks and social media","[\"Mar\\u00eda Luengo\", \"T. Gil-L\\u00f3pez\"]","Since implementing its latest impartiality guidelines in October 2021, the BBC has rebuked several of its news presenters for related violations. BBC journalists are required to adhere to these norms, so why are some expressing defiance? In light of the BBC’s vast global reach and reputation for journalistic impartiality, this article uses social network and discourse analysis to explore how contemporary journalism is challenging the norm of impartiality. Drawing upon network analysis of the Twitter accounts of BBC journalists and a qualitative content analysis of their Twitter feeds vis-à-vis BBC’s impartiality guidelines, this study examines the relationship between their positions and roles with their discourse on the news online network. Based on our findings, journalists’ roles have a significant impact on their use of discursive approaches and stances on the subject of impartiality when transitioning from a regimen of balance to a regimen of due impartiality.","Journalism",null,"Journalism",19,0,null,"2024-07-21T00:00:00","b79ec4185c99860c6e7f0215d6c5b8d89088b2a8"], [37596,"Repeated Exposure to COVID-19 Misinformation: A Longitudinal Analysis of Prevalence and Predictors in a Community Sample.","[\"Olivia Weng\", \"Kimberly J Johnson\", \"Matthew W Kreuter\"]","Belief in health misinformation can affect individual health decisions and actions. Repeated exposure to the same misinformation strengthens its impact, yet little is known about how commonly repeated exposure occurs. To estimate the prevalence, we tracked exposure to 5 inaccurate COVID-19 claims every week for up to 23 consecutive weeks in a racially diverse panel of adults (n = 213). Repeated exposure was common: across the 5 claims, 10%-43% of respondents reported hearing the misinformation in ≥ 3 different weeks. Frontline workers were more likely than other community members to experience repeated exposure, with adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs) ranging from 1.8 to 4.9 across the 4 items. Repeated exposure was most common among older adults. Adjusted IRR for those ages ≥ 50 versus 18-29 years ranged from 1.8 to 2.5 per misinformation claim. Public health planning efforts to counter health misinformation should anticipate multiple exposures to the same false claim, especially in certain subgroups.","Journal of public health management and practice : JPHMP",null,"Journal of Public Health Management and Practice",13,1,"Public health planning efforts to counter health misinformation should anticipate multiple exposures to the same false claim, especially in certain subgroups.","2024-07-22T00:00:00","dda5a96c6791e92241f3365eddd8dcf6215f884d"], [37597,"The Electoral Misinformation Nexus: How News Consumption, Platform Use, and Trust in News Influence Belief in Electoral Misinformation","[\"Camila Mont\\u2019Alverne\", \"Amy A. Ross Arguedas\", \"Sayan Banerjee\", \"Benjamin Toff\", \"Richard Fletcher\", \"Rasmus Kleis Nielsen\"]","Abstract Electoral misinformation, where citizens believe false or misleading claims about the electoral process and electoral institutions—sometimes actively and strategically spread by political actors—is a challenge to public confidence in elections specifically and democracy more broadly. In this article, we analyze a combination of 42 million clicks in links and apps from behavioral tracking data of 2,200 internet users and a four-wave panel survey to investigate how different kinds of online news and media use relate to beliefs in electoral misinformation during a contentious political period—the 2022 Brazilian presidential elections. We find that, controlling for other factors, using news from legacy news media is associated with belief in fewer claims of electoral misinformation over time. We find null or inconsistent effects for using digital-born news media and various digital platforms, including Facebook and WhatsApp. Furthermore, we find that trust in news plays a significant role as a moderator. Belief in electoral misinformation, in turn, undermines trust in news. Overall, our findings document the important role of the news media as an institution in curbing electoral misinformation, even as they also underline the precarity of trust in news during contentious political periods.","Public Opinion Quarterly",null,"Public Opinion Quarterly",53,1,null,"2024-07-22T00:00:00","c059d85d4e924bf754a2c586fcea00c2fcd70585"], [37598,"How Health Departments Can Combat Health Misinformation.","[\"Nalini Padmanabhan\", \"Maddie Kapur\"]",null,"Journal of public health management and practice : JPHMP",null,"Journal of Public Health Management and Practice",0,0,null,"2024-07-22T00:00:00","011ee220f556609556519dc65ff8355e74afa2bb"], [37599,"Conspiracy theories and the epistemic power of narratives","[\"Daniel Munro\"]",": We often turn to comforting stories to distract ourselves from emotionally painful truths. This paper explores a dark side of this tendency. I argue that the way false conspiracy theories are disseminated often involves packaging them as part of narratives that offer comforting alternatives to ugly truths. Furthermore, I argue that the way these narratives arouse and resolve our emotions can be part of what causes people to believe conspiracy theories. This account helps to bring out some general implications about the power of narratives for misleading people into believing misinformation: I argue that narratives can cause intuitive judgements of truth that are especially difficult to dispel through critical reflection. I also sketch some practical implications for how the media can better frame their reports about both conspiracy theories and factual narratives.","Philosophical Psychology",null,"Philosophical Psychology",72,0,null,"2024-07-22T00:00:00","0c043d673b3a76606c1e7c2db8ea0285102569e4"], [37600,"A Study on Fact-Checking and Challenges to Combating Disinformation While AI Is Threatening the Media in Bangladesh","[\"Kamruzzaman Kamruzzaman\"]",null,"ACCS Official Conference Proceedings",null,"ACCS Official Conference Proceedings",0,0,null,"2024-07-22T00:00:00","869e4136fd1602b5da88d484319ef29ee6caee0d"], [37601,"Democracies Degraded by Disinformation: Lessons From Hungary, the U.S., and the U.K.","[\"Marina Fujita Dickson\", \"Yusuke Ishikawa\", \"Sara Kaizuka\"]",null,"ACSS Official Conference Proceedings",null,"ACSS Official Conference Proceedings",0,0,null,"2024-07-22T00:00:00","83c84bf6e6b75a104307b62a4cedd76f3775bd3b"], [37602,"Fake News and Asset Price Dynamics","[\"Sarah Mignot\", \"Paolo Pellizzari\", \"Frank Westerhoff\"]","\n We explore the impact of fake news on asset price dynamics within the asset-pricing model of Brock and Hommes (Brock, W. A., and C. H. Hommes. 1998. “Heterogeneous Beliefs and Routes to Chaos in a Simple Asset Pricing Model.” Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 22 (8): 1235–74). By polluting the information landscape, fake news interferes with agents’ perception of the dividend process of the risky asset. Our analysis reveals that fake news decreases the steady-state price of the risky asset by making it even more risky. Moreover, fake news increases the market share of agents who use the destabilizing technical trading rule by rendering fundamental trading more difficult and costly. Instead of converging toward its steady state, the risky asset’s price may thus be subject to wild fluctuations. As it turns out, these fluctuations are concentrated below the risky asset’s steady-state price. We also show that fake news campaigns may allow certain agents to realize fraudulent profits.","Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik",null,"Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik",56,3,null,"2024-07-22T00:00:00","dbf09d1c73fa392ce216464964c5bf020f650644"], [37603,"Fake News Makes the News: Definitions and Framing of Fake News in Mainstream Media","[\"Sandrine Boudana\", \"E. Segev\"]",null,"Journalism Practice",null,"Journalism Practice",35,0,null,"2024-07-22T00:00:00","80d6d8c7127ef66ecf046542f4eb65b3dc5cc1bc"], [37604,"The Global Crisis of Trust in Elections","[\"Nicholas Kerr\", \"Bridgett A. King\", \"Michael Wahman\"]","\n This article introduces a special issue on trust in elections. While the number of electoral democracies has grown globally, we are currently experiencing a crisis of electoral trust. Political polarization, social divisions, and the rapid spread of misinformation have all been related to enhanced widespread skepticism about the quality of national elections. The special issue is focused on two central questions: How can we explain variations in trust in elections at the individual and country levels? How does trust in elections shape political behavior? In the introduction essay, we frame the contributions of the special issue, provide descriptive statistics about trust in elections globally, summarize the current state of the literature, and point to avenues for future research.","Public Opinion Quarterly",null,"Public Opinion Quarterly",61,0,null,"2024-07-23T00:00:00","a4eda9cfe64008dcce4ca9d54eaa1f2ef19afa0e"], [37605,"Gender-Bender Narratives: Radicalizing Effects of Disinformation That Threatens Gender-Normative Views","[\"Sophia Moskalenko\", \"Ekaterina Romanova\", \"Mia M. Bloom\"]","Gender norms have become a focal point of cultural debate and wedge issues in political elections, leading to discussions on how they may impact political and psychological processes and potentially radicalize individuals who feel threatened by or uncomfortable as the norms shift. We investigated the relationship between beliefs about gender-threatening disinformation narratives and radicalization, and the role of “fragile” masculinity and femininity in this relationship. In an original sample of 1,698 participants, we found that belief in gender-challenging narratives had a direct and positive relationship with radical intentions in men, whereas fragile femininity mediated the relationship between gender identity-challenging narratives and radical intentions. These suggests that threatened gender norms and disinformation are both significant factors in the psychology of radicalization.","Crime & Delinquency",null,"Crime & Delinquency",30,3,null,"2024-07-23T00:00:00","8004c253fb10866907d7462ea70f0c717f5d01ae"], [37606,"FakingRecipe: Detecting Fake News on Short Video Platforms from the Perspective of Creative Process","[\"Yuyan Bu\", \"Qiang Sheng\", \"Juan Cao\", \"Peng Qi\", \"Danding Wang\", \"Jintao Li\"]","As short-form video-sharing platforms become a significant channel for news consumption, fake news in short videos has emerged as a serious threat in the online information ecosystem, making developing detection methods for this new scenario an urgent need. Compared with that in text and image formats, fake news on short video platforms contains rich but heterogeneous information in various modalities, posing a challenge to effective feature utilization. Unlike existing works mostly focusing on analyzing what is presented, we introduce a novel perspective that considers how it might be created. Through the lens of the creative process behind news video production, our empirical analysis uncovers the unique characteristics of fake news videos in material selection and editing. Based on the obtained insights, we design FakingRecipe, a creative process-aware model for detecting fake news short videos. It captures the fake news preferences in material selection from sentimental and semantic aspects and considers the traits of material editing from spatial and temporal aspects. To improve evaluation comprehensiveness, we first construct FakeTT, an English dataset for this task, and conduct experiments on both FakeTT and the existing Chinese FakeSV dataset. The results show FakingRecipe's superiority in detecting fake news on short video platforms.","{\"pages\": \"1351-1360\"}",null,"ACM Multimedia",57,2,"FakingRecipe, a creative process-aware model for detecting fake news short videos that captures the fake news preferences in material selection from sentimental and semantic aspects and considers the traits of material editing from spatial and temporal aspects, is designed.","2024-07-23T00:00:00","ddb645fd661bf4475bcf289e957c1461193e2096"], [37607,"Desinformação e fake news: avaliação das competências de alunos do ensino superior","[\"Fernando Brito Costa Dias\", \"A. Furnival\", \"Helen de Castro Silva Casarin\"]","Introdução: A competência em informação é a habilidade de identificar a necessidade de informação, buscar, acessar, avaliar e usar a informação de forma eficaz, ética e legal. A competência digital consiste na capacidade de usar tecnologias digitais para coletar, analisar e avaliar informações, bem como construir novas informações e se comunicar com outras pessoas durante o processo. Consideramos que a universidade proporciona ao indivíduo o desenvolvimento destas competências, pois busca capacitar o indivíduo de forma ética e crítica quanto ao uso da informação. Desta forma, o presente estudo buscou identificar a percepção dos alunos dos primeiro e quarto anos de um curso de graduação em Biblioteconomia e Ciência da Informação quanto a conteúdos relacionados à pandemia da COVID-19 que foram compartilhados na web. Método: Os conteúdos foram apresentados a eles em formato de quiz para que os identificassem como verdadeiros ou falsos. Os conteúdos foram retirados de plataformas de checagem de notícias e apresentados aos alunos sem correção ortográfica ou gramatical. Resultados: Após a análise dos resultados, identificamos que 78,93% dos alunos do primeiro ano e 100% dos alunos do quarto ano marcaram corretamente pelo menos três dos cinco conteúdos apresentados. Assim, quando comparamos os alunos do primeiro ano com os do quarto ano, concluímos que os alunos do quarto ano possuem um maior discernimento quanto à avaliação correta da desinformação, como era esperado. Conclusão: Este sugere que seu maior tempo na universidade possivelmente tenha acarretado o desenvolvimento mais aprimorado das habilidades da competência em informação e digital.","AtoZ: novas práticas em informação e conhecimento",null,"AtoZ: Novas Práticas em Informação e Conhecimento",0,0,null,"2024-07-23T00:00:00","1d8a75c9ff9185d07ff7cb709564d2736da9b12f"], [37608,"Protocols for breaking bad news in health care: a scoping review protocol.","[\"A. Cardoso\", \"I. Rosendo\", \"Luiz Santiago\", \"Joana Neto\", \"Daniela Cardoso\"]","OBJECTIVE\nThis scoping review will map the available evidence on communication protocols for breaking bad news to adult patients and their families in health care.\n\n\nINTRODUCTION\nBreaking bad news to adult patients and their families is a challenging task for health care professionals. To address these challenges, communication protocols have been developed to support health care professionals in breaking bad news in a compassionate and effective manner while respecting each patient's individuality.\n\n\nINCLUSION CRITERIA\nThis scoping review will consider all studies that focus on communication protocols (original or adapted versions) to break bad news to adult patients and/or their families (adults) in any health care context, regardless of the approach (face-to-face, telephone, video, or other). Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods studies, systematic reviews, and text and opinion papers will be considered for inclusion in this review.\n\n\nMETHODS\nThis review will be conducted in accordance with the JBI methodology for scoping reviews. The search strategy will aim to locate both published and unpublished evidence in English, Spanish, and Portuguese. The databases to be searched include CINAHL Plus Complete (EBSCOhost), MEDLINE (PubMed), Academic Search Complete, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection. Gray literature will also be searched for. Two independent reviewers will independently perform study selection and data extraction. Data will be extracted using a data extraction tool developed by the reviewers. Any disagreements that arise between the reviewers will be resolved through discussion or with an additional reviewer. Data will be presented in tabular and narrative format.\n\n\nDETAILS OF THE REVIEW CAN BE FOUND IN OPEN SCIENCE FRAMEWORK\nhttps://osf.io/s6ru7/.","JBI evidence synthesis",null,"JBI Evidence Synthesis",29,0,"This scoping review will map the available evidence on communication protocols for breaking bad news to adult patients and their families in health care and aim to locate both published and unpublished evidence in English, Spanish, and Portuguese.","2024-07-23T00:00:00","7cef075c9700a917ec98a2d9eae973f948edec08"], [37609,"“Glorified Minute Takers”: Journalists’ (Mis)handling of Scientific Uncertainty During the COVID-19 Pandemic","[\"Kelsey R. Mesmer\", \"M. R. Jahng\", \"Jill Wurm\", \"Najma Akther\"]","This study examined how journalists handled scientific uncertainty in their reporting of the COVID-19 pandemic. We performed interviews with U.S. journalists who reported on the entirety of the COVID-19 pandemic and a content analysis of the Johnson & Johnson (Janssen) COVID-19 vaccine pause as one discrete scientific event during the pandemic. Results showed journalists were largely parroting public health officials instead of engaging in critical reporting, interrogating, and/or explaining the science associated with COVID-19. There was a lack of emphasis on uncertainty, indicating the need for a stronger focus on science news within journalism education.","Science Communication",null,"Science communication",42,0,null,"2024-07-23T00:00:00","3e6ce90ff272b76c50d720cc2845ceeda64c1980"], [37610,"Consumers’ online brand-related misinformation engagement: a weapons of influence perspective","[\"L. Hollebeek\", \"Oliver Parts\", \"S. Urbonavi\\u010dius\", \"Rein Riisalu\", \"Karina Adomavi\\u010di\\u016bt\\u0117-Sakalausk\\u0117\", \"Johan Jansson\"]",null,"Journal of Strategic Marketing",null,"Journal of Strategic Marketing",61,0,null,"2024-07-24T00:00:00","1f53ad8f262bab0176410438cd9e7b416d84ade8"], [37611,"Partisan Media, Trust, and Media Literacy: Regression Analysis of Predictors of COVID-19 Knowledge","[\"Kristy Roschke\", \"Alexis M. Koskan\", \"Shalini Sivanandam\", \"Jonathan Irby\"]","Background The COVID-19 pandemic was a devastating public health event that spurred an influx of misinformation. The increase in questionable health content was aided by the speed and scale of digital and social media and certain news agencies’ and politicians’ active dissemination of misinformation about the virus. The popularity of certain COVID-19 myths created confusion about effective health protocols and impacted trust in the health care and government sectors deployed to manage the pandemic. Objective This study explored how people’s information habits, their level of institutional trust, the news media outlets they consume and the technologies in which they access it, and their media literacy skills influenced their COVID-19 knowledge. Methods We administered a web-based survey using Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) to assess US adults’ (n=1498) COVID-19 knowledge, media and news habits, media literacy skills, and trust in government and health-related institutions. The data were analyzed using a hierarchical linear regression to examine the association between trust, media literacy, news use, and COVID-19 knowledge. Results The regression model of demographic variables, political affiliation, trust in institutions, media literacy, and the preference for watching Fox or CNN was statistically significant (R2=0.464; F24,1434=51.653; P<.001; adjusted R2=0.455) in predicting COVID-19 knowledge scores. People who identified as politically conservative, watched Fox News, and reported lower levels of institutional trust and media literacy, scored lower on COVID-19 knowledge questions than those who identified as politically liberal, did not watch Fox News and reported higher levels of institutional trust and media literacy. Conclusions This study suggests that the media outlets people turn to, their trust in institutions, and their perceived degree of agency to discern credible information can impact people’s knowledge of COVID-19, which has potential implications for managing communication in other public health events.","JMIR Formative Research",null,"JMIR Formative Research",33,0,null,"2024-07-24T00:00:00","cba6d9d466da9108d30b562b71e3dc6e6f1ee60d"], [37612,"Language policy in fake news handling within French and Indonesian digital media","[\"Merry Andriani\", \"Akmal Putra Tama\"]","This research examines the language politics carried out in handling fake news discourse through French and Indonesian online media platforms. As the internet-based communication has grown significantly in number, variety, quality and speed, making it also ideal to the fake news spread, then it requires certain language policy strategies to mitigate their destructive effect. The data of this research uses archives of online media articles, and related government websites in recent years in both countries, to look for the most recent discussions which are related to the discourse of handling fake news. Government and media discourses related to this matter are also highlighted. All the data is classified and analysed using the conceptual framework of language politics from Robert L Cooper. Since the nature of the research delves with discourses, it will be crucial to consider the discourse analysis method that refers to the critical and post-structural paradigms. Consequently, interdiscursivity and intertextuality are used as the main tools in the methodology of data analysis. As the result of this study, it shows that solid and consistent legal instruments have positive implications for maintaining journalistic quality in fighting fake news. The fake news strategy is also found in the narratives made by the authorities, but the terminologies given are different from the lexical labels to the discourse of political opponents in the public sphere. France and Indonesia utilise distinct strategies in addressing online media fake news.","Jurnal Studi Komunikasi (Indonesian Journal of Communications Studies)",null,"Jurnal studi komunikasi",14,1,null,"2024-07-24T00:00:00","1f3e31dddee99789f0fb88ecf487754291f61b41"], [37613,"THE CRIMINALIZATION OF FAKE NEWS: LIMITS OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AND PENAL RESPONSIBILITY","[\"Jozenildo Ferreira Oliveira\", \"Delner do Carmo Azevedo\"]","Neste artigo, discutimos os diversos aspectos relacionados à criminalização das fake news, examinando suas definições, características e os potenciais impactos sociais e políticos. Analisamos os desafios éticos e práticos associados à criminalização das fake news, destacando questões como liberdade de expressão, diversidade de opiniões e confiança nas instituições democráticas. Além disso, exploramos as implicações da criminalização das fake news para a sociedade e para a política, incluindo o potencial uso político das leis e os desafios na definição e comprovação das fake news. Concluímos ressaltando a importância de uma abordagem equilibrada e colaborativa, que promova a alfabetização midiática, fortaleça o jornalismo de qualidade e responsabilize as plataformas digitais. Ao enfrentarmos esse desafio de forma colaborativa e baseada em princípios democráticos e de direitos humanos, podemos fortalecer nossa democracia e promover uma esfera pública mais informada e resiliente.","Revista Ibero-Americana de Humanidades, Ciências e Educação",null,"Revista Ibero-Americana de Humanidades, Ciências e Educação",0,0,null,"2024-07-24T00:00:00","61fc677065ca271727e17b49bcac47ef98cc37aa"], [37614,"Comprehending Manipulative Tactics In Elections","[\"Muya syaroh Iwanda Lubis\", \"Budiman Purba\", \"Indi Regina Syahrah\", \"Ika Adha\", \"Lujeng Lesminingrum\"]","General elections (Pemilu) are a strong foundation of democracy, but are often affected by various manipulative tactics used by political actors. This article aims to present a literature review of manipulative tactics that often appear in the context of general elections. We analyze various empirical and theoretical studies that highlight manipulative practices such as duping the masses, spreading fake news, money politics, voter intimidation, and gerrymandering. Through a synthesis of the literature, we identify the factors that drive the use of manipulative tactics and their impact on democratic integrity. Additionally, we explore efforts to address manipulative tactics, including stricter regulations, voter education, and the role of media and civil society in combating practices that undermine democratic processes. This analysis provides a deeper understanding of political dynamics in general elections and their relevance in the context of sustainable democratic development.","Dharmawangsa: International Journal of the Social Sciences, Education and Humanitis",null,"Dharmawangsa: International Journal of the Social Sciences, Education and Humanitis",2,0,null,"2024-07-24T00:00:00","746e523dda7592e599141cd38271a0307ab98ea8"], [37615,"What Matters in Explanations: Towards Explainable Fake Review Detection Focusing on Transformers","[\"Md Shajalal\", \"Md. Atabuzzaman\", \"Alexander Boden\", \"Gunnar Stevens\", \"Delong Du\"]","Customers' reviews and feedback play crucial role on electronic commerce~(E-commerce) platforms like Amazon, Zalando, and eBay in influencing other customers' purchasing decisions. However, there is a prevailing concern that sellers often post fake or spam reviews to deceive potential customers and manipulate their opinions about a product. Over the past decade, there has been considerable interest in using machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) models to identify such fraudulent reviews. Unfortunately, the decisions made by complex ML and DL models - which often function as \\emph{black-boxes} - can be surprising and difficult for general users to comprehend. In this paper, we propose an explainable framework for detecting fake reviews with high precision in identifying fraudulent content with explanations and investigate what information matters most for explaining particular decisions by conducting empirical user evaluation. Initially, we develop fake review detection models using DL and transformer models including XLNet and DistilBERT. We then introduce layer-wise relevance propagation (LRP) technique for generating explanations that can map the contributions of words toward the predicted class. The experimental results on two benchmark fake review detection datasets demonstrate that our predictive models achieve state-of-the-art performance and outperform several existing methods. Furthermore, the empirical user evaluation of the generated explanations concludes which important information needs to be considered in generating explanations in the context of fake review identification.","ArXiv",null,"arXiv.org",48,0,"An explainable framework for detecting fake reviews with high precision in identifying fraudulent content with explanations is proposed and the empirical user evaluation concludes which important information needs to be considered in generating explanations in the context of fake review identification.","2024-07-24T00:00:00","67e9c74669efc218f364298914b4037bb8da52f3"], [37616,"NewsUnfold: Creating a News-Reading Application That Indicates Linguistic Media Bias and Collects Feedback","[\"Smilla Hinterreiter\", \"Martin Wessel\", \"Fabian Schliski\", \"Isao Echizen\", \"M. Latoschik\", \"Timo Spinde\"]","Media bias is a multifaceted problem, leading to one-sided views and impacting decision-making. A way to address digital media bias is to detect and indicate it automatically through machine-learning methods. However, such detection is limited due to the difficulty of obtaining reliable training data. Human-in-the-loop-based feedback mechanisms have proven an effective way to facilitate the data-gathering process. Therefore, we introduce and test feedback mechanisms for the media bias domain, which we then implement on NewsUnfold, a news-reading web application to collect reader feedback on machine-generated bias highlights within online news articles. Our approach augments dataset quality by significantly increasing inter-annotator agreement by 26.31% and improving classifier performance by 2.49%. As the first human-in-the-loop application for media bias, the feedback mechanism shows that a user-centric approach to media bias data collection can return reliable data while being scalable and evaluated as easy to use. NewsUnfold demonstrates that feedback mechanisms are a promising strategy to reduce data collection expenses and continuously update datasets to changes in context.","ArXiv",null,"arXiv.org",46,0,"As the first human-in-the-loop application for media bias, the feedback mechanism shows that a user-centric approach to media bias data collection can return reliable data while being scalable and evaluated as easy to use, and demonstrates that feedback mechanisms are a promising strategy to reduce data collection expenses.","2024-07-24T00:00:00","029634a9fb93b9f5c6562556275b9d0e6b13a93f"], [37617,"News Ninja: Gamified Annotation of Linguistic Bias in Online News","[\"Smilla Hinterreiter\", \"Timo Spinde\", \"Sebastian Oberdorfer\", \"Isao Echizen\", \"M. Latoschik\"]","Recent research shows that visualizing linguistic bias mitigates its negative effects. However, reliable automatic detection methods to generate such visualizations require costly, knowledge-intensive training data. To facilitate data collection for media bias datasets, we present News Ninja, a game employing data-collecting game mechanics to generate a crowdsourced dataset. Before annotating sentences, players are educated on media bias via a tutorial. Our findings show that datasets gathered with crowdsourced workers trained on News Ninja can reach significantly higher inter-annotator agreements than expert and crowdsourced datasets with similar data quality. As News Ninja encourages continuous play, it allows datasets to adapt to the reception and contextualization of news over time, presenting a promising strategy to reduce data collection expenses, educate players, and promote long-term bias mitigation.","Proc. ACM Hum. Comput. Interact.",null,"Proc. ACM Hum. Comput. Interact.",99,0,"News Ninja, a game employing data-collecting game mechanics to generate a crowdsourced dataset, shows that datasets gathered with crowdsourced workers trained on News Ninja can reach significantly higher inter-annotator agreements than expert and crowdsourced datasets with similar data quality.","2024-07-24T00:00:00","3c97b70df47d78ca5ae3799b51efaf5c371bd1f9"], [37618,"A Systematic Literature Review of the Causal Framework of Personal News Curation on Social Media","[\"Yujing Chu\", \"Julia Wirza Binti Mohd Zawawi\", \"Rosmiza Bidin\"]","The changing hierarchical relationship between mass media consumers and media content producers in the information age has given rise to extensive research on personal news curation. This study presents a systematic overview of previous studies on social media users' personal news curation practices. In the study of personal news curation practices on social media, gaps in themes, theories, variables, and conceptual frameworks are to be found and filled by means of this systematic review of the literature. The goal of the study is to provide a causal framework that illustrates the connections between the various research items.Twenty papers that were taken from the Scopus, Google Scholar and Web of Science databases are reviewed using the PRISMA method. Two main study themes, fifteen theories or models, and a comprehensive causality framework emerged from the examination.We recommend that future research on the personal news curation practices provide empirical studies on different types especially the personal productive news curation on social media, widen the field of research and adopt different theories or models according to the new social media environments and contexts. Researchers are also expected to adopt a more complete and detailed systematic approach to review the literature on the study of personal news curation on social media.","Studies in Media and Communication",null,"Studies in Media and Communication",74,0,"It is recommended that future research on the personal news curation practices provide empirical studies on different types especially the personal productive news curation on social media, widen the field of research and adopt different theories or models according to the new social media environments and contexts.","2024-07-24T00:00:00","a519bfc59fe9411d59111ab390558ba51d39ea46"], [37619,"Partisans neither expect nor receive reputational rewards for sharing falsehoods over truth online","[\"Isaias Ghezae\", \"Jillian J. Jordan\", \"I. Gainsburg\", \"Mohsen Mosleh\", \"Gordon Pennycook\", \"Robb Willer\", \"David G. Rand\"]","Abstract A frequently invoked explanation for the sharing of false over true political information is that partisans are motivated by their reputations. In particular, it is often argued that by indiscriminately sharing news that is favorable to one's political party, regardless of whether it is true—or perhaps especially when it is not true—partisans can signal loyalty to their group, and improve their reputations in the eyes of their online networks. Across three survey studies (total N = 3,038), and an analysis of over 26,000 tweets, we explored these hypotheses by measuring the reputational benefits that people anticipate and receive from sharing different content online. In the survey studies, we showed participants actual news headlines that varied in (ⅰ) veracity, and (ⅱ) favorability to their preferred political party. Across all three studies, participants anticipated that sharing true news would bring more reputational benefits than sharing false news. Critically, while participants also expected greater reputational benefits for sharing news favorable to their party, the perceived reputation value of veracity was no smaller for more favorable headlines. We found a similar pattern when analyzing engagement on Twitter: among headlines that were politically favorable to a user's preferred party, true headlines elicited more approval than false headlines.","PNAS Nexus",null,"PNAS Nexus",13,4,null,"2024-07-24T00:00:00","1ca5e48838df3779846ab7394b24f62f40332a8b"], [37620,"Unveiling Media Bias: Investigating Influences, Politics, and Solutions through Advanced Classification Techniques","[\"Amogh K Kudva\", \"Disha D N\", \"Soumya C S\"]","This research investigates the common problem of media bias, focusing on how it affects what journalists and news producers choose to cover. Media bias is when news does not follow the usual rules, going beyond personal opinions. The level and direction of bias can differ across countries because journalists cannot cover all aspects and they need to construct a concise story with selected facts. In almost every country government influence on the media outlets and by people in power can introduce bias. The study also looks at the tricky relationship between politics and media bias, understanding how they affect each other. Things like who owns the media and how they pick their staff can also add to bias. The main point is that summarizing articles is crucial to quickly get the point across without reading the whole thing. The proposed system for classifying news articles pulls information from different online newspapers using encoding techniques. Use of web-scraping to find articles, and smart technology like Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks to figure out media bias. This new way of doing things aims to help us understand bias in media better, making it easier to get what is going on in the digital age.","2024 Second International Conference on Advances in Information Technology (ICAIT)",null,"International Conference on Advanced Infocomm Technology",10,0,null,"2024-07-24T00:00:00","86512a7ca156a02bf13cfc36681df80450e3114c"], [37621,"The role of mental representation in sharing misinformation online.","[\"David A Broniatowski\", \"Pedram Hosseini\", \"Ethan Porter\", \"Thomas J Wood\"]","Fuzzy-trace theory (FTT) posits that people share misinformation online if it promotes gist mental representations, cuing motivationally relevant values. Most people value the truth. Thus, per FTT, people decide to share messages that they perceive as true. FTT also predicts that messages will be more effective if they communicate a simple gist. We test these predictions by examining the roles of mental representation and epistemic quality in decisions to share misinformative articles on Facebook across two experiments and two correlational studies. In Studies 1 and 2, we use Facebook data to test the hypothesis that gist proxies in text are associated with online sharing. In Study 3, we experimentally manipulate subjects' exposure to a gist-based intervention that explains why a misinformative article is false, a simple debunk stating only that the article is false (but not explaining why) and a verbatim condition providing relevant detailed information but allowing subjects to draw their own conclusions. We found that the gist condition decreased intentions to share misinformation. Finally, in Study 4, we replicated this finding and showed that the gist condition also reduces misinformation endorsement. Results provide support for FTT's predictions regarding reducing sharing and endorsement of misinformation on social media. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","Journal of experimental psychology. Applied",null,"Journal of experimental psychology. Applied",0,2,"Testing the roles of mental representation and epistemic quality in decisions to share misinformative articles on Facebook across two experiments and two correlational studies provides support for FTT's predictions regarding reducing sharing and endorsement of misinformation on social media.","2024-07-25T00:00:00","d3b92e68347a463df4ed96aee18d515e9724b77c"], [37622,"Navigating persuasive strategies in online health misinformation: An interview study with older adults on misinformation management","[\"Wei Peng\", \"Jingbo Meng\", \"Barikisu Issaka\"]","Online health misinformation commonly includes persuasive strategies that can easily deceive lay people. Yet, it is not well understood how individuals respond to misinformation with persuasive strategies at the moment of exposure. This study aims to address the research gap by exploring how and why older adults fall into the persuasive trap of online health misinformation and how they manage their encounters of online health misinformation. Using a think-aloud protocol, semi-structured interviews were conducted with twenty-nine older adults who were exposed to articles employing twelve groups of common persuasive strategies in online health misinformation. Thematic analysis of the transcripts revealed that some participants fell for the persuasive strategies, yet the same strategies were detected by others as cues to pin down misinformation. Based on the participants’ own words, informational and individual factors as well as the interplay of these factors were identified as contributors to susceptibility to misinformation. Participants’ strategies to manage misinformation for themselves and others were categorized. Implications of the findings are discussed.","PLOS ONE",null,"PLoS ONE",72,1,"It was revealed that some participants fell for the persuasive strategies, yet the same strategies were detected by others as cues to pin down misinformation, and participants' strategies to manage misinformation for themselves and others were categorized.","2024-07-25T00:00:00","4c8b5f2c931fd3aa518ae7e55cf923220cb9ce1a"], [37623,"The Role of Information Technology in Combating Hoaxes and Misinformation","[\"Ronald Aloysius Romein\", \"Glenny Chudra\"]","Hoaxes and misinformation have become a serious problem in modern society, especially with the rapid development of information technology and social media. The spread of false information can cause great harm, both individually and socially, such as damaging reputation, causing panic, and disrupting social and political stability. This study aims to analyze the role of information technology in combating hoaxes and misinformation. This research uses qualitative research methods. The data collection technique in this research is a literature study. The data that has been collected is then analyzed in three stages, namely data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing. The results showed that information technology has an important role in combating hoaxes and misinformation. Social media platforms and technology companies can use various ways to combat hoaxes and misinformation, such as developing algorithms, verifying facts, working with fact-checking organizations, and providing education to users. However, it is important to remember that information technology is not the sole solution to combat hoaxes and misinformation. Joint efforts from various parties, such as the government, civil society, and academia, are needed to improve digital literacy and build a healthy information culture.","Eduvest - Journal of Universal Studies",null,"Eduvest - Journal Of Universal Studies",27,0,"The results showed that information technology has an important role in combating hoaxes and misinformation.","2024-07-25T00:00:00","7494dbed8ca45166f4f6c2769b6c51f9bde584fc"], [37624,"The Art of Deepfake Text Obfuscation: Lessons Learned From a Manual, First-Person Perspective","[\"Jun Jang\", \"Thai Le\"]","The rapid emergence of generative AI, particularly large-language-model-based conversational chatbots like Chat-GPT, has brought about significant advancements. However, they are also accompanied by pressing concerns about potential harmful uses, such as the generation of large-scale misinformation and political propaganda online. To tackle these, there have been several developments in AI -generated text detection tools that can effectively detect whether a text is generated by machines or written by humans. This paper analyzes the behaviors of these detectors from the adversarial perspective via the emerging text obfuscation task from the natural language processing literature. Particularly, this paper focuses on assessing the accuracy and limitations of machine-generated text detectors by employing a manual, first-person perspective of text obfuscation. Text obfuscation can be simply described as manipulating certain elements of an AI -generated text to deceive a detector model. Our findings reveal the ease with which these detectors can be deceived through intuitive text obfuscation, exposing potential weaknesses. The results of our study shed light on the human perception of text obfuscation, contrasting it with that of machines and advocating for continued development in AI-generated text detection.","2024 International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Energy Technologies (ICECET",null,"2024 International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Energy Technologies (ICECET",16,0,"This paper focuses on assessing the accuracy and limitations of machine-generated text detectors by employing a manual, first-person perspective of text obfuscation, revealing the ease with which these detectors can be deceived through intuitive text obfuscation, exposing potential weaknesses.","2024-07-25T00:00:00","6698b062a703962f0aa1f1157c7b262d36fa0595"], [37625,"Unraveling the Web of Disinformation: Exploring the Larger Context of State-Sponsored Influence Campaigns on Twitter","[\"Mohammad Hammas Saeed\", \"Shiza Ali\", \"Pujan Paudel\", \"Jeremy Blackburn\", \"Gianluca Stringhini\"]","Social media platforms offer unprecedented opportunities for connectivity and exchange of ideas; however, they also serve as fertile grounds for the dissemination of disinformation. Over the years, there has been a rise in state-sponsored campaigns aiming to spread disinformation and sway public opinion on sensitive topics through designated accounts, known as troll accounts. Past works on detecting accounts belonging to state-backed operations focus on a single campaign. While campaign-specific detection techniques are easier to build, there is no work done on developing systems that are campaign-agnostic and offer generalized detection of troll accounts unaffected by the biases of the specific campaign they belong to. In this paper, we identify several strategies adopted across different state actors and present a system that leverages them to detect accounts from previously unseen campaigns. We study 19 state-sponsored disinformation campaigns that took place on Twitter, originating from various countries. The strategies include sending automated messages through popular scheduling services, retweeting and sharing selective content and using fake versions of verified applications for pushing content. By translating these traits into a feature set, we build a machine learning-based classifier that can correctly identify up to 94% of accounts from unseen campaigns. Additionally, we run our system in the wild and find more accounts that could potentially belong to state-backed operations. We also present case studies to highlight the similarity between the accounts found by our system and those identified by Twitter.","{\"pages\": \"353-367\"}",null,"International Symposium on Recent Advances in Intrusion Detection",75,0,"This paper studies 19 state-sponsored disinformation campaigns that took place on Twitter, originating from various countries and builds a machine learning-based classifier that can correctly identify up to 94% of accounts from unseen campaigns.","2024-07-25T00:00:00","8b82593fe843479f8d72e191d297204a210e8e3e"], [37626,"But did they really? Platforms' compliance with the Code of Practice on Disinformation in review","[\"Stephan M\\u00fcndges\", \"Kirsty Park\"]",null,"Internet Policy Rev.",null,"Internet Policy Review",10,0,null,"2024-07-25T00:00:00","1e27d5a36807ee78f62efb3ae2b82a99e1503a90"], [37627,"Dissemination of fakes as a way of manipulating public consciousness in the Internet space","[\"L. Nezhkina\", \"A. Dushkin\"]","Introduction. It is difficult for modern people to imagine a world without Internet communications, which, on the one hand, offer new opportunities for leisure, interaction, and development, on the other hand, have a huge potential for influencing individual and public consciousness. Some people perceive such influence negatively, as they associate it with manipulation, while others fall into the net of manipulative influence and become its victims. Of particular concern are fakes, which pose a threat of spreading inaccurate information, compromising the reputation of the media, increasing the level of anxiety and fear in society. This problem is recognised at the state level, as the dissemination of distorted information reached the level of a threat to state security. Measures are being taken at the legislative level, including administrative and criminal liability, but experts predict the growth of fake information. Therefore, it is extremely important to analyse fake materials, to work on methods and ways of their recognition, to inform and train citizens to critically assess information flows, to recognise their manipulative nature. The aim of the research is to study the attitude of citizens to fake information, its dissemination in the Internet space as a way of manipulating public consciousness. Research methods. The authors reviewed the scientific literature and the results of sociological research, in particular, those proposed by the autonomous non-commercial organisation “Dialogue Regions”, on fake information, by means of which public consciousness is manipulated. The article presents the results of the research on the attitude of Irkutsk residents to fakes disseminated in the Internet space. The empirical basis of the research was the results of the questionnaire survey conducted in October 2023 in Irkutsk. 100 people took part in the survey. Results. The examination of the issue of the dissemination of fakes in the Internet space, the conducted questionnaire survey made it possible to assert that fakes have become a part of the information flow in the Internet space, and therefore, a part of the real life of modern society, where people are constantly faced with misinformation. Regardless of the negative impact of fake information considered as manipulative content, it is obvious that its flow will grow. Its negative impact on all spheres of society will increase. Risks of material and physical losses are possible, as fake information represents a dangerous information-psychological weapon. This weapon, in particular, is used by unfriendly countries as an indirect information-psychological impact on the Russian population. The main task in modern conditions is to counter the information attack, manipulation of public consciousness of citizens.","Russian Journal of Deviant Behavior",null,"Russian Journal of Deviant Behavior",8,0,null,"2024-07-26T00:00:00","63843d5a3b5bfa85f38fe439cd4bcc1ae48785d8"], [37628,"Making Sense of Disinformation in the Swedish Heterogenous Society: Understandings, Experiences, and Vulnerabilities","[\"Maja Klinga\", \"Minna Lundgren\"]","In this paper, we provide knowledge about how people make sense of disinformation in the Swedish heterogenous society. Departing from a bottom-up perspective, we draw on individual interviews and focus groups to capture the experiences and practices vis-à-vis disinformation. We analyze the results using the theoretical concepts of sensemaking and vulnerability. The results indicate that there are differences in how people make sense of and act in relation to disinformation depending on age, educational background, and previous experiences. Furthermore, the results indicate that crises and uncertain times make people more vulnerable to disinformation. We argue that disinformation can be viewed both as a risk and as a crisis in itself. We conclude that lack of adequate information from trusted sources during crises and disasters makes people more exposed to and more vulnerable to disinformation.","Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research",null,"Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research",48,0,null,"2024-07-26T00:00:00","521e63a011a32849364ebb5bf7e9aa7e53705fcb"], [37629,"Vae-Clip: Unveiling Deception through Cross-Modal Models and Multi-Feature Integration in Multi-Modal Fake News Detection","[\"Yufeng Zhou\", \"Aiping Pang\", \"Guang Yu\"]","With the development of internet technology, fake news has become a multi-modal collection. The current news detection methods cannot fully extract semantic information between modalities and ignore the rumor properties of fake news, making it difficult to achieve good results. To address the problem of the accurate identification of multi-modal fake news, we propose the Vae-Clip multi-modal fake news detection model. The model uses the Clip pre-trained model to jointly extract semantic features of image and text information using text information as the supervisory signal, solving the problem of semantic interaction across modalities. Moreover, considering the rumor attributes of fake news, we propose to fuse semantic features with rumor style features using multi-feature fusion to improve the generalization performance of the model. We use a variational autoencoder to extract rumor style features and combine semantic features and rumor features using an attention mechanism to detect fake news. Numerous experiments were conducted on four datasets primarily composed of Weibo and Twitter, and the results show that the proposed model can accurately identify fake news and is suitable for news detection in complex scenarios, with the highest accuracy reaching 96.3%.","Electronics",null,"Electronics",37,0,"The Vae-Clip multi-modal fake news detection model is proposed that uses the Clip pre-trained model to jointly extract semantic features of image and text information using text information as the supervisory signal, solving the problem of semantic interaction across modalities.","2024-07-26T00:00:00","4ee06ed50597ad4cd94fae90988a6a2cedf06fc0"], [37630,"Being Responsible in a Polarized World: From Dialogical to Partisan CSR","[\"Gastone Gualtieri\", \"Francesco Lurati\"]","This paper investigates how companies approach corporate social responsibility in polarized landscapes. Polarization makes the dominant dialogical approach to CSR potentially inconclusive. Indeed, companies cannot orient societal CSR meanings through an all-stakeholder-inclusive dialogue because, in a polarized world, stakeholders form alternative meanings in separate and mutually delegitimizing conversations. To understand how companies try to appear responsible under these circumstances, we examine Italian telecom companies’ CSR reports issued throughout the launch of 5G technologies, a polarizing topic that sparked fake news and conspiracy theories. The findings show that, in such polarizing circumstances, companies may adopt a partisan approach to CSR, i.e., engaging with only one conversation to shape CSR views within it while ignoring the other. Through this approach, companies may further exacerbate polarization and shape CSR meanings to align with their core business, rather than the opposite. These implications, we argue, might jeopardize the very essence of CSR.","Management Communication Quarterly",null,"Management Communication Quarterly",40,2,null,"2024-07-26T00:00:00","70fdecf7b4b6afb2cc89bd718ed8cd220f2cac87"], [37631,"Time and Ethics in Delivering Bad News in Institutionalized and Social Media","[\"S. Ben-Asher\", \"Ella Ben-Atar\", \"Tamar Lavi\"]","The public is exposed to information through two types of communication: institutionalized (radio, newspapers, and television) and informal, which includes information obtained through social networks (Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, and Telegram) and mediated interpersonal communication (phone). In the case of institutionalized media, consumers are not active partners in content creation. Regarding social networks, the users are both content producers and content consumers. The two types of communication operate through different dynamics.","Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research",null,"Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research",36,0,null,"2024-07-26T00:00:00","b0e0514ea940e1cbacbec1cd88bb6f87d9d157b0"], [37632,"The Content Homogenization of Fact-Checking Through Platform Partnerships: A Comparison Between Eight Countries","[\"Regina Cazzamatta\"]","This article evaluates the extent of social media policing in fact-checking (as opposed to verifying public figures’ statements) and the thematic convergence across eight countries in Europe and Latin America. Based on audience reach, we collected links from various organizations (independent outlets, legacy media, or global news agencies). A representative stratified sample of 25% resulted in 3,154 articles. Among the findings, the trend of social media policing prevails across countries and organizations, except for most European legacy media. Independent news-born fact-checking organizations follow a convergent path, sharing more similarities with their global counterparts than their national media peers.","Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly",null,"Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly",61,3,null,"2024-07-26T00:00:00","29355d66e3b6d80857dad0732c947e5b8a243d9e"], [37633,"Reframing social media discourse following the FDA's menthol ban announcement as industry agenda setting rather than public sentiment.","[\"Nathan A Silver\", \"Elexis C. Kierstead\", \"Sherry L Emery\", \"Steven Binns\", \"Mignonne C. Guy\", \"Barbara A Schillo\"]","BACKGROUND\nThe tobacco industry has spent millions of dollars promoting racialised narratives against the US Food and Drug Administration's recently announced ban on menthol as a characterising cigarette flavour. This research investigates racialised narratives in online discourse following the ban's announcement.\n\n\nMETHODS\nTweets and users responding to the April 2022 menthol ban announcement were content analysed to examine the influence of tobacco industry affiliates and potentially organic African-American/Black (AA/B) users. Next we investigated the extent to which the menthol ban was discussed on AA/B subreddits and used Latent Dirichlet Allocation topic modelling to provide an overview of the menthol ban discussion on Reddit.\n\n\nRESULTS\nOnly 28 (13.9%) tweets by 22 users claimed that the menthol ban would lead to police violence and/or racial discrimination. Of users who tweeted about over-policing, eight (36.4%) had financial connections to the tobacco industry. There were only three tweets receiving a combined seven retweets from potentially organic AA/B users. On Reddit, only two posts with one comment discussed the menthol ban on subreddits dedicated to AA/B issues and culture. Topic modelling showed that the most common topic related to the menthol ban involved the social and political implications of the ban followed by illicit markets and protecting youth.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nTweets claiming a menthol ban will lead to police violence are indicative of industry agenda-setting. The menthol ban was not a prominent topic of discussion in AA/B subreddits although users discussing news and politics expressed concern for how AA/B people would respond to a ban politically.","Tobacco control",null,"Tobacco Control",16,2,null,"2024-07-26T00:00:00","98de7261fad595f279c918d835c00796bf3225d6"], [37634,"Accountability for User Actions: A Study on Aspects of Privacy and Misinformation in Metaverse","[\"Charles Yu\", \"S. S. Tirumala\"]","The ‘Web Revolution’ enabled easy access of internet and social media to everyone irrespective of demographic and financial challenges. Free internet services (at least in some countries) enabled easy access of information providing a big impact on spreading of misinformation and disinformation. Recently, the users of Virtual Reality environments like metaverse have been increasing posing the similar threats in virtual reality environment. Also, lack of regulations and systematic censoring has been a biggest concern for metaverse users. This study investigates the concerns around privacy and misinformation in virtual reality environment, asserting the existing regulations in place in general and a notable VRChat application in particular. A Metaverse Accountability Framework (MAF) is proposed to tackle some of the issues identified in the study emphasising the necessity of regulations.","2024 20th International Conference on Natural Computation, Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery (ICNC-FSKD)",null,"International Conference on Natural Computation, Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery",37,0,"This study investigates the concerns around privacy and misinformation in virtual reality environment, asserting the existing regulations in place in general and a notable VRChat application in particular and proposes a Metaverse Accountability Framework (MAF) to tackle some of the issues identified.","2024-07-27T00:00:00","d5326d179b985ed8b3bac7d31e0c19f4c58a6be8"], [37635,"Harmfully Manipulated Images Matter in Multimodal Misinformation Detection","[\"Bing Wang\", \"Shengsheng Wang\", \"C. Li\", \"Renchu Guan\", \"Ximing Li\"]","Nowadays, misinformation is widely spreading over various social media platforms and causes extremely negative impacts on society. To combat this issue, automatically identifying misinformation, especially those containing multimodal content, has attracted growing attention from the academic and industrial communities, and induced an active research topic named Multimodal Misinformation Detection (MMD). Typically, existing MMD methods capture the semantic correlation and inconsistency between multiple modalities, but neglect some potential clues in multimodal content. Recent studies suggest that manipulated traces of the images in articles are non-trivial clues for detecting misinformation. Meanwhile, we find that the underlying intentions behind the manipulation, e.g., harmful and harmless, also matter in MMD. Accordingly, in this work, we propose to detect misinformation by learning manipulation features that indicate whether the image has been manipulated, as well as intention features regarding the harmful and harmless intentions of the manipulation. Unfortunately, the manipulation and intention labels that make these features discriminative are unknown. To overcome the problem, we propose two weakly supervised signals as alternatives by introducing additional datasets on image manipulation detection and formulating two classification tasks as positive and unlabeled learning problems. Based on these ideas, we propose a novel MMD method, namely Harmfully Manipulated Images Matter in MMD (HAMI-M3D). Extensive experiments across three benchmark datasets can demonstrate that HAMI-M3D can consistently improve the performance of any MMD baselines.","{\"pages\": \"2262-2271\"}",null,"ACM Multimedia",47,0,"This work proposes a novel MMD method, namely Harmfully Manipulated Images Matter in MMD (HAMI-M3D), which can consistently improve the performance of any MMD baselines, and introduces additional datasets on image manipulation detection and formulating two classification tasks as positive and unlabeled learning problems.","2024-07-27T00:00:00","a9c27bcf111818155ef66e47ee4595fdf0315cd2"], [37636,"Why Misinformation is Created? Detecting them by Integrating Intent Features","[\"Bing Wang\", \"Ximing Li\", \"C. Li\", \"Bo Fu\", \"Songwen Pei\", \"Shengsheng Wang\"]","Various social media platforms, e.g., Twitter and Reddit, allow people to disseminate a plethora of information more efficiently and conveniently. However, they are inevitably full of misinformation, causing damage to diverse aspects of our daily lives. To reduce the negative impact, timely identification of misinformation, namely Misinformation Detection (MD), has become an active research topic receiving widespread attention. As a complex phenomenon, the veracity of an article is influenced by various aspects. In this paper, we are inspired by the opposition of intents between misinformation and real information. Accordingly, we propose to reason the intent of articles and form the corresponding intent features to promote the veracity discrimination of article features. To achieve this, we build a hierarchy of a set of intents for both misinformation and real information by referring to the existing psychological theories, and we apply it to reason the intent of articles by progressively generating binary answers with an encoder-decoder structure. We form the corresponding intent features and integrate it with the token features to achieve more discriminative article features for MD. Upon these ideas, we suggest a novel MD method, namely Detecting Misinformation by Integrating Intent featuRes (DM-INTER). To evaluate the performance of DM-INTER, we conduct extensive experiments on benchmark MD datasets. The experimental results validate that DM-INTER can outperform the existing baseline MD methods.","ArXiv",null,"International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management",64,0,"This paper proposes to reason the intent of articles and form the corresponding intent features to promote the veracity discrimination of article features, and suggests a novel MD method, namely Detecting Misinformation by Integrating Intent featuRes (DM-INTER).","2024-07-27T00:00:00","b7f8352afd4429f83c339d9734a353c4b15b7a80"], [37637,"The Story My Friend Told Me: Examining the Interplay of Message Format and Relational Closeness in Misinformation Correction","[\"Weirui Wang\", \"Nicole Kashian\"]",null,"Media Psychology",null,"Media Psychology",44,1,null,"2024-07-27T00:00:00","01eaff443f05df9f8750c02296d28392cacec9b5"], [37638,"The Achilles’ heel of the truth bias? High personal stakes reduce vulnerability to false information","[\"Myrto Pantazi\", \"Olivier Klein\", \"Mikhail Kissine\"]","While, by default, people tend to believe communicated content, it is also possible that they become more vigilant when personal stakes increase. A lab (N = 72) and an online (N = 284) experiment show that people make judgements affected by explicitly tagged false information and that they misremember such information as true – a phenomenon dubbed the ‘truth bias’. However, both experiments show that this bias is significantly reduced when personal stakes – instantiated here as a financial incentive – become high. Experiment 2 also shows that personal stakes mitigate the truth bias when they are high at the moment of false information processing, but they cannot reduce belief in false information a posteriori, that is once participants have already processed false information. Experiment 2 also suggests that high stakes reduce belief in false information whether participants’ focus is directed towards making accurate judgements or correctly remembering information truthfulness. We discuss the implications of our findings for models of information validation and interventions against real‐world misinformation.","European Journal of Social Psychology",null,"European Journal of Social Psychology",30,0,null,"2024-07-27T00:00:00","a954945c509f3e268dfb176c9e50aaa3e253ab47"], [37639,"Independent fact-checking organizations exhibit a departure from political neutrality","[\"Sahajpreet Singh\", \"Sarah Masud\", \"Tanmoy Chakraborty\"]","Independent fact-checking organizations have emerged as the crusaders to debunk fake news. However, they may not always remain neutral, as they can be selective in the false news they choose to expose and in how they present the information. They can deviate from neutrality by being selective in what false news they debunk and how the information is presented. Prompting the now popular large language model, GPT-3.5, with journalistic frameworks, we establish a longitudinal measure (2018-2023) for political neutrality that looks beyond the left-right spectrum. Specified on a range of -1 to 1 (with zero being absolute neutrality), we establish the extent of negative portrayal of political entities that makes a difference in the readers' perception in the USA and India. Here, we observe an average score of -0.17 and -0.24 in the USA and India, respectively. The findings indicate how seemingly objective fact-checking can still carry distorted political views, indirectly and subtly impacting the perception of consumers of the news.","ArXiv",null,"arXiv.org",16,1,null,"2024-07-28T00:00:00","cc58eed485623dc09ad7ed2db39511e9d7c3c5ae"], [37640,"Supplemental Material for Sensitization Instructions Can Reduce the Misinformation Effect and Improve the Eyewitness Confidence–Accuracy Relationship","[]",null,"Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition",null,"Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition",0,0,null,"2024-07-29T00:00:00","663c8c0d0166ce2f39213059b4ed3d7c88761059"], [37641,"Perceptions of disinformation regulation in the Andean community","[\"Abel Suing\"]","Disinformation generates political polarization and affects the quality of democracy, so understanding attitudes towards the regulation of disinformation will help society and its leaders to develop effective and inclusive approaches to combat this phenomenon. The purpose of the research is to determine the perceptions and propensities of Andean Community citizens regarding the regulation of disinformation. Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru have formed a political and economic bloc since 1969, and are subscribers to the Inter-American legal framework. The methodology is quantitative and qualitative, with exploratory and descriptive approaches. The instruments used are a survey, focus groups and expert interviews with experts, which were applied between July 2022 and May 2024, to establish trends and to avoid biases. It was found that 80% of respondents and participants in the focus groups agreed that misinformation alienates people from democratic representation and there was evidence of distrust in elections. A vision of regulation by states persists, through laws, rather than self- or co-regulation. The discussion revolves around the need for a multifaceted approach to combat disinformation, between regulation, media literacy and the responsibility of digital platforms, without compromising freedom of expression.","Frontiers in Communication",null,"Frontiers in Communication",28,0,null,"2024-07-29T00:00:00","29c5d54cc481387c071501a1c177aeb2fc48606a"], [37642,"Ethical Failures of Generative AI in News Production, Implications and Countermeasures","[\"Siqi Xie\"]","Generative AI is recognized by the media (people) for its high-quality dialogue, complex reasoning and other emergent capabilities in content generation, and human-machine collaboration will gradually become the norm in news production, with application advantages in news production, news distribution and other news survival links. While generative AI assists news production and promotes innovation in news reporting, it also has problems such as providing inaccurate facts, opaque algorithms, and controversial boundaries of application, etc. For this reason, the media should regulate the ethics of human-computer collaboration in terms of optimizing the editing process, disclosing information about algorithms, and setting the boundaries of application of machines.","Academic Journal of Management and Social Sciences",null,"Academic Journal of Management and Social Sciences",11,0,"The media should regulate the ethics of human-computer collaboration in terms of optimizing the editing process, disclosing information about algorithms, and setting the boundaries of application of machines.","2024-07-29T00:00:00","d0959ecaf6f3f9aec17472524a427935c7b677aa"], [37643,"Prevalence of Fake News in Relation to the Responsible Netizenship of University of Luzon Criminology Students","[]","Fake News is used to deceive people. It is an act of spreading misinformation or wrong information intentionally to misguide others to gain financial returns or political gains. For them to become law enforcers in the future, the researcher was interested in how responsible criminology students are as netizens in today’s cyberspace in terms of their capacity to spot fake news and strategies to stop it from spreading. The researcher applied the Media Dependency Theory introduced by the American communication researcher Sandra Ball-Rokeach and Melvin Defleur, it is a systematic approach to the study of the effects of mass media on audiences and of the interaction between media, audiences, and social systems. For the data collection instrument, the researcher used a dichotomous formula or simply the percentage scale to interpret the results of the answers to the given questionnaire by 288 respondents who are all criminology students. The study is premised on the conjecture of the following: 1. Fake news is prevalent online; 2. The responsibility and awareness of UL criminology students in terms of netiquettes, political manipulation, and bias in story selection; 3. Internet etiquettes (netiquettes) of UL criminology students; 4. The significant relationship between responsible citizenship and the prevalence of fake news. 5. Measures to lessen the spread of fake news","International Research and Innovation Journal",null,"International Research and Innovation Journal",0,0,null,"2024-07-30T00:00:00","cfa00559576fc0f875fa2d52e2130659ae49d325"], [37644,"PIXELMOD: Improving Soft Moderation of Visual Misleading Information on Twitter","[\"Pujan Paudel\", \"Chen Ling\", \"Jeremy Blackburn\", \"G. Stringhini\"]","Images are a powerful and immediate vehicle to carry misleading or outright false messages, yet identifying image-based misinformation at scale poses unique challenges. In this paper, we present PIXELMOD, a system that leverages perceptual hashes, vector databases, and optical character recognition (OCR) to efficiently identify images that are candidates to receive soft moderation labels on Twitter. We show that PIXELMOD outperforms existing image similarity approaches when applied to soft moderation, with negligible performance overhead. We then test PIXELMOD on a dataset of tweets surrounding the 2020 US Presidential Election, and find that it is able to identify visually misleading images that are candidates for soft moderation with 0.99% false detection and 2.06% false negatives.","ArXiv",null,"USENIX Security Symposium",86,0,"PIXELMOD, a system that leverages perceptual hashes, vector databases, and optical character recognition to efficiently identify images that are candidates to receive soft moderation labels on Twitter, shows that it outperforms existing image similarity approaches when applied to soft moderation.","2024-07-30T00:00:00","a26d5acf23d1ddb645cf5efae6887aea92ddf2ce"], [37645,"Disinformation","[]","Disinformation is one of the most significant problems of modern societies. Its mechanisms and effects, as well as possible ways to counteract it, are of interest to various institutions. The book presents reflections based on disinformation research conducted within the Central European Digital Media Observatory. The authors represent different research approaches and use different methodologies. Thanks to this, we were able to present an in-depth and multithreaded picture of disinformation, both from the perspective of its actors, structures and impact on the audience. The texts deal with the most significant crises of recent years, which contributed to the strengthening of disinformation tendencies, such as the Covid-19 pandemic or Russia’s aggression in Ukraine.",null,null,"",0,0,"How the emergence of digital technology into everyday life has knitted together a number of seemingly loosely related forces–historical, psychological, economic, and culture–to create the post-truth culture is demonstrated.","2024-07-30T00:00:00","7e7a34ee4e295da630e89f95ecfa2ac42ec525f3"], [37646,"Disinformation and strategic frames: Introducing the concept of a strategic epistemology towards media","[\"Anton Angwald\", \"Charlotte Wagnsson\"]","Efforts to raise awareness about foreign disinformation might accidentally increase distrust towards legitimate media. We argue that state discourse on disinformation is comparable to strategic framing in journalists’ coverage of political events, and that it might imbue audiences with cynicism. Furthermore, in contrast to an experimental paradigm that depicts disinformation audiences as passive, we suggest that news consumers actively appropriate and produce content themselves. Conceptualising media content as ‘strategic’ rather than sincere might influence audiences to share and produce media content strategically. This Machiavellian tendency leads to similar effects on bias as motivated reasoning. Most accounts of motivated reasoning assume that limits of psychological processing are the reasons for biased judgements of what is true and fake, however, we argue that biases can also be due to culturally acquired second-order beliefs about knowledge. To explain this, we build on ideas about ‘folk epistemology’ and propose the term ‘strategic epistemology towards media’. Resistance-building efforts against disinformation risk promoting such a strategic epistemology towards media and this can have harmful effects on democratic dialogue. To avoid this, educational interventions should be premised on social epistemology rather than experimental psychology.","Media, Culture & Society",null,"Media, Culture & Society",38,0,null,"2024-07-30T00:00:00","4ac549785e4d81bf00201c92b37a54c279fd144c"], [37647,"Challenges, Assessment and Recommendations of the Fact-Checkers Regarding Polish Policy of Combating and Counteracting Disinformation","[\"Marta Jas-Koziarkiewicz\", \"Julia Dobrowolska\"]","The article presents the results of the research of Polish fact-checkers’ opinions concerning the challenges related to the phenomenon of disinformation, the assessment of Polish policy implemented in this area, and recommendations. Data on this topic were collected using in-depth interviews. Among the most important challenges related to disinformation, Polish fact-checkers mentioned: the 2023 election campaign and the polarisation of Polish society, disinformation about the EU, Russian disinformation, the war in Ukraine and anti-Ukrainian narratives, as well as development of artificial intelligence. The respondents’ assessment of Polish policy of combating and counteracting disinformation was negative. The passivity of the Polish state or illusory actions were also emphasised by the respondents. They pointed out that the state is tackling this problem in a piecemeal manner, focusing on a specific, selected topic. In addition, attention was drawn to the use of disinformation in Poland for political purposes. Fact-checkers would recommend Polish authorities to conduct a clear, fast and coordinated communication policy, to restore trust in public institutions, to increase the level of financing the NGOs’ activity, and to change the approach to media education, which is the best tool for combating disinformation.","Przegląd Politologiczny",null,"Przegląd Politologiczny",12,0,null,"2024-07-30T00:00:00","b85c9da73d1efa1c1aa5c09cc079e89de2343826"], [37648,"Ethics and Academic Discourse, Scientific Integrity, Uncertainty, and Disinformation in Medicine: An American College of Physicians Position Paper.","[\"Lois Snyder Sulmasy\", \"Joel R Burnett\", \"Jan K Carney\", \"Matthew DeCamp\"]","Respect for the scientific process and a diversity of views; open discourse and debate based on principles of ethics, best available evidence, and scientific inquiry and integrity; and an understanding of evidence gaps and uncertainty and how to communicate about them are important values in the advancement of science and the practice of medicine. Physicians often must make decisions about their recommendations to patients in the face of scarce or conflicting data. Are these characteristics of medicine and science widely understood and effectively communicated among members of the profession and to patients and the public? Issues of scientific integrity are longstanding, but COVID-19 brought them to the forefront, in an environment that was sometimes characterized by communication missteps as guidance came and went-or changed-quickly. Today, is open debate flourishing? Have some debates shed more heat than light? Are people losing confidence in science and medicine? In health care institutions? The American College of Physicians explores these issues and offers guidance in this position paper.","Annals of internal medicine",null,"Annals of Internal Medicine",21,1,null,"2024-07-30T00:00:00","7665e4a37e628d45038e6921d1fd4cac2277327c"], [37649,"Creating, publishing, and spreading processes of health-related contents in internet news sites: evaluation of the opinions of actors in health communication","[\"Eray \\u00d6nta\\u015f\", \"\\u015eevkat Bahar-\\u00d6zvar\\u0131\\u015f\", \"Burcu \\u015eim\\u015fek\"]","Introduction The accuracy and reliability of health information disseminated through news is crucial, as it directly impacts both individual and societal health outcomes. This study aims to analyze the publication process of health content in Türkiye and its implications for public health. By examining the perspectives of various health communication stakeholders, the study seeks to identify existing issues and propose potential solutions. Methods The research uses a mixed-methods approach, including baseline content analysis of 846 news by 133 criteria, quantitative research with 78 participants encompassing bureaucrats, academics, journalists, and health association members, and 15 in-depth interviews for comprehensive insights. Results The content analysis indicated that 23.2% of the analyzed news articles lacked credible sources, while 63% did not mention the author’s name. A striking 96.2% of respondents stated that inaccurate health news poses a risk to public health, emphasizing the urgent need for standardized reporting practices. The majority (90.9%) pinpointed the media as the primary catalysts for infodemic spread, with 93.5% citing gatekeepers as barriers to accurate information. Eroding trust in media, fueled by unethical practices, harms both media credibility and effective public health interventions. Discussion The study underscores the necessity for a collaborative approach among public institutions, academia, and media, focusing on responsibility, regulation, and sanctions against the infodemic. The research advocates for a balanced approach that prioritizes health rights and press freedom within a stakeholder-driven framework, highlighting that legislation alone cannot fully enhance the digital information ecosystem.","Frontiers in Public Health",null,"Frontiers in Public Health",39,1,"The study underscores the necessity for a collaborative approach among public institutions, academia, and media, focusing on responsibility, regulation, and sanctions against the infodemic, to enhance the digital information ecosystem.","2024-07-30T00:00:00","76b91ed0d0041214eac1f36f280d3492fa109968"], [37650,"Reinforce, readjust, reclaim: How artificial intelligence impacts journalism’s professional claim","[\"Lynge Asbj\\u00f8rn M\\u00f8ller\", \"Morten Skovsgaard\", \"Claes de Vreese\"]","Major advances in artificial intelligence have fuelled a rapid increase in the automation and augmentation of journalistic work, challenging the centrality of journalists in the news production process. This article theoretically explores news automation by adopting a system of professions framework from the sociology of professions to provide a holistic perspective on the impact of artificial intelligence on journalistic work. This framework posits that different factors influence professional control over work, and problems caused by these factors have left journalism vulnerable to automation. The routine and mundane nature of a significant portion of journalistic tasks suggests that artificial intelligence may potentially replace many journalists in the future, thereby challenging the profession’s claim to expertise. For journalism to uphold its professional authority in the future, it needs to brace for the impact of artificial intelligence. Building on this analysis, we explore strategies for journalism to do so. This involves reinforcing professional ideals in new algorithmic practices, readjusting knowledge and skill taught in education, and reclaiming specialised work practices in organisations. Rather than a threat, the emergence of artificial intelligence then presents an opportunity for journalism to reintroduce the distinctiveness of the profession and rejuvenate its professional promise.","Journalism",null,"Journalism",36,2,"A system of professions framework from the sociology of professions is adopted to provide a holistic perspective on the impact of artificial intelligence on journalistic work, suggesting that different factors influence professional control over work, and problems caused by these factors have left journalism vulnerable to automation.","2024-07-30T00:00:00","cc4fdee859ecfc3ab037bae95d44e4aad822f65b"], [37651,"“It Forces You to Publish Some Shit”: Toward a Taxonomy of De-Democratizing Journalistic Practices","[\"Ricardo Ribeiro Ferreira\"]","Several studies argue that journalism can facilitate and shape democratic backsliding when news organizations are captured by business and political elites. Under these conditions, journalists will likely fail to hold political actors to account and provide information essential for public deliberation. Gradually, news outlets devolve to provide unfair representations based on private interests instead of news coverage guided by public interest. However, research still lacks a systematic and detailed analysis of practices in news production that could be capable of damaging democracy. Not only is evidence very scarce, but it is also limited to the content analysis of news outputs and editorials. Using forty semistructured interviews and three case studies, this research investigates how journalists from the most influential outlets in Brazil covered key political events within a period of constant decline in the quality of democracy (2016–2021). Then, I build on the results to propose a new typology of de-democratizing journalistic practices: soft steering (recommendations pretending concern with standards, including partisan interpretations of balance), hard steering (direct orders, including internal censorship or entirely pre-defined stories), and anticipatory steering (reporters and editors act on their own based on perceptions and previous instructions). Moreover, this research offers evidence that de-democratizing journalistic practices can be internalized by news practitioners and, over time, replace democratic norms. Finally, it suggests a dynamic relationship between censorship and self-censorship in which control not only inhibits actions but also compels journalists to perform in specific ways.","The International Journal of Press/Politics",null,"The International Journal of Press/Politics",46,1,null,"2024-07-30T00:00:00","4d43f03b681cb42a1c3662eefb4d74cb9fd4bca1"], [37652,"Faking, optimising and conceding to power: Social movement understandings of social media power","[\"Irene Blum\", \"Julie Uldam\"]","This article examines how social movement actors understand the role of social media in their activism. Concerns about commercialisation, individualisation and surveillance have replaced much optimism about the potential of social media for progressive activism. Therefore, we examine social movement actors’ theories and assumptions about social media, focusing on climate activism and criticism of unsustainable corporate practices. Theoretically, we draw on social imaginaries to develop the concept of media practices to consist of three dimensions: doing, knowing and assuming. Empirically, we draw on interviews with media and communication managers from the climate movement, including Greenpeace, Extinction Rebellion and the World Wildlife Foundation. We show that social movement actors’ media practices are characterised by theories of faking power, optimising power and conceding to power, which are underpinned by a social media imaginary of commercial logics.","New Media & Society",null,"New Media & Society",30,0,null,"2024-07-30T00:00:00","85212bc661f618f77527020645110f5e3c6fbe53"], [37653,"Teaching learners to identify and reduce the spread of medical misinformation","[\"Steven T. Johnson\", \"Micheline Andel Goldwire\", \"Maha Abdalla\", \"Ashish Advani\", \"Abdullah M. Alhammad\", \"Keri C. Anderson\", \"Allison C. Bernknopf\", \"M. Blommel\", \"Rachel Brunner\", \"JorDonna Frazier\", \"Prit Gor\", \"Rena A. Gosser\", \"Heather J. Ipema\", \"K. Kier\", \"Audrey Kostrzewa\", \"Daniel Majerczyk\", \"Radha Manian\", \"Erin Maxwell\", \"Dianne W. May\", \"J. R. May\", \"Faria Munir\", \"Ife Okafar\", \"Jennifer Phillips\", \"Alia A. Poore\", \"Maha Saad\", \"Julie B. Sibbesen\", \"Christine D. Sommer\"]","Pharmacists play a key role in helping to identify and combat the spread of medical misinformation. To do this effectively, pharmacists need to be equipped with skills and tools to respond to medical misinformation as it relates to patient care. The lack of peer‐reviewed research on how to approach medical misinformation illustrates the need for specific strategies on how to identify, combat, and report medical misinformation. This article describes practical tactics pharmacists can use to teach learners the knowledge and skills necessary to reduce the spread of medical misinformation from various sources, including social media and artificial intelligence.","JACCP: JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY",null,"Journal of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy",19,1,"Practical tactics pharmacists can use to teach learners the knowledge and skills necessary to reduce the spread of medical misinformation from various sources, including social media and artificial intelligence are described.","2024-07-31T00:00:00","8ede4c7e11099d4a4085dae660db99b985a305c4"], [37654,"Content Analysis of MAFINDO's Verified WhatsApp-Related Misinformation in Indonesia","[\"Detta Rahmawan\", \"Irma Garnesia\", \"R. Hartanto\"]","This study seeks to contribute to the emerging studies on fact-checking practices in the Global South by focusing on Indonesia, one of the largest democratic countries in the world. An organization and grassroots movement called MAFINDO (Masyarakat Anti Fitnah Indonesia/the Indonesian Anti-Defamation Society) has been spearheading fact-checking practices in Indonesia by operating a website “turnbackhoax.id” containing fact-checked articles including on misinformation spread through WhatsApp. This research uses content analysis to examine a diverse array of WhatsApp-related misinformation verified by MAFINDO, spanning from July 2015 to July 2020. Our findings reveal that politics and everyday occurrences, or trivial issues top the charts of WhatsApp-related misinformation, with nearly half primarily existing in the text format. Notably, the originators of this misinformation remain unknown, and MAFINDO primarily utilizes news articles for verification. Furthermore, we assess the \"fact-check worthiness\" of WhatsApp misinformation comparing it to a traditional \"worthiness\" from the notion of news values and \"public priority issues\" and found that over half of the misinformation falls within these categories. We hope these findings can inform strategies and interventions aimed at addressing the propagation of misinformation within the confines of enclosed platforms such as WhatsApp.","Jurnal Kajian Jurnalisme",null,"Jurnal Kajian Jurnalisme",0,0,null,"2024-07-31T00:00:00","ce2cf13aa71c37a63dc7ee002177aaa73a45c690"], [37655,"Deceptive AI systems that give explanations are more convincing than honest AI systems and can amplify belief in misinformation","[\"Valdemar Danry\", \"Pat Pataranutaporn\", \"Matthew Groh\", \"Ziv Epstein\", \"Pattie Maes\"]","Advanced Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems, specifically large language models (LLMs), have the capability to generate not just misinformation, but also deceptive explanations that can justify and propagate false information and erode trust in the truth. We examined the impact of deceptive AI generated explanations on individuals' beliefs in a pre-registered online experiment with 23,840 observations from 1,192 participants. We found that in addition to being more persuasive than accurate and honest explanations, AI-generated deceptive explanations can significantly amplify belief in false news headlines and undermine true ones as compared to AI systems that simply classify the headline incorrectly as being true/false. Moreover, our results show that personal factors such as cognitive reflection and trust in AI do not necessarily protect individuals from these effects caused by deceptive AI generated explanations. Instead, our results show that the logical validity of AI generated deceptive explanations, that is whether the explanation has a causal effect on the truthfulness of the AI's classification, plays a critical role in countering their persuasiveness - with logically invalid explanations being deemed less credible. This underscores the importance of teaching logical reasoning and critical thinking skills to identify logically invalid arguments, fostering greater resilience against advanced AI-driven misinformation.","ArXiv",null,"arXiv.org",52,0,"It is found that in addition to being more persuasive than accurate and honest explanations, AI-generated deceptive explanations can significantly amplify belief in false news headlines and undermine true ones as compared to AI systems that simply classify the headline incorrectly as being true/false.","2024-07-31T00:00:00","13f58e40c4e14d8bcab070f5d0a67770b490acc5"], [37656,"Misinformation May Be Hindering a Good Night's Sleep for Some Older Adults","[\"Cheryl L. Lampkin\"]",null,null,null,"",0,0,null,"2024-07-31T00:00:00","5d79490b823fc92b339a4ac6591ecef7806341a7"], [37657,"Liars know they are lying: differentiating disinformation from disagreement","[\"Stephan Lewandowsky\", \"Ullrich K. H. Ecker\", \"John Cook\", \"Sander van der Linden\", \"Jon Roozenbeek\", \"Naomi Oreskes\", \"Lee C. McIntyre\"]",null,"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications",null,"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications",139,4,null,"2024-07-31T00:00:00","70f8e956ce0b1440d61ce1134ed653bf30a25024"], [37658,"Measuring Falseness in News Articles based on Concealment and Overstatement","[\"Jiyoung Lee\", \"Keeheon Lee\"]","This research investigates the extent of misinformation in certain journalistic articles by introducing a novel measurement tool to assess the degrees of falsity. It aims to measure misinformation using two metrics (concealment and overstatement) to explore how information is interpreted as false. This should help examine how articles containing partly true and partly false information can potentially harm readers, as they are more challenging to identify than completely fabricated information. In this study, the full story provided by the fact-checking website serves as a standardized source of information for comparing differences between fake and real news. The result suggests that false news has greater concealment and overstatement, due to longer and more complex new stories being shortened and ambiguously phrased. While there are no major distinctions among categories of politics science and civics, it demonstrates that misinformation lacks crucial details while simultaneously containing more redundant words. Hence, news articles containing partial falsity, categorized as misinformation, can deceive inattentive readers who lack background knowledge. Hopefully, this approach instigates future fact-checkers, journalists, and the readers to secure high quality articles for a resilient information environment.","ArXiv",null,"arXiv.org",46,0,"The result suggests that false news has greater concealment and overstatement, due to longer and more complex new stories being shortened and ambiguously phrased, and there are no major distinctions among categories of politics science and civics.","2024-07-31T00:00:00","a291da1faae5943ef29d7dea581c60804484fbf7"], [37659,"Assessing inoculation’s effectiveness in motivating resistance to conspiracy propaganda in Finnish and United States samples","[\"E. Bessarabova\", \"John Banas\", \"Hanna Reinikainen\", \"Neil Talbert\", \"Vilma Luoma-aho\", \"Katerina Tsetsura\"]","Introduction This study tested the motivational power of inoculation to foster resistance to conspiracy propaganda (9/11 Truth Movement), comparing inoculation effects across United States and Finnish study participants. Method We used a 2 inoculation (treatment vs. control) × 2 national culture (American vs. Finnish) independent groups design (N = 319), while examining the effects of motivational threat and thinking modes—analytic vs. intuitive—on the inoculation process. To test the effectiveness of the inoculation strategy, we used an excerpt from a conspiracy film Loose Change as a counterattitudinal attack message. Results Our results indicated that inoculation was effective at motivating resistance regardless of national culture. Inoculation effects emerged mostly as a direct effect on resistance and two indirect effects wherein motivational threat mediated the relationship between inoculation and resistance as well as inoculation and analytic mode of message processing. Although we found that an increase in analytic mode of processing facilitated resistance and intuitive processing increased conspiracy-theory endorsement, the indirect effects between inoculation and resistance via message processing modes were not significant. Finally, the data revealed national culture differences in analytic mode and cultural-context differences mostly pertaining to the relationships between thinking styles, media literacy, and modes of thinking. Discussion These results offer important theoretical implications for inoculation scholarship and suggest viable practical solutions for efforts to mitigate misinformation and conspiratorial beliefs.","Frontiers in Psychology",null,"Frontiers in Psychology",90,1,null,"2024-07-31T00:00:00","199d4ddd8693029983a22e11e52f61e707389297"], [37660,"Civic Literacy and Disinformation in Democracies","[\"Jannie Lilja\", \"Niklas Eklund\", \"Ester Tottie\"]","The aim of this study is to explore civic literacy as an approach to counter disinformation in democracies. From group interviews, we elicit, categorize, and analyze diverse perspectives on disinformation in Sweden, previously upheld as a country with high civic literacy levels. We focus on people’s understandings of disinformation, their assessment of their own abilities to discern disinformation, and their ideas about how increased resilience to disinformation could be achieved. Our findings, based on input from 73 interviewees across Sweden, suggest that shared basic knowledge on disinformation is lacking. Moreover, there is a related weak understanding of what constitutes authentic information. Those with low awareness operate on a logic of beliefs, implying that measures to improve factuality and objectivity could not even be aspired for. Still, there are also constituents showing advanced understandings. The majority of respondents call for new measures to strengthen citizen knowledge and skills and generate many proposals to that end. Our results indicate that citizen competence needs to increase considerably to keep up with the rapidly evolving disinformation environment. A concerted drive to boost citizen knowledge and skills, tailored to different constituencies, is needed for the democratic system to work as intended.","Social Sciences",null,"The social science",78,2,null,"2024-07-31T00:00:00","a85c165ebe88123b00387870f408720e35c093d1"], [37661,"Model Attribution in LLM-Generated Disinformation: A Domain Generalization Approach with Supervised Contrastive Learning","[\"Alimohammad Beigi\", \"Zhen Tan\", \"Nivedh Mudiam\", \"Canyu Chen\", \"Kai Shu\", \"Huan Liu\"]","Model attribution for LLM-generated disinformation poses a significant challenge in understanding its origins and mitigating its spread. This task is especially challenging because modern large language models (LLMs) produce disinformation with human-like quality. Additionally, the diversity in prompting methods used to generate disinformation complicates accurate source attribution. These methods introduce domain-specific features that can mask the fundamental characteristics of the models. In this paper, we introduce the concept of model attribution as a domain generalization problem, where each prompting method represents a unique domain. We argue that an effective attribution model must be invariant to these domain-specific features. It should also be proficient in identifying the originating models across all scenarios, reflecting real-world detection challenges. To address this, we introduce a novel approach based on Supervised Contrastive Learning. This method is designed to enhance the model's robustness to variations in prompts and focuses on distinguishing between different source LLMs. We evaluate our model through rigorous experiments involving three common prompting methods: “open-ended”, “rewriting”, and “paraphrasing”, and three advanced LLMs: “llama 2”, “chatgpt”, and “vicuna”. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in model attribution tasks, achieving state-of-the-art performance across diverse and unseen datasets.","2024 IEEE 11th International Conference on Data Science and Advanced Analytics (DSAA)",null,"International Conference on Data Science and Advanced Analytics",62,1,"This paper introduces the concept of model attribution as a domain generalization problem, where each prompting method represents a unique domain, and argues that an effective attribution model must be invariant to these domain-specific features.","2024-07-31T00:00:00","c1890110ab377ea75494d0e2b413a660b0645d24"], [37662,"Countering Disinformation and Misconceptions in the Law as a Way to Protect the Legal System from Manipulation","[\"Taras L. Gosudarev\", \"Elizaveta Yu. Salnikova\"]","The article delves into the emergence of conditions conducive to disinformation and misconceptions within legal frameworks, emphasizing their implications for societal stability and justice. The increasing complexity and volume of legal norms often necessitate specialized knowledge for comprehension, thereby heightening the risk of misinterpretation across various sectors of society, including law enforcement and legislative bodies. The social ramifications of legal misconceptions are profound, extending beyond potential miscarriages of justice to encompass broader implications for social and political stability. Of particular concern is the deliberate exploitation of legal ambiguities and misunderstandings to manipulate the socio-political landscape, exacerbating societal divisions and undermining legal integrity. Through a comprehensive analysis, the authors advocate for a multifaceted approach to mitigate this issue. This approach aims to eliminate the potential for dual interpretations of legal norms and phenomena, while concurrently enhancing legal awareness and literacy among the populace. By fostering a more informed and discerning public, the legal system can better withstand attempts at manipulation and uphold its foundational principles of fairness and equity.","Теория и практика общественного развития",null,"Теория и практика общественного развития",0,0,null,"2024-07-31T00:00:00","8c6dd575d7233301eb7a36bdbdbb7de360faba3f"], [37663,"Fake News, Financiamento e Regulação das Redes: Em Busca de uma Harmonização","[\"A. Barreto\", \"Flavio Augusto Barreto Medrado\", \"Clara Cardoso Machado Jaborandy\"]",": Tendo presente a profusão de notícias falsas que permeiam o debate público brasileiro, notadamente por meio das redes sociais e aplicativos de conversas instantâneas, este artigo se propõe a contribuir para o debate sobre a regulação das fake news no Brasil, de modo que objetiva analisar o modelo negocial de financiamento da desinformação sob enfoque que leva em especial consideração a sua efetiva base fenomenológica. Para além da técnica da ponderação com contravalores que se anteponham ao seu exercício ilimitado, como a preservação da saúde pública, buscar-se-á um parâmetro categórico que permita concluir se o caso é ou não de limitação à liberdade. Far-se-á o presente estudo através do método qualitativo por meio de revisão bibliográfica e documental, lançando-se mão das abordagens racional argumentativa e racional especulativa como fios condutores ao atingimento do objetivo proposto.","Direito Público",null,"Direito Público",0,0,null,"2024-07-31T00:00:00","d47df01204bdc8fa82db08664bf085882265cb65"], [37664,"A Study on the Impact of ESG Management of Domestic Terrestrial Broadcasters on News Trustworthiness : Focusing on the Mediation Effect of Channel Brand Equity","[\"Hyung-Jin Woo\"]",null,"Journal of Broadcasting and Telecommunications Research",null,"Journal of Broadcasting and Telecommunications Research",0,0,null,"2024-07-31T00:00:00","165426a11dc9e3cab6c453d4632adfd49cff2c41"], [37665,"News Portal Reports and User Comments on Dramas with “Historical Distortion” Disputes: The Case of Joseon Exorcist and Snowdrop","[\"Jungah Ahn\"]",null,"JOURNAL OF THE KOREA CONTENTS ASSOCIATION",null,"The Journal of the Korea Contents Association",0,0,null,"2024-07-31T00:00:00","a07bcca59e7a16df774627cf1041348e3c16affe"], [37666,"Does the Source of a Warning Matter? Examining the Effectiveness of Veracity Warning Labels Across Warners","[\"Benjamin D. Horne\"]","In this study, we conducted an online, between-subjects experiment (N = 2,049) to better understand the impact of warning label sources on information trust and sharing intentions. Across four warners (the social media platform, other social media users, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and fact checkers), we found that all significantly decreased trust in false information relative to control, but warnings from AI were modestly more effective. All warners significantly decreased the sharing intentions of false information, except warnings from other social media users. AI was again the most effective. These results were moderated by prior trust in media and the information itself. Most noteworthy, we found that warning labels from AI were significantly more effective than all other warning labels for participants who reported a low trust in news organizations, while warnings from AI were no more effective than any other warning label for participants who reported a high trust in news organizations.","ArXiv",null,"arXiv.org",78,0,"It is found that warning labels from AI were significantly more effective than all other warning labels for participants who reported a low trust in news organizations, while warnings from AI were no more effective than any other warning label for participants who reported a high trust in news organizations.","2024-07-31T00:00:00","7e15ee3a943f88521d82ab2276acf4d60d502d37"], [37667,"The political (a)symmetry of metacognitive insight into detecting misinformation.","[\"Michael Geers\", \"Helen Fischer\", \"Stephan Lewandowsky\", \"Stefan M. Herzog\"]","Political misinformation poses a major threat to democracies worldwide, often inciting intense disputes between opposing political groups. Despite its central role for informed electorates and political decision making, little is known about how aware people are of whether they are right or wrong when distinguishing accurate political information from falsehood. Here, we investigate people's metacognitive insight into their own ability to detect political misinformation. We use data from a unique longitudinal study spanning 12 waves over 6 months that surveyed a representative U.S. sample (N = 1,191) on the most widely circulating political (mis)information online. Harnessing signal detection theory methods to model metacognition, we found that people from both the political left and the political right were aware of how well they distinguished accurate political information from falsehood across all news. However, this metacognitive insight was considerably lower for Republicans and conservatives-than for Democrats and liberals-when the information in question challenged their ideological commitments. That is, given their level of knowledge, Republicans' and conservatives' confidence was less likely to reflect the correctness of their truth judgments for true and false political statements that were at odds with their political views. These results reveal the intricate and systematic ways in which political preferences are linked to the accuracy with which people assess their own truth discernment. More broadly, by identifying a specific political asymmetry-for discordant relative to concordant news-our findings highlight the role of metacognition in perpetuating and exacerbating ideological divides. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","Journal of experimental psychology. General",null,"Journal of experimental psychology. General",0,3,null,"2024-08-01T00:00:00","5e116b8c03c1949b9cfd20297a18bc317dde2b0b"], [37668,"Everything We Hear: Towards Tackling Misinformation in Podcasts","[\"Sachin Pathiyan Cherumanal\", \"U. Gadiraju\", \"Damiano Spina\"]","Advances in generative AI, the proliferation of large multimodal models (LMMs), and democratized open access to these technologies have direct implications for the production and diffusion of misinformation. In this prequel, we address tackling misinformation in the unique and increasingly popular context of podcasts. The rise of podcasts as a popular medium for disseminating information across diverse topics necessitates a proactive strategy to combat the spread of misinformation. Inspired by the proven effectiveness of \\textit{auditory alerts} in contexts like collision alerts for drivers and error pings in mobile phones, our work envisions the application of auditory alerts as an effective tool to tackle misinformation in podcasts. We propose the integration of suitable auditory alerts to notify listeners of potential misinformation within the podcasts they are listening to, in real-time and without hampering listening experiences. We identify several opportunities and challenges in this path and aim to provoke novel conversations around instruments, methods, and measures to tackle misinformation in podcasts.","ArXiv",null,"International Conference on Multimodal Interaction",77,1,"This work proposes the integration of suitable auditory alerts to notify listeners of potential misinformation within the podcasts they are listening to, in real-time and without hampering listening experiences.","2024-08-01T00:00:00","2993ce1490e96062f9b9020d774eab02b7b00f9e"], [37669,"HPV vaccine misinformation on social media: A multi-method qualitative analysis of comments across three platforms","[\"Dannell Boatman\", \"Zachary Jarrett\", \"Abby Starkey\", \"M. E. Conn\", \"Stephenie Kennedy-Rea\"]",null,"PEC Innovation",null,"PEC Innovation",31,2,"Differences in the proportion of cross-cutting themes in the comment sections of top-performing initial creator posts across platforms suggests the need for targeted communication strategies to counter misinformation narratives and support vaccine uptake.","2024-08-01T00:00:00","c39c6d0687700e8486984a987e0d0a5753e28992"], [37670,"DisTrack: a new Tool for Semi-automatic Misinformation Tracking in Online Social Networks","[\"Guillermo Villar-Rodr'iguez\", \"\\u00c1lvaro Huertas-Garc\\u00eda\", \"Alejandro Mart\\u00edn\", \"Javier Huertas-Tato\", \"David Camacho\"]","Introduction: This article introduces DisTrack, a methodology and a tool developed for tracking and analyzing misinformation within Online Social Networks (OSNs). DisTrack is designed to combat the spread of misinformation through a combination of Natural Language Processing (NLP) Social Network Analysis (SNA) and graph visualization. The primary goal is to detect misinformation, track its propagation, identify its sources, and assess the influence of various actors within the network. Methods: DisTrack's architecture incorporates a variety of methodologies including keyword search, semantic similarity assessments, and graph generation techniques. These methods collectively facilitate the monitoring of misinformation, the categorization of content based on alignment with known false claims, and the visualization of dissemination cascades through detailed graphs. The tool is tailored to capture and analyze the dynamic nature of misinformation spread in digital environments. Results: The effectiveness of DisTrack is demonstrated through three case studies focused on different themes: discredit/hate speech, anti-vaccine misinformation, and false narratives about the Russia-Ukraine conflict. These studies show DisTrack's capabilities in distinguishing posts that propagate falsehoods from those that counteract them, and tracing the evolution of misinformation from its inception. Conclusions: The research confirms that DisTrack is a valuable tool in the field of misinformation analysis. It effectively distinguishes between different types of misinformation and traces their development over time. By providing a comprehensive approach to understanding and combating misinformation in digital spaces, DisTrack proves to be an essential asset for researchers and practitioners working to mitigate the impact of false information in online social environments.","ArXiv",null,"Cognitive Computation",59,0,"By providing a comprehensive approach to understanding and combating misinformation in digital spaces, DisTrack proves to be an essential asset for researchers and practitioners working to mitigate the impact of false information in online social environments.","2024-08-01T00:00:00","e810a57c657864e0b12afd489f273c112905d936"], [37671,"Feedback exercises boost discernment of misinformation for gamified inoculation interventions.","[\"Johannes Leder\", \"Lukas Valentin Schellinger\", \"R. Maertens\", \"Sander van der Linden\", \"Breanne Chryst\", \"Jon Roozenbeek\"]","Gamification is a promising approach to reducing misinformation susceptibility. Previous research has found that \"inoculation\" games such as Bad News and Harmony Square help build cognitive resistance against misinformation. However, recent research has offered two important nuances: a potentially inadvertent impact of such games on people's evaluation of non-misinformation (\"real news\") and exponential decay over time if no memory-strengthening exercise is provided. We address these issues in two preregistered lab experiments (N1 = 191, N2 = 321) and four quasi-experimental in-game surveys implemented in Harmony Square (N3 = 559) and Bad News (N4 = 2,558, N5 = 419, N6 = 882). In Experiments 1 and 2, we test if providing different types of feedback after playing Bad News enhances discriminative ability of misinformation and real news 1 week postgameplay and find that doing so resulted in homogeneously better accuracy at identifying both misinformation and non-misinformation compared with a control condition, which played Bad News without feedback. In Experiments 3-6, we implemented two different types of feedback exercises in the Harmony Square and Bad News games and find that this significantly boosts discernment compared with playing the game without a feedback exercise, primarily by improving accuracy at detecting real news. We confirm these results using signal detection theory. We conclude that feedback exercises boost the effectiveness of gamified misinformation interventions, likely due to an improved learning environment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","Journal of experimental psychology. General",null,"Journal of experimental psychology. General",0,0,null,"2024-08-01T00:00:00","14465623ebddc61633b287e842b569ae363b6597"], [37672,"Beyond Hate Speech and Misinformation: Facebook and the Rohingya Genocide in Myanmar","[\"Matt Schissler\"]","The case of the Rohingya genocide in Myanmar has increasingly come to illustrate the maximum evil of Facebook and its parent company, Meta. Yet most analyses of this case share a distinctive feature that radically narrows the scope of the problem: the focus is only on content that negatively characterizes the Rohingya, whether through hate speech, misinformation, or other efforts to construct them in ways that may be used to justify genocide. Such content is an important matter of concern. It warrants action, independent of causal effect. But the question of what conduct and content on Facebook may help cause violence must include analysis of a broader potential range that extends beyond characterizations of the victims. To specify some of this range, the article turns to scholarship from the field of genocide studies. In particular, it looks to the process of “in-group policing,” which involves constructing not just victims of genocide but also those who are supposed to support it. The bulk of the article then analyzes in-group policing in Myanmar and on Facebook, by offering new interpretations of publicly available evidence and drawing on observations from work in Myanmar during the five years before large-scale military attacks on the Rohingya in 2016–17. The article concludes by discussing the implications of its findings for ongoing efforts to pursue restitution and accountability for the Rohingya genocide, and proposing concrete questions with broad relevance for scholars and practitioners.","Journal of Genocide Research",null,"Journal of Genocide Research",27,0,null,"2024-08-01T00:00:00","44eae5eb518717b21eb74053e92b4a49a982650d"], [37673,"742 Humans vs large language models: An assessment of evaluating online dermatological misinformation","[\"A.H. Fanous\", \"M. Le\", \"S. Rezaei\", \"S. Xu\", \"J. Ko\", \"J. Lipoff\", \"R. Daneshjou\"]",null,"Journal of Investigative Dermatology",null,"Journal of Investigative Dermatology",0,0,null,"2024-08-01T00:00:00","f8cc9373483b7da77a933183f3b0660dd7965ab1"], [37674,"Considering information-sharing motives to reduce misinformation.","[\"Laura K. Globig\", \"T. Sharot\"]",null,"Current opinion in psychology",null,"Current Opinion in Psychology",62,0,null,"2024-08-01T00:00:00","7a2941ee2af5e8af1f1bc77803df5b1ee197ff4a"], [37675,"How New Pharmacists Handled COVID-19 Misinformation: A Qualitative Study.","[\"S. Nasruddin\", \"Shishir Maharjan\", \"Joanne Canedo\", \"Vibhuti Arya\", \"Alicia Bouldin\", \"Marie Barnard\", \"Meagen Rosenthal\"]",null,"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA",null,"Journal of the American Pharmacists Association",0,0,"A baseline understanding of new pharmacists' practices in managing health misinformation can inform the development of recommendations for health misinformation management and assist pharmacy schools in identifying areas for further training for student pharmacists.","2024-08-01T00:00:00","7a963752be44aa50676e080b47befa6f9314cfff"], [37676,"Legitimacy’s Topological Impact: Mimetic Isomorphism in the Misinformation-Reliable Sources Nexus","[\"Carlos Carrasco Farre\"]",null,"Academy of Management Proceedings",null,"Academy of Management Proceedings",0,0,null,"2024-08-01T00:00:00","fe7150eba84be4cadb60ab367745ff63e4d2977a"], [37677,"Climate Misinformation Production: Beliefs, Physical Environmental Experiences, and Affordances","[\"John-Patrick Akinyemi\", \"S. Jarvenpaa\", \"Thushara Gunda\"]",null,"Academy of Management Proceedings",null,"Academy of Management Proceedings",0,0,null,"2024-08-01T00:00:00","4a400e284a83c5a51270b26d517d1889f22f8708"], [37678,"Longitudinal Analysis of Health Misinformation: A Case of COVID-19 Pandemic","[\"Romilla Syed\", \"Archana Shinde\", \"Emmanuelle Vaast\"]",null,"Academy of Management Proceedings",null,"Academy of Management Proceedings",0,0,null,"2024-08-01T00:00:00","8d181b79a0794eeb75263a031f0a50a7f395e5af"], [37679,"Sensitization instructions can reduce the misinformation effect and improve the eyewitness confidence–accuracy relationship.","[\"E. Spearing\", \"Eric Y. Mah\", \"Rupam Jagota\", \"Kimberley A. Wade\", \"Hartmut Blank\", \"D. S. Lindsay\"]",null,"Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition",null,"Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition",0,0,null,"2024-08-01T00:00:00","d43eb4967dc8d82e29f71d33f4855c564f4a9865"], [37680,"COVID-19 ANTI-VACCINE MISINFORMATION DISCOURSE ON TWITTER: INFLUENTIAL ROLES OF POLARIZATION AND THE 2020 US PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION","[\"Wei Xiao\"]",null,"Telematics and Informatics Reports",null,"Telematics and Informatics Reports",74,0,null,"2024-08-01T00:00:00","011710a599f4119a24635ef57c59938cc0feec9c"], [37681,"TOFDS: A Two-Stage Task Execution Method for Fake News in Digital Twin-Empowered Socio-Cyber World","[\"Kai Peng\", \"Bohai Zhao\", \"Chengfang Ling\", \"Muhammad Bilal\", \"Xiaolong Xu\", \"Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues\"]","Owing to the breakthrough in mobile wireless communication technologies, almost everyone has been immersed into social networks, while fake news and misinformation are also being pushed into people’s minds with astonishing speed and breadth. The rising disparity between limited computing resources and the exploding news size necessitates innovative solutions to handle the challenge posed by booming data volume and make it more likely to differentiate fake news. In response to the aforementioned dilemma, the social-aware computation offloading system is analyzed, where the digital twin (DT) paradigm is used to simulate tasks offloading and assess the associated costs. Next, to obtain the best offloading choice, we fully consider the social relationship constraints and further propose an online task execution method that includes two stages of cluster selection and computing offloading, named TOFDS. Specifically, it exploits the technologies from multiobjective optimization and deep reinforcement learning (DRL) and realizes the joint optimization of resource utilization, load balancing, service latency, and energy consumption. Eventually, the comparative experiments demonstrate that TOFDS performs well when dealing with fake news data and can adapt to changes in dataset size and service clusters.","IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems",null,"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems",42,3,"An online task execution method that includes two stages of cluster selection and computing offloading, named TOFDS, that exploits the technologies from multiobjective optimization and deep reinforcement learning and realizes the joint optimization of resource utilization, load balancing, service latency, and energy consumption is proposed.","2024-08-01T00:00:00","f0d3ba26f599f8e3316712a41c4d4b5969b3b07b"], [37682,"On the Feasibility of Predicting Volumes of Fake News—The Spanish Case","[\"Luis Iba\\u00f1ez-Lissen\", \"L. Gonz\\u00e1lez-Manzano\", \"J. M. de Fuentes\", \"M. Goyanes\"]","The growing amount of news shared on the Internet makes it hard to verify them in real-time. Malicious actors take advantage of this situation by spreading fake news to impact society through misinformation. An estimation of future fake news would help to focus the detection and verification efforts. Unfortunately, no previous work has addressed this issue yet. Therefore, this work measures the feasibility of predicting the volume of future fake news in a particular context—Spanish contents related to Spain. The approach involves different artificial intelligence (AI) mechanisms on a dataset of 298k real news and 8.9k fake news in the period 2019–2022. Results show that very accurate predictions can be reached. In general words, the use of long short-term memory (LSTM) with attention mechanisms offers the best performance, being headlines useful when a small amount of days is taken as input. In the best cases, when predictions are made for periods, an error of 10.3% is made considering the mean of fake news. This error raises to 28.7% when predicting a single day in the future.","IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems",null,"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems",61,2,"This work measures the feasibility of predicting the volume of future fake news in a particular context—Spanish contents related to Spain and concludes that the use of long short-term memory (LSTM) with attention mechanisms offers the best performance.","2024-08-01T00:00:00","1c1edf1479147325ec6940ae7a83bdee25f84248"], [37683,"Share If You Believe, Comment If You Doubt: The Effect of Source of Information, Trust, and Belief in Conspiracy Theories on Engagement with Facebook Posts","[\"E. Atad\", \"Yossi David\"]","This study examines the effect of one of three sources of information: a politician (authority figure), a physician (expert), and an ordinary person (non-expert) who appeared in a personal story related to a controversial issue (COVID-19 vaccination) on Facebook, on the willingness to engage with it. Using a between-subjects experiment (N = 848) conducted among Israeli adults (18 and older), we found a higher likelihood of sharing the story in interpersonal conversations than in other types of communications, regardless of the source that appeared in the story. However, respondents with high levels of institutional trust preferred sharing a politician’s story, while conspiracy believers tended to comment on an ordinary person’s story. The findings of the different patterns of communication behavior among conspiracy believers and people with high trust in political institutes contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the spread of misinformation in the digital age and during times of crisis.","Behavioral Sciences",null,"Behavioral Science",61,0,null,"2024-08-01T00:00:00","6a6fab73054693f1b62533b62b38e426fb3fbfa5"], [37684,"Trust of social media content and risk of making misinformed decisions: Survey of people affected by cancer and their caregivers","[\"Ilona Fridman\", \"Carma L Bylund\", \"Jennifer Elston Lafata\"]",null,"PEC Innovation",null,"PEC Innovation",29,0,"New understanding of the digital divide is contributing to new understanding of the digital divide, highlighting the need for not only improving access to digital information but also the need for a supportive environment that provides patients with dependable methods to verify the authenticity of the information they encounter.","2024-08-01T00:00:00","a864654cd8075ee7dfa52b3644c5167eb8b97a80"], [37685,"Hostile State Disinformation in the Internet Age","[\"Richard A. Clarke\"]","Abstract Foreign actors, particularly Russia and China, are using disinformation as a tool to sow doubts and counterfactuals within the U.S. population. This tactic is not new. From Nazi influence campaigns in the United States to the Soviets spreading lies about the origins of HIV, disinformation has been a powerful tool throughout history. The modern “information age” and the reach of the internet has only exacerbated the impact of these sophisticated campaigns. What then can be done to limit the future effectiveness of the dissemination of foreign states’ disinformation? Who has the responsibility and where does the First Amendment draw the boundaries of jurisdiction?","Daedalus",null,"Daedalus",37,0,null,"2024-08-01T00:00:00","4d4f576afdd9ae784bc2339e47e1c83314b6484f"], [37686,"Learning and interpretation in a world of disinformation: Footnotes on ignorance, conflict, and ambiguity","[\"Claus Rerup\", \"B. Spencer\"]",null,"Scandinavian Journal of Management",null,"Scandinavian Journal of Management",65,1,null,"2024-08-01T00:00:00","8fe3f14744da06c84efc9470f8a5d87cb40526b3"], [37687,"\"Cyberpanics\" and Global Disinformation Campaigns","[\"Phil Laplante\", \"D. Milojicic\", \"Jeffrey M. Voas\"]",null,"Computer",null,"Computer",0,1,null,"2024-08-01T00:00:00","9214fbd7f2430f981b3adeff2cfd2a356dd444bf"], [37688,"Post-truth and pathways for evaluators","[\"Astrid Brousselle\"]","Post-truth relates to the combination of tactics of influence and opinion manipulation orchestrated by powerful economic and political interests, principally targeting initiatives or ideas with a transformative potential. Post-truth strategies express themselves in multiple tactics, which happen synchronously at varied levels and through different channels. Scientifically valid information is forced to compete with narratives which are designed to create doubt or skepticism. Disinformation weakens efforts to implement policies intended to support transformative goals. The distortion, discrediting, or ignoring of scientific evidence has become a threat to our societies. This article starts by defining the post-truth phenomenon, first discussing the roots, tactics, and contextual conditions supporting its expansion. Then it explores what stance evaluators can adopt to work in this new era where people are polarized and disinformation is widespread. This article aims to raise awareness of this disruptive phenomenon and brings evaluators together to consider promising practices.","Evaluation",null,"Evaluation",33,1,null,"2024-08-01T00:00:00","263e89686e23b54190a3df2780320cae68b5a166"], [37689,"Should We Trust the Censor?","[\"Keith E. Whittington\"]","Abstract Central to the American tradition of expanding protections for controversial speech is a robust distrust of potential censors to make reasonable judgments about what speech should be suppressed. But the arguments for a more restrictive approach to speech often implicitly or explicitly evince much greater trust in the likely decisionmakers who will be entrusted with the authority to suppress speech. Whether restricting Communist speech, antiwar speech, “hate speech,” or “disinformation,” the case for empowering some authority figure-such as campus administrators, technology company employees, or government officials-builds on an assumption that those authority figures will be motivated by good intentions and be endowed with good judgment to make reasonable distinctions between the speech that should be tolerated and the speech that should not. Such confidence would often seem to be misplaced.","Daedalus",null,"Daedalus",6,0,null,"2024-08-01T00:00:00","be4622cc4df5c4c722ca8c2a362f39082cc54b5f"], [37690,"Fake News in Virtual Community, Virtual Society, and Metaverse: A Survey","[\"Jinxia Wang\", \"Stanislav Makowski\", \"Alan Cieslik\", \"Haibin Lv\", \"Zhihan Lv\"]","In the trend of the accelerated progression of communication network technology, the emergence of virtual communities (VCs), virtual societies (VSs), metaverse, and other technologies not only makes data access and sharing easier but also leads to the proliferation of fake news (FN). To effectively monitor and identify FN in VC, VS, and metaverse, and to create a safer virtual space, this work takes FN in VC, VS, and metaverse as objects. First, the content and display methods of FN are reviewed and explained, and it is understood that FN is mainly displayed by single-modal and multimodal representations. Second, the application scenarios in many important fields such as transportation are reviewed and analyzed, so as to further understand the impact and detection effect of FN in different scenarios. Finally, an intelligent outlook and summary analysis are carried out on the detection and information security of FN, which provides theoretical reference and new opportunities for the detection and identification of FN in the virtual cyberspace.","IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems",null,"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems",106,13,"An intelligent outlook and summary analysis are carried out on the detection and information security of FN, which provides theoretical reference and new opportunities for the detection and identification of FN in the virtual cyberspace.","2024-08-01T00:00:00","49cbbcd2592023b8de0bfd36fa9d7610b274e9cc"], [37691,"Unified Evidence Enhancement Inference Framework for Fake News Detection","[\"Lianwei Wu\", \"Linyong Wang\", \"Yongqiang Zhao\"]","The current approaches for fake news detection are mainly devoted to extracting candidate evidence from comments (or external articles) and establishing interactive reasoning with the news itself to verify the falsehood of the news. However, they still have several drawbacks: 1) The interaction object is coarse-grained, which mainly drives the entire news to participate in interaction, but ignores the learning of potential suspicious segments in news; 2) The reasoning ways are relatively single, making it difficult to explore the various possible correlations between news and candidate evidence. To this end, we propose Unified Evidence Enhancement Inference framework (UEEI) to discover and infer high-quality evidence to reveal the false parts of news for detection. Specifically, UEEI first promotes the interaction fusion between comments and news from the perspectives of semantic and emotion, thereby learning potential suspicious fragments in news. Then, the model constructs entity-level and relationship-level retrievals to screen sufficient candidate evidence from external sources. Finally, we measure coherence between suspicious fragments and candidate evidence by multi-view reasoning, and further infer explainable evidence that discovers the false parts of news. Experiments on three public datasets confirm the effectiveness and interpretability of our UEEI.","{\"pages\": \"6541-6549\"}",null,"International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence",0,1,"UEEI first promotes the interaction fusion between comments and news from the perspectives of semantic and emotion, thereby learning potential suspicious fragments in news, and constructs entity-level and relationship-level retrievals to screen sufficient candidate evidence from external sources.","2024-08-01T00:00:00","27b72f77e1c27a57e7e57a8eaeca735ec622343e"], [37692,"Detecting Adversarial Examples of Fake News via the Neurons Activation State","[\"Fan-Hsun Tseng\", \"Jiang Zeng\", \"Hsin-Hung Cho\", \"Kuo-Hui Yeh\", \"Chi-Yuan Chen\"]","Due to the development of technologies, such as the Internet and mobile communication, news production is increasing day by day. Proper news delivery can lead to a thriving economy and disseminate knowledge. However, in addition to disrupting the existing order, fake news may create incorrect values and even beliefs. Therefore, detecting the authenticity of news is an extremely important issue. At present, many scholars have used artificial intelligence (AI) to detect fake news, achieving excellent results. However, once humans become dependent on AI, adversarial examples (AEs) can deceive the AI model and allow humans to receive false information. We have discovered that samples from different categories result in distinct and independent activation state distributions for each neuron. Therefore, this study proposes a method that detects adversarial samples of fake news by observing the activation states of neurons and modeling them as a Poisson distribution. The results of the experiment showed that our method can effectively detect AEs mixed in normal data and remove them, thereby improving the classification accuracy of the model by about 17%. The experimental results show that the method proposed in this article can improve the detection accuracy of fake news AEs.","IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems",null,"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems",41,1,"This study proposes a method that detects adversarial samples of fake news by observing the activation states of neurons and modeling them as a Poisson distribution, and shows that the method can improve the detection accuracy of fake news AEs.","2024-08-01T00:00:00","5f9645f7599af0d7040f3b01853bdb62ab4a403b"], [37693,"Keeping the Fight Alive in Violent Online Contexts: Moral Energy Replenishment to Debunk Fake News","[\"Marie Joachim\", \"L. Certa\", \"Itziar Castell\\u00f3\"]",null,"Academy of Management Proceedings",null,"Academy of Management Proceedings",0,0,null,"2024-08-01T00:00:00","debb4dec973d6ae06134f3c90def5f5fa9e0bb68"], [37694,"Optimizing the Service Efficacy of Crowd Ratings in Curbing Fake News Dissemination on Social Media","[\"Qian Liu\", \"Yang Lyu\", \"Jian Tang\", \"Weiguo Fan\"]",null,"Int. J. Crowd Sci.",null,"International Journal of Crowd Science",0,0,null,"2024-08-01T00:00:00","e13f5574a063cd0c3c644a7a02e2e5a62ccbc7c0"], [37695,"Cry “Fake News” and Gain Support","[\"Dirck DE KLEER\"]",null,"Political Science Today",null,"Political Science Today",0,0,null,"2024-08-01T00:00:00","97e521fdb5a723a5b356732360b7a12067c50b4a"], [37696,"Beliefs About Political News in the Run-Up to an Election","[\"Charles Angelucci\", \"Michel Gutmann\", \"Andrea Prat\"]","This paper develops a model of news discernment to explore the influence of elections on the formation of partisan-driven parallel information universes. Using survey data from news quizzes administered during and outside the 2020 U.S. presidential election, the model shows that partisan congruence’s impact on news discernment is substantially amplified during election periods. Outside an election, when faced with a true and a fake news story and asked to select the most likely true story, an individual is 4% more likely to choose the true story if it favors their party; in the days prior to the election, this increases to 11%.","SSRN Electronic Journal",null,"Social Science Research Network",10,0,null,"2024-08-01T00:00:00","34b993eb59a4c29a0604ff356595e89e2ccc64ac"], [37697,"Informing or concealing - Dynamics of telling disease-related bad news among family members of older cancer patients: A qualitative study.","[\"Xiaoyu He\", \"Jiagui Liang\", \"Hanchang Liang\", \"Peng Yue\", \"Dumin Zeng\", \"Ni Gong\"]",null,"International journal of nursing studies",null,"International Journal of Nursing Studies",33,3,"The key to disclosure by family members is to give patients enough hope to give patients enough hope to control or cure a patient's disease, or prolong the life of patients and improve their quality of life.","2024-08-01T00:00:00","4cfabbd234a610ded6accc9bcc333003e78b150f"], [37698,"Representations of obesity in Australian and UK news coverage: A diachronic comparison","[\"Luke C. Collins\", \"Paul Baker\", \"Gavin Brookes\"]",null,"Applied Corpus Linguistics",null,"Applied Corpus Linguistics",20,2,null,"2024-08-01T00:00:00","5ef1fccda60b256183711f217be2c9287cdab7b7"], [37699,"Risks and opportunities of ‘generative A.I.’: How do news media cover ChatGPT?","[]",null,"International Crisis and Risk Communication Conference Proceedings",null,"International Crisis and Risk Communication Conference Proceedings",0,0,null,"2024-08-01T00:00:00","2a238e7db0abfb4fdd3d609a79ada0180cbff641"], [37700,"\"Mediated perspectives on cyber risk: A content analysis of news reporting about cyber threats and safety measures\"","[]",null,"International Crisis and Risk Communication Conference Proceedings",null,"International Crisis and Risk Communication Conference Proceedings",0,0,null,"2024-08-01T00:00:00","ae1dca615d7e42a4fc52602b44c7f56b88e605dd"], [37701,"The Corrective Effect of Fact-Checking and Hostile Media Perceptions: A Three-Way Interaction Model between Social Media News Usage and Political Misperceptions","[\"Han Lin\", \"J. Lee\", \"Yi Wang\", \"Yonghwan Kim\"]",null,"Digital Journalism",null,"Digital Journalism",61,0,null,"2024-08-01T00:00:00","e53cd04ba3c1b613e8b364bc747f3e5f1e5f1313"], [37702,"Corrigendum to 'Social viewing of news and political participation: The mediating roles of information acquisition, self-expression, and partisan identity' [Computers in Human Behavior 154 (2024) 108158]","[\"Yi Wang\", \"Yonghwan Kim\", \"Han Lin\"]",null,"Comput. Hum. Behav.",null,"Computers in Human Behavior",0,0,null,"2024-08-01T00:00:00","d630a6db0260ba9ccc271d5e15ae6f49e4c44cae"], [37703,"P12 Industry arguments in response to the Scottish government’s 2022-2023 consultation on restricting alcohol advertising and promotion: a framing analysis of news media in the United Kingdom","[\"N. Critchlow\", \"L. Carters-White\", \"R. Purves\", \"S. Boniface\", \"E. Cott\", \"A. Gilmore\", \"N. Fitzgerald\"]",null,"SSM Annual Scientific Meeting",null,"SSM Annual Scientific Meeting",0,0,null,"2024-08-01T00:00:00","6bbc98ee632143857c5ad065cca57c26d0edae97"], [37704,"Reducing COVID-19 Misinformation Spread by Introducing Information Diffusion Delay Using Agent-based Modeling","[\"Mustafa Alassad\", \"Nitin Agarwal\"]","With the explosive growth of the Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19), misinformation on social media has developed into a global phenomenon with widespread and detrimental societal effects. Despite recent progress and efforts in detecting COVID-19 misinformation on social media networks, this task remains challenging due to the complexity, diversity, multi-modality, and high costs of fact-checking or annotation. In this research, we introduce a systematic and multidisciplinary agent-based modeling approach to limit the spread of COVID-19 misinformation and interpret the dynamic actions of users and communities in evolutionary online (or offline) social media networks. Our model was applied to a Twitter network associated with an armed protest demonstration against the COVID-19 lockdown in Michigan state in May, 2020. We implemented a one-median problem to categorize the Twitter network into six key communities (nodes) and identified information exchange (links) within the network. We measured the response time to COVID-19 misinformation spread in the network and employed a cybernetic organizational method to monitor the Twitter network. The overall misinformation mitigation strategy was evaluated, and agents were allocated to interact with the network based on the measured response time and feedback. The proposed model prioritized the communities based on the agents response times at the operational level. It then optimized agent allocation to limit the spread of COVID19 related misinformation from different communities, improved the information diffusion delay threshold to up to 3 minutes, and ultimately enhanced the mitigation process to reduce misinformation spread across the entire network.","ArXiv",null,"arXiv.org",58,0,"A systematic and multidisciplinary agent-based modeling approach to limit the spread of COVID-19 misinformation and interpret the dynamic actions of users and communities in evolutionary online (or offline) social media networks is introduced.","2024-08-02T00:00:00","d874e6954b4913728b683e8818da52a875d6f8eb"], [37705,"Correction for West et al., Misinformation in and about science","[]",null,"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America",null,"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America",0,0,null,"2024-08-02T00:00:00","422d677fdf39b5ee0416f47a38c4d507232a501d"], [37706,"Misinforming LLMs: vulnerabilities, challenges and opportunities","[\"Bo Zhou\", \"Daniel Geissler\", \"P. Lukowicz\"]","Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant advances in natural language processing, but their underlying mechanisms are often misunderstood. Despite exhibiting coherent answers and apparent reasoning behaviors, LLMs rely on statistical patterns in word embeddings rather than true cognitive processes. This leads to vulnerabilities such as\"hallucination\"and misinformation. The paper argues that current LLM architectures are inherently untrustworthy due to their reliance on correlations of sequential patterns of word embedding vectors. However, ongoing research into combining generative transformer-based models with fact bases and logic programming languages may lead to the development of trustworthy LLMs capable of generating statements based on given truth and explaining their self-reasoning process.","ArXiv",null,"arXiv.org",12,2,"It is argued that current LLM architectures are inherently untrustworthy due to their reliance on correlations of sequential patterns of word embedding vectors, however, ongoing research into combining generative transformer-based models with fact bases and logic programming languages may lead to the development of trustworthy LLMs.","2024-08-02T00:00:00","322412edc4725a46156f408540b3d82a77e623d9"], [37707,"Can Conversational Receptiveness Build Trust in the Media?","[\"Dilan Tulan\", \"Charles A. Dorison\", \"Nancy Gibbs\", \"J. Minson\"]","Trust in nonpartisan news is essential to civil society—but is declining in the United States. However, language that demonstrates active engagement with opposing views may build trust. One way to demonstrate such active engagement is conversational receptiveness: the use of linguistic features such as agreement, acknowledgment, subjectivity, and positive emotion, among others. A review of prior work on conversational receptiveness suggests its usefulness in interpersonal conflict. This toolkit might effectively apply also to the challenge of restoring trust in nonpartisan media. A demonstration study illustrates proof of concept: In 600 opinion articles from prominent news sources, more receptive language was associated with reader trust. Pending programmatic research will address limitations, feasibility constraints, open questions, and future empirical directions—including causal tests in applied settings. At a minimum, extrapolating conversational receptivity from its role in interpersonal conflict suggests a role in building trust in nonpartisan media. Conversational receptiveness might present a cost-effective, scalable approach for media producers to bridge political divides and rebuild trust—without alienating existing audiences.","Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences",null,"Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences",34,0,null,"2024-08-02T00:00:00","ef4e9f2c6594b375c9918c76cd6a3107f74a874b"], [37708,"Sustainable Brand Resilience: Mitigating Panic Buying through Brand Value and Food Waste Attitudes Amid Social Media Misinformation","[\"Athanasios Poulis\", \"Prokopis K. Theodoridis\", \"Evi Chatzopoulou\"]","This study investigates the relationship between user-generated content on social media and panic buying, with a focus on how attitudes towards food waste and brand value act as moderating variables. Using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), data from an online survey with 370 responses were analyzed. The findings show that user-generated content significantly contributes to the dissemination of inaccurate information, which in turn triggers panic buying. However, the impact of inaccurate information on panic buying is moderated by consumer attitudes towards food waste and brand value. Specifically, consumers with negative attitudes towards food waste and high brand trust are less likely to engage in panic buying when exposed to misinformation. These results suggest that promoting responsible consumption and leveraging brand value can mitigate the adverse effects of misinformation during crises. This study contributes to sustainability by providing insights into developing strategies for retailers and policymakers to manage consumer behavior, emphasizing the importance of accurate information and brand communication in reducing panic buying tendencies.","Sustainability",null,"Sustainability",0,2,null,"2024-08-03T00:00:00","69c89df83c6fc2e82ea83f5c6cd677d49a379215"], [37709,"Contributions of the Communication and Management of Bad News in Nursing to the Readaptation Process in Palliative Care: A Scoping Review","[\"Teresa Moura\", \"Ana Ramos\", \"Eunice S\\u00e1\", \"L. Pinho\", \"C\\u00e9sar Fonseca\"]","Background: Delivering bad news is a sensitive and challenging aspect of nursing healthcare, requiring a holistic approach that respects patients’ preferences, cultural values, and religious beliefs to promote adaptation to the person’s state of health. Aim: We aim to map the evidence of the dimensions present in the communication and management of bad news by nurses to a person in a palliative situation, their caregivers, and their family members. Methods: Based on the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology, the search was conducted through MEDLINE Complete (EBSCOhost), CINAHL Complete (EBSCOhost), SciELO, and the Open Access Scientific Repository in Portugal. From a total of 756 articles, 14 were included, published between 2018 and 2023. Results: Structure components in bad news are influenced by the characteristics of the palliative patients, their caregivers, their family members, the nurses, and the organizational environment. Promoting the quality of the communication process is desirable through continuous and advanced training in end-of-life care, training in bad news, religiously and culturally sensitive nursing interventions centered on hope and maintaining faith, emotional management, and the utilization of a checklist protocol. Conclusions: Honest communication allows people to actively participate in the decision-making process and in the trajectory of the care plan that is focused on themselves and their preferences, which has outcomes in functional capacities and readaptation.","Applied Sciences",null,"Applied Sciences",30,0,"Honest communication allows people to actively participate in the decision-making process and in the trajectory of the care plan that is focused on themselves and their preferences, which has outcomes in functional capacities and readaptation.","2024-08-04T00:00:00","efea640646b7b237b7cb6ebd4cfb55a19d85a5e3"], [37710,"Motivation and personality: A comparative study of social media use and misinformation in the United States and China","[\"Minxuan Huang\"]","Scholarship has now recognized the potentially detrimental effects of social media on political knowledge, but the question as to whether political knowledge and susceptibility to misinformation are related remains open. Furthermore, there are not many cross‐national comparison studies. This study compares the general and differential factors of the mechanisms of misinformation formation in social media between China and the United States from the perspectives of media factors and psychological factors.Using the 2020 Netizen Social Awareness Survey, we analyze the relationships between social media, personality traits, cognitive closure, and misinformation in China and the United States.The study shows that social media such as Microblog and Twitter do not mislead news consumers. Personality traits and motivational factors have a significant impact on people's misinformation. Authoritarian personality is a general psychological factor affecting public misinformation. Moreover, under different media systems in China and the United States, the impact of social media on misinformation varies with the degree of cognitive closure.It is evident that in the era of social media, cultivating rational and knowledgeable democratic citizens cannot focus solely on the role of the media. It must also consider the cultural and psychological characteristics of the national population.","Social Science Quarterly",null,"Social Science Quarterly",34,1,null,"2024-08-05T00:00:00","f08cfb4c022deaf25e73a323f81ecc0eb8a3871e"], [37711,"Misinformation and Support for Vigilantism: An Experiment in India and Pakistan","[\"Sumitra Badrinathan\", \"Simon Chauchard\", \"Niloufer A. Siddiqui\"]","Vigilante violence, often targeting religious and sectarian minorities and preceded by unsubstantiated rumors, has taken the lives of many citizens in India and Pakistan in recent years. Despite its horrific nature, such vigilantism receives popular support. Can reducing the credibility of rumors via corrections decrease support for vigilantism? To answer this question, we field simultaneous, in-person experiments in Punjab, Pakistan, and Uttar Pradesh, India, regions where anti-minority vigilantism has been preceded by misinformation. We find that correcting rumors reduces support for vigilantism and increases the desire to hold vigilantes accountable. This effect is not attenuated by prior distrust toward out-groups. By contrast, information about state and elite behavior does not always shape attitudes toward vigilantism. These findings provide evidence that support for vigilantism can be reduced through the dissemination of credible information, even in polarized settings.","American Political Science Review",null,"American Political Science Review",45,0,null,"2024-08-05T00:00:00","75e807081a3c0e6f58db1b6e2212c0da77c9d5d7"], [37712,"Understanding and supporting young people exposed to online misinformation about eczema.","[\"Sandra Lawton\", \"Catalina Runcie\", \"Clair Murdoch\"]","The traditional patient-clinician relationship is changing as young people and their families often now turn to the internet and social media for health information, treatment advice and support. Much of that content, however, is unregulated, unverified and inaccurate, which leads to the dissemination of health misinformation. Healthcare professionals working with young people with eczema and their families need to understand why young people turn to social media for health information, identify trends in online misinformation about eczema, and provide alternative, trustworthy sources of information. This article discusses particular areas of online misinformation about eczema as well as dermatology content on specific social media platforms. It also reports the views of young people on the youth panel of the charity Eczema Outreach Support about different social media platforms.","Nursing children and young people",null,"Nursing children and young people",18,0,null,"2024-08-05T00:00:00","3f0992dcdc3c8008a41b391894191dc799226ce5"], [37713,"The danger of using unknown sources in social media","[\"Bader Nasser Hussein\"]","Anonymizing the sources is a source of professional and ethical concern in news reporting, given that concealing sources necessarily means an upcoming danger related to that source, whether it is a government, institutions, or influential people, and the public may be dealing with a torrent of media today from various points of view. Receiving and communicating, whether traditional media or digital publishing means (websites, electronic newspapers, blogs, mass media, social media), in light of the spread of the media, which is considered the most prominent throughout the history of the development of means of communication, which has become a major presence in the formation of today’s societies, in Its ability to reduce space, time, and gravity until it was called (media society, cognitive society, digital society), so that the era in which societies live can be described as the era of social communication.","Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research",null,"Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research",0,0,null,"2024-08-05T00:00:00","f01470a79f1ce18b6336fc9aa9b634366f2b8159"], [37714,"The Impact of Partisan Media on Minority Groups: Incivility and Polarization in American Political Discourse","[\"Yassine Ismaili\"]","The purpose of this research article is to examine the complex relationship between partisan media and its impact on minority groups, specifically African Americans, Latinos, and Asians, in American political discourse. Through a comprehensive analysis of news headlines from major cable news networks such as CNN, Fox, and MSNBC, the study examines how selective framing and biased coverage by media outlets influence the portrayal of this minority groups. By employing sentiment analysis techniques on a dataset extracted from LexisNexis, the study reveals the prevalence of negative tones in news headlines related to African Americans, Latinos, and Asian Americans. The findings shed light on the role of partisan media in shaping public perceptions, reinforcing biases, and contributing to political polarization. The implications of these findings underscore the importance of promoting informed and inclusive media practices to foster a more equitable and engaged society.","Journal of International Relations and Political Science Studies",null,"Journal of International Relations and Political Science Studies",0,0,null,"2024-08-05T00:00:00","ce55cab09915da1fdd90282a3f1fcb5bd0439181"], [37715,"Chilly Reception: A Content Analysis of Comments on a Reformed Climate Skeptic’s Confession","[\"Natasha Strydhorst\"]","While analyses of climate change news stories have documented how climate science practitioners and communicators convey knowledge, how audiences receive stories documenting an author’s changed perspective on climate change science is virtually unexplored. This preliminary study qualitatively investigates the content of comments on a New York Times column documenting its author’s conversion from climate change agnostic to acknowledger. Findings suggest this conversion’s reception tends cold—commenters express disapproval of the author’s free-market-solution approach and criticize his tardiness in acknowledging climate change science.","Science Communication",null,"Science communication",18,0,null,"2024-08-05T00:00:00","61c0efad8aa7b0283959ce11f691d2f32f1a2e9b"], [37716,"The Digital Witness: Exploring Gestural Misinformation in Tele-Forensic Interviews with 5-8-Year-Old Children","[\"Kirsty L. Johnstone\", \"Chris Martin\", \"Mark Blades\"]",null,"Journal of Nonverbal Behavior",null,"Journal of nonverbal behavior",32,1,null,"2024-08-06T00:00:00","edef5e940afef38a5ea6646c0561eb0a7cdd79a7"], [37717,"Profiling adolescents' vulnerability to racial misinformation: An hybrid intervention aimed at promoting mediated intergroup contact","[\"Francesca D\\u2019Errico\", \"Giuseppe Corbelli\", \"Paolo Giovanni Cicirelli\", \"Carmela Sportelli\", \"M. Paciello\"]","This study addresses the issue of adolescents' susceptibility to racial misinformation, testing a socio‐analytical intervention within an educational community through the inducement of analytical processing of misleading news on one side, and mediated contact on the other. Rolling Minds web app has been designed to implement a hybrid schools intervention thanks to which classmates engage with conversational agents, guiding them in deconstructing racial stereotypes, reframing misleading narratives and empathizing with immigrants' point of view. All the intervention activities aim to enhance intergroup contact. For this purpose, in this study, which involved 208 young participants (mean age 14.65; SD = 0.74), we pursued two research objectives. Firstly, by employing a person‐centred approach, our first research question (RQ1) is to identify subgroups of adolescents based on their propensity to engage in analytical reasoning, stereotypical beliefs and self‐transcendence values, finding different vulnerability clusters to racial misinformation. In relation to the emerging profiles, their reactions to the misleading news were initially observed (ie, sharing and fact‐checking). Secondly, regarding the second research question (RQ2), through path analysis we aim to understand whether and how adolescents characterized by different profiles vary in performing activities of socio‐analytical intervention aimed at enhancing contact intentions. These results can guide the development of tailored hybrid educational strategies to engage young people in approaching racial online misinformation in a more reflective and unbiased manner, considering the adolescents' individual differences in vulnerability to racial hoaxes.","Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology",null,"Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology",59,0,null,"2024-08-06T00:00:00","2c2640834a0cee1db57f7a0ef34019eb7e5aba67"], [37718,"Does exposure necessarily lead to misbelief? A meta-analysis of susceptibility to health misinformation.","[\"Jinhui Li\", \"Xiaodong Yang\"]","A meta-analysis was conducted to quantify the overall effect of health misinformation exposure on shaping misbelief. Aggregation of results from 28 individual randomized controlled trial studies (n = 8752) reveals a positive but small average effect, d = 0.28. Moderation analyses suggest that adults who are younger and female tend to develop higher misbelief if exposed to health misinformation. Furthermore, media platform, message falsity, and misbelief measurements also contribute to the exposure effect. These findings offer nuanced but crucial insights into existing misinformation literature, and development of more effective strategies to mitigate the adverse impacts of health misinformation.","Public understanding of science",null,"Public Understanding of Science",71,0,null,"2024-08-06T00:00:00","d239d128b300db6a5ddb552347269c79d5ee2d3f"], [37719,"Disinformation as an obstructionist strategy in climate change mitigation: a review of the scientific literature for a systemic understanding of the phenomenon","[\"Manuel G\\u00e9rtrudix\", \"Alejandro Carbonell-Alcocer\", \"Rub\\u00e9n Arcos\", \"Cristina M. Arribas\", \"Valeri Codesido-Linares\", \"Nerea Ben\\u00edtez-Aranda\"]","Background This study examines the scientific misinformation about climate change, in particular obstructionist strategies. The study aims to understand their impact on public perception and climate policy and emphasises the need for a systemic understanding that includes the financial, economic and political roots. Methods A systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted using the PRISMA 2020 model. The sample consisted of 75 articles published between 2019 and 2023, sourced from Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar. Methodological triangulation was performed to improve the analysis. Results The results show that technological approaches to misinformation detection, such as immunisation and fact-checking, are widely used. However, few studies look in depth at the operational structures that support systematic disinformation. Conclusions The study emphasises the urgent need to expand and deepen research on climate disinformation and argues for more global, comparative and adequately funded studies. It emphasises the importance of addressing the systemic complexity of disinformation and integrating different theoretical and methodological approaches. This will help to develop effective measures against hidden networks of influence and mitigate their disruptive effects. The research findings are relevant for policymakers, scientists, academics, the media and the public and will help to improve strategies to combat climate misinformation and promote science-based climate action.","Open Research Europe",null,"Open Research Europe",176,0,null,"2024-08-06T00:00:00","ffd53d93a8eccdf520b3e41bf4dad5ea4174cffe"], [37720,"#Fakefamous: how do influencers use disinformation to establish long-term credibility on social media?","[\"Varqa Shamsi Bahar\", \"Mahmudul Hasan\"]","PurposeCredible influencers play a key role in shaping the views and preferences of social media users. However, many influencers intentionally use disinformation (e.g. false narratives) to deceive users and gain their trust. This can have serious repercussions, not only for the firms that associate with these influencers but also for users. Further, and alarmingly, many influencers who use disinformation can sustain their credibility over time. This research explores how influencers use disinformation to establish long-term credibility on social media.Design/methodology/approachDrawing on self-presentation theory, we use an in-depth qualitative case study to address our research question, primarily relying on archival data obtained from multiple sources.FindingsOur findings suggest that three stages of self-presentation are required to establish influencer credibility based on disinformation: backstage (preparing to deceive), experimentation (testing deception), and frontstage (launching deceptive ideas on a large scale). We also find that when fraudulent influencers simultaneously weaponise a counterculture and mindfully encase disinformation, users view them as highly credible.Practical implicationsWe offer practical suggestions for regulating fraudulent influencers, including enacting fact-checking procedures, using IT artefacts as reliability signals, and building awareness programmes to develop vigilance in social media communities.Originality/valueWe contribute to self-presentation theory by adding experimentation as a critical stage in developing disinformation that works for long periods. We also contribute to the literature at the intersection of social media influencers and disinformation research by revealing why social media users believe in fraudulent influencers.","Information Technology & People",null,"Information Technology & People",144,0,null,"2024-08-06T00:00:00","dc5c37b62b32f0b20246544959a2392ac09ff6ca"], [37721,"Instrumentalization of Fake News and Fake News Laws: A Content Analysis of Hong Kong Newspapers in Transitional Times","[\"Violeta Camarasa San Juan\", \"Mengzhe Feng\"]",null,"Mass Communication and Society",null,"Mass Communication & Society",27,0,null,"2024-08-06T00:00:00","6020cd89034eeeba72485cf8d7029d89f6fb050f"], [37722,"Financial statements readability and stock price crash risk: the mediating roles of information asymmetry and stock liquidity","[\"Bahaa Saleeb Agaiby Bakhiet\"]","\nPurpose\nThis study aims to delve into the mechanisms through which financial statements readability (FSR) may impact the probability of stock price crashes. It specifically examines how information asymmetry and stock liquidity mediate this relationship.\n\n\nDesign/methodology/approach\nThe study uses data from 107 nonfinancial firms listed on the Egyptian Stock Exchange between 2016 and 2019 to investigate the mediating roles of information asymmetry and stock liquidity using structural equation modeling (SEM). To enhance robustness, the author incorporates the Bootstrap method, conducting 5,000 iterations for consistent validation of results.\n\n\nFindings\nThe findings of this study identify two crucial mediators in the correlation between the readability of financial statements and stock price crash risk. First, information asymmetry partially mediates this association. Complex financial statements allow managers to hide adverse news, thereby increasing information asymmetry. Consequently, investors face challenges in assessing the company’s risk and performance, elevating the probability of stock price crashes when such concealed information is disclosed. Second, the results indicate that stock liquidity plays a key mediating role. Less-readable financial statements hinder stock liquidity, making it more difficult for investors to trade shares efficiently. This reduced liquidity amplifies the influence of negative news, potentially increasing the crash risk. Importantly, our findings demonstrate robustness across various measures, encompassing two readability indicators and two crash risk proxies, validated through both SEM and Bootstrap methods.\n\n\nResearch limitations/implications\nAlthough this research provides valuable insights, it is critical to acknowledge its limitations. The relatively limited sample size may affect the broader applicability of the findings. Moreover, this study was carried out in the Egyptian setting, where financial reporting is conducted in Arabic. This linguistic and cultural specificity could influence the interpretation and generalizability of the findings beyond the Egyptian and Arab contexts. To overcome this limitation, this paper recommends conducting comparative research in diverse linguistic and cultural environments.\n\n\nPractical implications\nThe outcomes of this research carry substantial implications for policymakers and regulators, emphasizing the need for ongoing efforts to enhance financial reporting standards. Clear and readable financial reports contribute not only to market transparency but also to the overall stability and resilience of financial markets. Policymakers are encouraged to consider our findings when shaping or revising standards to ensure readability and transparency, potentially reducing the risk of market disruptions. Furthermore, companies should recognize the adverse impact of complex financial reports, prioritizing transparent and readable reporting to foster investor trust and mitigate crash risks.\n\n\nOriginality/value\nThis research comprehensively analyzes the intricate relationships among FSR, information asymmetry, stock liquidity and stock price crash risk. Focusing on the mediating roles of information asymmetry and stock liquidity, this paper provides novel insights, advancing theoretical understanding and practical implications for risk management and financial reporting. This study expands the current body of knowledge on how FSR is related to the probability of stock price crashes.\n","Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting",null,"Journal of Financial Reporting & Accounting",84,1,null,"2024-08-06T00:00:00","7eafadef48ae0a805ecbda8989b075818069bbc4"], [37723,"Examining the Effects of Social Media Warning Labels on Perceived Credibility and Intent to Engage with Health Misinformation: The Moderating Role of Vaccine Hesitancy.","[\"Bingbing Zhang\", \"Lei Chen\", \"Alexander Moe\"]","Despite the robust scientific evidence affirming the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines, the proliferation of misinformation on social media platforms poses a threat by potentially exacerbating vaccine hesitancy. In response, certain social media platforms have taken measures to flag posts containing such misinformation with warning labels, aiming to dispel false beliefs. This present study employs a survey experiment (N = 304) to examine the effectiveness of two distinct warning labels - disputed and neutral warning labels - in the Twitter (the social media platform now known as X) context, specifically targeting misinformation about COVID-19 vaccines. This study investigates the nuanced effects of vaccine hesitancy on the perceived credibility of debunked misinformation posts following the application of warning flags. The results demonstrated that disputed labels significantly reduced the perceived credibility of misinformation regarding anti-COVID-19 vaccines in comparison to posts without any labeling. Nevertheless, individuals exhibiting higher levels of vaccine hesitancy tended to view the misinformation as more credible than their counterparts with lower levels of hesitancy. These findings present the efficacy of warning labels in combatting misinformation on social media platforms, particularly among those who are least hesitant about vaccination.","Journal of health communication",null,"Journal of health communication",39,1,"The results demonstrated that disputed labels significantly reduced the perceived credibility of misinformation regarding anti-COVID-19 vaccines in comparison to posts without any labeling, and individuals exhibiting higher levels of vaccine hesitancy tended to view the misinformation as more credible than their counterparts with lower levels of hesitancy.","2024-08-07T00:00:00","72bff38ff3701a1bef70072aa352a8e92ccb5175"], [37724,"Credibility Judgments in Higher Education: A Mixed-Methods Approach to Detecting Misinformation from University Instructors","[\"Katie Corbitt\", \"Karen A Hiltbrand\", \"Madison M Coursen\", \"Soren P. Rodning\", \"W. Smith\", \"Donald Mulvaney\"]","Given the convenience with which information can now be acquired, it is crucial to analyze cases of potential misinformation and disinformation in postsecondary education. Instructor credibility judgments were measured using descriptive survey research, and the main objective was to investigate trends related to misinformation, credibility, trust, bias, and others in graduate students and on a graduate program basis. Participants were surveyed from a land grant institution in the southeast United States where 186 graduate students completed an electronic survey on the detection of misinformation and similar experiences. Graduate students were divided based on graduate program into STEM (sciences, technology, engineering, and mathematics) and non-STEM groups. Quantitative methodologies included validated questionnaires developed by researchers containing Likert-type scale questions. Chi-square tests of independence and frequencies served as primary analyses. Participants in both STEM and non-STEM groups detected the following: misinformation, bias, challenges, intimidation, risk of measurable consequences, pressure to conform, and skepticism from post-secondary instructors. There were significant differences between the type of student for trust in claims (p < 0.05), while the perception of potential consequences tended to be different between the types of graduate students (0.05 < p < 0.10). Participants in both STEM and non-STEM groups reported perception bias in science material presentation, with STEM students reporting less bias. Qualitative methodologies included optional open response boxes to provide supporting details or narratives. Reliable and validated thematic coding following served as the primary analysis. Students disciplined in STEM and non-STEM faced misinformation, bias, challenges, intimidation, risk of measurable consequences, pressure to conform, and skepticism from post-secondary instructors. Graduate students reported consistent instances of misinformation and bias about science and agriculture topics in both science and non-science-focused classrooms.","Education Sciences",null,"Education sciences",70,0,null,"2024-08-07T00:00:00","95c6e79952740574ba60a81d81c45a04dabf5284"], [37725,"A Logical Fallacy-Informed Framework for Argument Generation","[\"Luca Mouchel\", \"Debjit Paul\", \"Shaobo Cui\", \"Robert West\", \"Antoine Bosselut\", \"Boi Faltings\"]","Despite the remarkable performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) in natural language processing tasks, they still struggle with generating logically sound arguments, resulting in potential risks such as spreading misinformation. To address this issue, we introduce FIPO, a fallacy-informed framework that leverages preference optimization methods to steer LLMs toward logically sound arguments. FIPO includes a classification loss, to capture the fine-grained information on fallacy types. Our results on argumentation datasets show that our method reduces the fallacy errors by up to 17.5%. Furthermore, our human evaluation results indicate that the quality of the generated arguments by our method significantly outperforms the fine-tuned baselines, as well as other preference optimization methods, such as DPO. These findings highlight the importance of ensuring models are aware of logical fallacies for effective argument generation. Our code is available at github.com/lucamouchel/Logical-Fallacies.","ArXiv",null,"arXiv.org",43,3,"FIPO, a fallacy-informed framework that leverages preference optimization methods to steer LLMs toward logically sound arguments, and shows that the quality of the generated arguments by the method significantly outperforms the fine-tuned baselines, as well as other preference optimization methods, such as DPO.","2024-08-07T00:00:00","68125cedd3c5a77c8c9268503e83932cc9ac9c5d"], [37726,"ALFABETIZAÇÃO MIDIÁTICA E FAKE NEWS: DESAFIOS E ESTRATÉGIAS NO ENSINO DE PORTUGUÊS PARA A FORMAÇÃO DE ALUNOS CRÍTICOS","[\"J. Sch\\u00fctz\", \"E. J\\u00fanior\", \"Magda Nazar\\u00e9 Pereira Da Costa\", \"L. Nicoletti\", \"T. Urbano\", \"Elenice Meller\", \"V. Gomes\", \"R. Miranda\", \"Luciana Pereira De Sousa\", \"Edna Alves Dos Santos\"]","In the current context, media literacy has emerged as an essential skill for the formation of critical and well-informed citizens. This article addresses the importance of integrating this skill into the school curriculum, especially in the teaching of Portuguese. Initially, the challenges faced by educators when dealing with the vast amount of information available and the proliferation of fake news are presented. The lack of criteria for assessing the veracity of information and the influence of social networks make students vulnerable to misinformation, highlighting the urgent need for effective media education. The article then explores various didactic strategies that can be implemented in Portuguese teaching to combat disinformation. These include developing critical thinking, analyzing information sources and encouraging the production of responsible digital content. Practical activities such as news debates, fact-checking and school media projects are suggested to engage students in an active and meaningful way. Finally, the formation of critical learners as a central objective of contemporary education is discussed. Media literacy is presented not only as a complement to traditional Portuguese teaching, but as an integral component that prepares students to face the challenges of the digital age. The article concludes that by enabling students to recognize and question false information, schools play a fundamental role in promoting a more critical and informed society.","Revista ft",null,"Revista ft",0,0,null,"2024-08-07T00:00:00","ac640b0eab56ac4b6053422998d7a8beeba3dcf1"], [37727,"Uncovering the uncoverers: identity, performativity and representation in counter-disinformation discourse","[\"Stephen C. Hutchings\"]",null,"Cultural Studies",null,"Cultural Studies",23,0,null,"2024-08-07T00:00:00","5f49d3c54704591c8309bcce9d4d81fea8091044"], [37728,"Social Media Governance and Fake News Detection Integrated with Artificial Intelligence Governance","[\"B. Thuraisingham\", \"Teena Thomas\"]","Social Media Systems such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter (i.e., X) are exploding. These systems need proper governance so that the users are safe and post accurate information. This paper focuses on social media governance with an emphasis on Artificial Intelligence. First, we discuss various aspects of governance of such policies, procedures and risk and then address a key topic which is detecting fake news on social media. In order for the users to be safe using social media we have to ensure that the governance aspects also include fake news detection. Many of the fake news detection techniques utilize Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) and more recently Generative AI (GenAI) techniques. Therefore, the AI systems that implement the various techniques have to be trustworthy. That means these systems have to be secure as well as ensure fairness, privacy and integrity. Therefore, the paper will also discuss AI Governance as an integral part of Social Media Governance. Finally, to support the various applications and frameworks, both data and the cloud are critical. Large amounts of data are stored and managed by the social media systems as well as used to train the AI models. Furthermore, we need massive amounts of computing power that can be provided by the cloud. Therefore, we will also discuss data and cloud governance that provides the infrastructure for social media and AI governance.","2024 IEEE International Conference on Information Reuse and Integration for Data Science (IRI)",null,"IEEE International Conference on Information Reuse and Integration",20,0,"This paper focuses on social media governance with an emphasis on Artificial Intelligence, and discusses data and cloud governance that provides the infrastructure for social media and AI governance.","2024-08-07T00:00:00","e8c8ecbc12c1c17e1c6c0b0746e29206901ccdd1"], [37729,"Exposure to Higher Rates of False News Erodes Media Trust and Fuels Overconfidence","[\"Sacha Altay\", \"Benjamin A. Lyons\", \"Ariana Modirrousta-Galian\"]",null,"Mass Communication and Society",null,"Mass Communication & Society",60,1,null,"2024-08-07T00:00:00","935951dd7d5aa1410456f5d151b913a7cb18af00"], [37730,"Exploring Kenyans’ interactions with misinformation on WhatsApp","[\"Kevin C. Mudavadi\", \"M. Tully\", \"David B. Lomoywara\"]","The abundance of misinformation spreading online has precipitated a need to investigate experiences with misinformation in more closed spaces like those found on WhatsApp. Based on interviews with Kenyan adults, this study examines participants’ perceptions of misinformation circulated on WhatsApp and its potential consequences, interactions with misinformation, and decision-making. Findings indicate that participants perceive sharing misinformation on WhatsApp as a means of telling others about what is happening around them. Participants acknowledged the dangers of misinformation spread on WhatsApp but were wary of correcting it because of family and friend dynamics; they were afraid of humiliation or embarrassment; they assumed that the information had not spread to too many others; and they perceived some misinformation as harmless memes.","Mobile Media & Communication",null,"Mobile Media & Communication",33,1,null,"2024-08-08T00:00:00","4d3041a48b29dac5f5b2c6ec559df41a811533eb"], [37731,"Effectiveness of digital health interventions against COVID-19 misinformation: a systematic realist review of intervention trials","[\"Dickinson\", \"Robert Dickinson\", \"Dominique Makowski\", \"H. Marwijk\", \"Elizabeth Ford\"]","Misinformation is a growing concern worldwide, particularly in public health following the COVID-19 pandemic in which misinformation has been attributed to tens of thousands of unnecessary deaths. Therefore a search for effective interventions against misinformation is underway, with widely varying proposed interventions, measures of efficacy, and groups targeted for intervention. This realist systematic review of proposed interventions against COVID-19 misinformation assesses the studies themselves, the characteristics and effectiveness of the interventions proposed, the durability of effect, and the circumstances and contexts within which these interventions function. We searched several databases for studies testing interventions published from 2020 onwards. The search results were sorted by eligibility, with eligible studies then being coded by themes and assessed for quality. Twenty-six studies were included, representing eight types of intervention. The results are promising to the advantages of game-type interventions, with other types scoring poorly on either scalability or impact. Backfire effects and effects on subgroups were reported on intermittently in the included studies, showing the advantages of certain interventions for subgroups or contexts. No one intervention appears sufficient by itself, therefore this study recommends the creation of packages of interventions by policymakers, who can tailor the package for contexts and targeted groups. There was high heterogeneity in outcome measures and methods, making comparisons between studies difficult; this should be a focus in future studies. Additionally, the theoretical and intervention literatures need connecting for greater understanding of the mechanisms at work in the interventions. Lastly, there is a need for work more explicitly addressing political polarisation and its role in the belief and spread of misinformation. This study contributes toward the expansion of realist review approaches, understandings of COVID-19 misinformation interventions, and broader debates around the nature of politicisation in contemporary misinformation.",null,null,"medRxiv",21,0,"No one intervention appears sufficient by itself, therefore this study recommends the creation of packages of interventions by policymakers who can tailor the package for contexts and targeted groups, and broader debates around the nature of politicisation in contemporary misinformation.","2024-08-08T00:00:00","2f341cce05ce9557a6130086445083757137fd21"], [37732,"Crowd Intelligence for Early Misinformation Prediction on Social Media","[\"Megha Sundriyal\", \"Harshit Choudhary\", \"Tanmoy Chakraborty\", \"Md. Shad Akhtar\"]","Misinformation spreads rapidly on social media, causing serious damage by influencing public opinion, promoting dangerous behavior, or eroding trust in reliable sources. It spreads too fast for traditional fact-checking, stressing the need for predictive methods. We introduce CROWDSHIELD, a crowd intelligence-based method for early misinformation prediction. We hypothesize that the crowd's reactions to misinformation reveal its accuracy. Furthermore, we hinge upon exaggerated assertions/claims and replies with particular positions/stances on the source post within a conversation thread. We employ Q-learning to capture the two dimensions -- stances and claims. We utilize deep Q-learning due to its proficiency in navigating complex decision spaces and effectively learning network properties. Additionally, we use a transformer-based encoder to develop a comprehensive understanding of both content and context. This multifaceted approach helps ensure the model pays attention to user interaction and stays anchored in the communication's content. We propose MIST, a manually annotated misinformation detection Twitter corpus comprising nearly 200 conversation threads with more than 14K replies. In experiments, CROWDSHIELD outperformed ten baseline systems, achieving an improvement of ~4% macro-F1 score. We conduct an ablation study and error analysis to validate our proposed model's performance. The source code and dataset are available at https://github.com/LCS2-IIITD/CrowdShield.git.","ArXiv",null,"arXiv.org",50,0,"This work introduces CROWDSHIELD, a crowd intelligence-based method for early misinformation prediction, hypothesize that the crowd's reactions to misinformation reveal its accuracy, and employs Q-learning to capture the two dimensions -- stances and claims.","2024-08-08T00:00:00","d7d2ac9b5dcc361e9b2c44e58158fbe8628a65ac"], [37733,"Keeping Fake Simple","[\"Janek Guerrini\"]","\n In this paper, I argue against two common claims about so-called privative adjectives like ‘fake’: first, I argue against the idea that their semantic complexity requires a richer notion of lexical meaning than the standard one (see, e.g., Del Pinal, 2018); second, I argue against the idea that ‘fake’ is a subsective adjective ‘in disguise’ and does not semantically negate its input (see, e.g., Partee, 2010). I propose that a fake P is (i) intended to resemble a P and (ii) is not a P. This makes correct predictions for multiple applications of ‘fake’, a task at which other theories fail. In cases of double application of ‘fake’, the interaction between its conjunctive meaning and the negation hard-coded into clause (ii) yields a complex meaning, compatible with a variety of objects, which aligns with intuitions about what should count as a fake N. While the core meaning of ‘fake’ is quite simple, its mode of composition bears some complexity. In line with Martin (2022), I propose that ‘fake’ can alternatively (a) combine directly with the noun via Functional Application or (b) saturate its property argument via an implicit, contextually provided variable via Functional Application and then combine with the noun via Predicate Modification. Mode of composition (a) is clearly visible in syntactic parses that only allow for Functional Application: for instance, in Italian, if pre-nominal, ‘fake’ can only directly take the noun as an input (cf. Cinque, 2010). Positing (b) correctly predicts readings where ‘fake’ is not apparently privative: ‘fake watch’ can designate a watch that is made to resemble a Rolex but isn’t one, i.e. a fake(-as-a-Rolex) watch. When the intersection between the $[\\![ \\mathit{fake} ]\\!] (*\\mathit{implicit\\ argument}*)$ complex and the noun is empty, rescuing principles originally proposed by Partee kick in to rescue from vacuous modification: this explains why we can refer to a fake gun as a gun, as in the sentence ‘this gun is fake’. As a result, besides correctly predicting iterated ‘fake’, this theory provides clear predictions on when and how Partee’s pragmatic principles of noun modulation apply. I conclude the paper arguing that this view of privatives calls for a classification of adjectives in terms of their mode of composition, rather than in terms of their emergent entailment pattern.","J. Semant.",null,"Journal of Semantics",24,0,null,"2024-08-08T00:00:00","e774fbe4a37c38b6a650341f209fc71b8444accd"], [37734,"The dynamic interdependencies among the negativity and the positivity in news and user-generated content about safety in a firm’s products and the firm’s product recalls","[\"Vivek Astvansh\", \"Yen-Yao Wang\"]","This article examines the dynamic interdependencies among the negativity and the positivity in news and user-generated content about safety in a firm’s products (or the lack thereof) and the firm’s product recalls. The authors use a panel vector autoregression (PVAR) to unearth theoretically novel and managerially relevant asymmetric associations. Specifically, they find that the negativity in the news negatively correlates with recalls, whereas the negativity in UGC positively correlates with recalls. Whereas the positivity in the news positively correlates with recalls, the positivity in UGC does not matter. Further, the negativity in the news and the negativity in UGC substitute for each other, whereas their positive counterparts complement each other’s associations with recalls. Lastly, the negativity and positivity in the news have significant, though differently patterned, long-term associations with recalls. The findings contribute to research on the associations between earned media and managerial decisions in the product market.","PLOS ONE",null,"PLoS ONE",158,0,null,"2024-08-08T00:00:00","d15532b7c5f97072e51078677df6ebd04bfcd51a"], [37735,"A Deep Learning Methodology-Based Unsupervised Misinformation Detection (Umd) Technique for Identifying Fabricated Narratives","[\"K. Deepthi\", \"Aditya K Shastry\"]","The widespread dissemination of misinformation, commonly referred to as “fake news,” through social media platforms has had profound negative effects on individuals’ daily lives and has even contributed to instances of civil unrest. In response to this pressing issue, this paper introduces an innovative approach called Unsupervised Misinformation (Fake-News) Detection Technique (UMD). This method combines user data, textual content, news dissemination patterns, and images using Bidirectional GRU (Bi-GRU) and Self-Attention layers within an autoencoder framework to extract latent features and interrelations among them. Furthermore, the approach utilizes residual reconstruction to identify instances of fake news. Empirical evaluations conducted on two real-world datasets employing four different methodologies demonstrate promising outcomes. The term “misinformation” encompasses fabricated narratives designed to deceive or mislead individuals. This study presents a Deep Learning-based strategy to combat the proliferation of fake news. Crafting fake news poses a considerable challenge, demanding models to possess a nuanced understanding of Natural Language intricacies. Leveraging technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools holds great promise for researchers seeking automated solutions for identifying false information. However, detecting fake news remains a formidable task, as it necessitates models to contextualize news content and discern its authenticity relative to genuine news. Moreover, the subjective nature of comparing proposed news with original sources adds complexity to the classification process, introducing elements of subjectivity and bias. The overall accuracy of this model is $\\mathbf{9 2. 8 2 \\%}$ which is approximately 3% better when compared to the existing models like transformer model and hybrid CNN-RNN model. The proposed model is proven to be outstanding in terms of accuracy, precison and F1-score.","2024 Second International Conference on Networks, Multimedia and Information Technology (NMITCON)",null,"2024 Second International Conference on Networks, Multimedia and Information Technology (NMITCON)",25,0,"This study presents a Deep Learning-based strategy to combat the proliferation of fake news by combining user data, textual content, news dissemination patterns, and images using Bidirectional GRU (Bi-GRU) and Self-Attention layers within an autoencoder framework to extract latent features and interrelations among them.","2024-08-09T00:00:00","db0a617c561483da40d7fd852bba1c5ae86a144e"], [37736,"Strategic Defense Against Misinformation: Empirical Findings on Paracrisis Responses","[\"Jind\\u0159ich Oukropec\"]",null,"International Journal of Strategic Communication",null,"International Journal of Strategic Communication",47,0,null,"2024-08-09T00:00:00","6add3bfe9d35739e9e2c90413a3036f67d51f686"], [37737,"State-of-the-art bias correction of climate models misrepresent climate science and misinform adaptation","[\"V. Chandel\", \"Udit Bhatia\", \"A. Ganguly\", \"Subimal Ghosh\"]","\n Quantile Mapping (QM) based Bias Correction and Spatial Disaggregation (BCSD) have emerged as the de facto standard for rectifying bias and scale-mismatch in global climate models (GCMs) leading to novel climate science insights and new information for impacts and adaptation. Focusing on critical variables crucial for understanding climate dynamics in India and the United States, our evaluation challenges the premise of BCSD approach. We find that BCSD overcorrects GCM simulations to observed patterns while minimizing or even nullifying science-informed projections generated by GCMs. Furthermore, we show that BCSD incorrectly captures extremes and complex climate signals. Our evaluation in the context of the Walker Circulation suggests that this inability to adequately capture multivariate and spatial-temporal dependence patterns may at least partially explain the challenges with BCSD.","Environmental Research Letters",null,"Environmental Research Letters",0,2,null,"2024-08-09T00:00:00","9d66946b8a874e3aaf7a42e7342aecdc6322228e"], [37738,"Information Pandemic: A Critical Review of Disinformation Spread on Social Media and Its Implications for State Resilience","[\"Dwi Surjatmodjo\", \"A. A. Unde\", \"Hafied Cangara\", \"Alem Febri Sonni\"]","This research examines the spread of disinformation on social media platforms and its impact on state resilience through a systematic literature review of 150 peer-reviewed studies published between 2014 and 2024. The analysis revealed that disinformation spreads six times faster than accurate information, with emotions and platform algorithms playing a significant role in its spread. Factors such as low digital literacy, political polarization, and declining trust in institutions increase people’s vulnerability to disinformation. Impacts on national security include threats to the integrity of democratic processes, the erosion of social cohesion, and decreased public trust. The most effective coping strategies include improving digital literacy (78 percent effective), fact-checking (65 percent), and content regulation (59 percent). However, these efforts face ethical and legal challenges, especially regarding freedom of expression. This research highlights the need for a multidimensional approach in addressing the “information pandemic”, integrating technological, educational, and policy strategies while considering ethical implications. The findings provide a foundation for further policy development and research to protect the integrity of public information spaces and state resilience in the digital age.","Social Sciences",null,"The social science",61,5,null,"2024-08-09T00:00:00","b96797f4aa28e826742b8a3d9ea6fe5c5174a0f5"], [37739,"French fake news propagation: multi-level assessment and classification","[\"Matthieu Bachelot\", \"Inna Lyubareva\", \"T. Epalle\", \"Romain Billot\", \"R. Lasseri\"]",null,"Social Network Analysis and Mining",null,"Social Network Analysis and Mining",23,0,"The modeling experiments on the tweets cascades dataset showed that simple machine learning models can classify efficiently True News vs. Fake News but the paper also shows a lack of generalization when dealing with more nuanced definitions of fake news.","2024-08-09T00:00:00","49bbe9abe429ead6013b19116e718f9104695d49"], [37740,"Politicized and Paranoid? Assessing Attitudinal Predictors of Alternative News Consumption","[\"Cornelius Puschmann\", \"Sebastian Stier\", \"Patrick Zerrer\", \"Helena Rauxloh\"]",null,"Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media",null,"Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media",85,0,null,"2024-08-09T00:00:00","71dc46e6241ab1dcff8e11ed5e5cb41bc70e6bd7"], [37741,"Fact or Fake? How News Title, Sentiment and Writing Style help AI to detect COVID-19 Fake News?","[\"Chen-Shu Wang\", \"Bo-Yi Li\", \"Kai-Wen Wang\", \"Zhi-Chi Lin\"]",null,"Applied Artificial Intelligence",null,"Applied Artificial Intelligence",29,0,null,"2024-08-10T00:00:00","4aa105af3ef18aa0c3120957b7ae6b86ebcaa4a9"], [37742,"A Critical Discourse Analysis of Obesity in Bangladeshi Newspapers","[\"SM Samuel Karim Karim\"]","This paper investigates the obesity discourse in Bangladeshi newspapers. The paper uses Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to examine how the Bangladeshi media frames obesity and how this framing influences public perceptions of the issue. The analysis reveals that obesity is framed in a negative light, with a focus on individual responsibility and blame. The composition strengthens the idea that obesity is an individual problem. instead of a public health crisis. Content analysis was used to assess the types and frequency of obesity-related news items on causes, determinants, impacts, and solutions. The qualitative research design was used to explore the framing of obesity through discourse analysis. The study uncovered that obesity was underrepresented in both newspapers. Individual causes and solutions were the most prominent news items in both newspapers, whereas genetic and biological determinants were less likely to be presented. The data for this study came from two major Bangladeshi newspapers: The Daily Star and The Daily Observer. The adult population, around 18 and older, that is capable of taking responsibility, was the target audience. A total of 80 articles were gathered to collect data, 40 from each newspaper, from the years 2016 to 2024. This method was chosen because it allowed for a closer look at the underlying ideology and power structures that affect obesity discourse in Bangladeshi media. Discourse analysis found three major frames—legitimization, responsibility, and stereotype—that meant to indicate individual responsibility and (by implication) social responsibility. In each newspaper, stereotypes, weight stigma, and shrill discourse were mentioned. Framing analysis found that news stories about obesity tended to transfer medical costs onto individuals rather than emphasizing the responsibility of the food and beverage industry. The use of stereotype frames was more prevalent in both newspapers. The presence of stereotype frames was greater in both newspapers. Specifically, older people are at higher risk of obesity. Children and teenagers who are addicted to electronic devices are more likely to develop obesity. Finally, the paper concludes by arguing that in order to reduce stigma and promote public health, one must take into account the complex social and economic factors that contribute to the problem.","Journal of Natural Language and Linguistics",null,"Journal of Natural Language and Linguistics",34,0,null,"2024-08-10T00:00:00","1a6ab02afc2859d60306f6d1c42f5981a4f74a3e"], [37743,"Is the alarm on deception ringing too loudly? The effects of different forms of misinformation warnings on risk perceptions of misinformation exposure","[\"M. Hameleers\"]","Misinformation is widely regarded as an undermining force to European democracies. Yet, to date, empirical research shows that the amount of misinformation people encounter is rather low, and not in proportion to the strong alarming messages spread throughout society. In this light, current interventions that pre-bunk misinformation by using warning messages may disproportionally prime suspicion and result in inflated estimates of misinformation. To assess whether messages that pre-bunk misinformation result in disproportionate risk perceptions related to inaccurate or false information, and to explore the effectiveness of alternative interventions, this article relied on an online between-subjects experiment in the Netherlands ( N = 437). Our main findings indicate that exposure to a media literacy intervention does not result in higher first- or third-person risk perceptions related to misinformation exposure. However, a warning message that emphasizes the identification of reliable news while contextualizing the threats of misinformation significantly lowers perceived misinformation salience. As an important implication of our findings, we suggest that pre-bunking interventions should relativize the threats of misinformation by facilitating the recognition of honest and reliable information as an alternative path to help people identify reliable information.","European Journal of Communication",null,"European Journal of Communication",22,0,null,"2024-08-11T00:00:00","b8a19bc28a9974e06d23a4136391c24781dea153"], [37744,"“We Follow the Disinformation”: Conceptualizing and Analyzing Fact-Checking Cultures Across Countries","[\"Daniela Mahl\", \"Jing Zeng\", \"Mike S. Sch\\u00e4fer\", \"Fernando Antonio Egert\", \"Thaiane Oliveira\"]","Democratic societies inherently depend on an informed citizenry. By shaping citizens’ voting behavior, fostering political cynicism, and reducing trust in institutions, misinformation can pose significant challenges to individuals and societies. Against this backdrop, fact-checking initiatives aimed at verifying the accuracy of publicly disseminated (mis)information have flourished worldwide. However, existing research is disproportionately oriented toward the Global North, with a focus on the United States and the most influential organizations. Equally scarce are comparative studies. To address these shortcomings, this study introduces a context-sensitive framework for analyzing fact-checking cultures and illustrates its application in a cross-national comparative design by contrasting two countries from the Global South and North: Brazil and Germany. Using a mixed-methods design, we integrate computational, qualitative, and quantitative content analysis of 11 fact-checking organizations and 13,498 fact-checking articles over 11 years (2013–2023), alongside qualitative semistructured interviews with fact-checkers ( N = 10). Our findings reveal several areas of divergence and convergence, suggesting that fact-checking cultures transcend organizational and national boundaries.","The International Journal of Press/Politics",null,"The International Journal of Press/Politics",54,1,null,"2024-08-11T00:00:00","a0f41e25b3921f89a59a98272d3a657fb3086253"], [37745,"Efficacy of Verification Observatories in Mitigating the Psychological Impact of Rumors Disseminated via social media During wars: Gaza War on Telegram in 2023 as a case study","[\"Firas Saifi\", \"Suha Al-Qadi\"]","This study investigates the effectiveness of information verification observatories in mitigating the psychological impacts of rumors and false news during the 2023 Gaza War. Utilizing a descriptive-analytical approach, the research encompasses the entire audience of information verification observatories, including (THAQAQ, KASHIF, TAYQAN), on the Telegram platform, totaling 2893 subscribers as of December 7, 2023. The sample size within this community comprised 351 individuals. Data collection was conducted through an electronic questionnaire tool. Findings reveal that 82.5% of respondents experienced positive psychological effects from information received via Telegram during the 2023 Gaza War. Moreover, 72% perceived that the performance of information verification observatories reduced the adverse psychological impacts of rumors circulated on Telegram concerning the war. Furthermore, 72% attributed the alleviation of their psychological distress to their trust in the information disseminated by these observatories via Telegram, as well as the promptness with which they verified false news and rumors related to the Gaza War. Additionally, 71.5% of respondents reported a reduction in the severity of negative psychological effects resulting from rumors, while 65.8% emphasized the positive impact of information verification observatories via Telegram on their psychological well-being.","Sprin Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences",null,"Sprin Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences",5,0,null,"2024-08-11T00:00:00","42c987402ca7201f21bb0f6f042a248adbc5ab92"], [37746,"Playing Gali Fakta inoculates Indonesian participants against false information","[\"M. Facciani\", \"Denisa Apriliawati\", \"Tim Weninger\"]","Although prebunking games have shown promise in Western and English-speaking contexts, there is a notable lack of research on such interventions in countries of the Global South. In response to this gap, we developed Gali Fakta, a new kind of media literacy game specifically tailored for an Indonesian audience. Our findings indicate that participants who engaged with Gali Fakta exhibited significantly greater skepticism toward false news headlines and expressed a reduced likelihood of sharing them. Importantly, playing Gali Fakta did not lead to increased skepticism or decreased sharing intent for factual headlines. These results suggest that Gali Fakta holds promise as a scalable media literacy intervention in Indonesia.","Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review",null,"Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review",18,0,null,"2024-08-13T00:00:00","b92b1a66996b6f93f0d18fb93bdbffb7b7f4e4f3"], [37747,"Large language models can consistently generate high-quality content for election disinformation operations","[\"Angus R. Williams\", \"Liam Burke-Moore\", \"Ryan Sze-Yin Chan\", \"Florence E. Enock\", \"Federico Nanni\", \"Tvesha Sippy\", \"Yi-ling Chung\", \"Evelina Gabasova\", \"Kobi Hackenburg\", \"Jonathan Bright\"]","Advances in large language models have raised concerns about their potential use in generating compelling election disinformation at scale. This study presents a two-part investigation into the capabilities of LLMs to automate stages of an election disinformation operation. First, we introduce DisElect, a novel evaluation dataset designed to measure LLM compliance with instructions to generate content for an election disinformation operation in localised UK context, containing 2,200 malicious prompts and 50 benign prompts. Using DisElect, we test 13 LLMs and find that most models broadly comply with these requests; we also find that the few models which refuse malicious prompts also refuse benign election-related prompts, and are more likely to refuse to generate content from a right-wing perspective. Secondly, we conduct a series of experiments (N=2,340) to assess the\"humanness\"of LLMs: the extent to which disinformation operation content generated by an LLM is able to pass as human-written. Our experiments suggest that almost all LLMs tested released since 2022 produce election disinformation operation content indiscernible by human evaluators over 50% of the time. Notably, we observe that multiple models achieve above-human levels of humanness. Taken together, these findings suggest that current LLMs can be used to generate high-quality content for election disinformation operations, even in hyperlocalised scenarios, at far lower costs than traditional methods, and offer researchers and policymakers an empirical benchmark for the measurement and evaluation of these capabilities in current and future models.","ArXiv",null,"arXiv.org",55,1,"Current LLMs can be used to generate high-quality content for election disinformation operations, even in hyperlocalised scenarios, at far lower costs than traditional methods, and offer researchers and policymakers an empirical benchmark for the measurement and evaluation of these capabilities in current and future models.","2024-08-13T00:00:00","1e76ef9b5bb4169d6304aa88985121115a5d10cd"], [37748,"The Reality and Feature Analysis of Information Diffusion in Japanese Disinformation Examples","[\"Shuhei Ippa\", \"Takao Okubo\", \"Masaki Hashimoto\"]","In recent years, the spread of disinformation has become an issue with the increasing popularity of social media. This study analyzes the actual situation in information diffusion in Japan, focusing on echo chambers. An echo chamber is a factor that causes information polarisation on social media, but research on it is still scarce in Japan. We collected relevant data from social media on a disinformation example in Japan, which became a hot topic in the previous year, and analyzed the characteristics of information diffusion while using existing methods. This analysis detects communities of information dissemination that appear to be due to echo chambers, and also shows what kind of posts were disseminated in each community. The results of this analysis show that echo chambers also occur in information diffusion in Japan. Also, this analysis clarifies that the most rapidly spread post may have been due to a backfire phenomenon, which further radicalises conventional ideas. Furthermore, the presence of middle media, which is considered to be a characteristic of Japanese disinformation diffusion, was confirmed.","2024 19th Asia Joint Conference on Information Security (AsiaJCIS)",null,"Asia Joint Conference on Information Security",0,0,"The results of this analysis show that echo chambers also occur in information diffusion in Japan, and clarifies that the most rapidly spread post may have been due to a backfire phenomenon, which further radicalises conventional ideas.","2024-08-13T00:00:00","4d7e187ef665966cb817d17b1a055f95a82bb9bb"], [37749,"Global misinformation trends: Commonalities and differences in topics, sources of falsehoods, and deception strategies across eight countries","[\"Regina Cazzamatta\"]","In a quantitative content analysis of 3,154 debunking articles from 23 fact-checking organizations, this study examines global misinformation trends and regional nuances across eight countries in Europe and Latin America (UK, DE, PT, SP, AR, BR, CL, and VZ). It strives to elucidate commonalities and differences based on political and media system indicators. Notably, countries with a substantial online presence of far-right parties avoid disclosing (fake) ordinary accounts to evade engaging in inauthentic coordinated actions. While entirely fabricated stories are infrequent, they stand out in Brazil and Spain, the two countries with higher political polarization. Despite variations, aggregated forms of fabrication (invented, manipulated, imposter, or decontextualized content) are more prominent in Latin America due to high social media use for news and low reliance on public media. Conversely, in Europe, countries are more impacted by misleading (cherry-picked, exaggerated, and twisted) information.","New Media & Society",null,"New Media & Society",40,0,null,"2024-08-14T00:00:00","d6a42536cb0d3ee04475b79a30bfd259afc3d501"], [37750,"Beliefs trump facts: Effect of Frequent Corrections on Misinformation Beliefs during Extended Extreme Events","[\"A. Nandakumar\", \"Prashanth Rajivan\"]","Providing corrections to people who have engaged with false claims in Online Social Networks (OSN) is a form of cognitive intervention employed to address the spread of misinformation. Although there is a large body of work that has studied the effectiveness of corrections for promoting accurate beliefs, there is still much uncertainty around the precise effects of corrections on individuals’ behaviors in OSNs. Notably, the effect of offering frequent corrections on discerning information and identifying misinformation remains uncertain. We conducted two laboratory experiments to test whether experiencing frequent corrections to misinformation improved peoples’ ability to discriminate between true and false news claims during extended extreme events like the COVID-19 pandemic. All participants recruited for the experiments were from USA. They received corrections at varying frequencies, depending on their assigned experimental condition. Results from both experiments suggest that increasing frequency of corrections may not affect people’s ability to correctly assess information (or misinformation). Participant’s beliefs (vaccine hesitancy, belief in mask effectiveness, and trust in fact-checking organization) were found to be the most significant contributing factors to the ability to learn from corrections. We discuss the implications of the findings from these experiments.","ACM Transactions on Social Computing",null,"ACM Transactions on Social Computing",36,0,null,"2024-08-14T00:00:00","59d5ae26526dcea3f7cbcd32075521036e140e27"], [37751,"Regulating Misinformation: Political Irrationality as a Feasibility Constraint","[\"Bartlomiej Chomanski\"]",null,"Topoi",null,"Topoi",87,0,null,"2024-08-14T00:00:00","b99ecc1187f29342b491b32b8b6fa9ac52403c23"], [37752,"Teaching Astronomy in the Age of Misinformation","[\"Chris Impey\"]","Anyone teaching science is facing a rising tide of online misinformation, and students are often ill-equipped to judge the reliability of what they see online. A project is described to use machine learning to detect and flag misinformation, based on initial training by science undergraduates. The neural networks are 95% reliable when applied to an initial testbed of articles on evolution and climate change. The technology will be released as a web browser extension and eventually as a smartphone app.","Astronomy Education Journal",null,"Astronomy Education Journal",1,0,"A project is described to use machine learning to detect and flag misinformation, based on initial training by science undergraduates, that is 95% reliable when applied to an initial testbed of articles on evolution and climate change.","2024-08-14T00:00:00","2a854706e138c1be28bb9e7b21fcb7e20b76f7d9"], [37753,"How persuasive are political cheapfakes disseminated via social media? The effects of out-of-context visual disinformation on message credibility and issue agreement","[\"M. Hameleers\", \"T. G. van der Meer\", \"R. Vliegenthart\"]",null,"Information, Communication & Society",null,"Information, Communication & Society",26,0,null,"2024-08-14T00:00:00","b44126d0c3d72bb869f51c5f528c27e6c95e8d1e"], [37754,"Media literacy tips promoting reliable news improve discernment and enhance trust in traditional media","[\"Sacha Altay\", \"Andrea De Angelis\", \"E. Hoes\"]",null,"Communications Psychology",null,"Communications psychology",24,2,null,"2024-08-14T00:00:00","972d85571eb44f0547fb9df5ac6d324b87f99c7c"], [37755,"Web Retrieval Agents for Evidence-Based Misinformation Detection","[\"Jacob-Junqi Tian\", \"Hao Yu\", \"Yury Orlovskiy\", \"Tyler Vergho\", \"Mauricio Rivera\", \"Mayank Goel\", \"Zachary Yang\", \"J. Godbout\", \"Reihaneh Rabbany\", \"Kellin Pelrine\"]","This paper develops an agent-based automated fact-checking approach for detecting misinformation. We demonstrate that combining a powerful LLM agent, which does not have access to the internet for searches, with an online web search agent yields better results than when each tool is used independently. Our approach is robust across multiple models, outperforming alternatives and increasing the macro F1 of misinformation detection by as much as 20 percent compared to LLMs without search. We also conduct extensive analyses on the sources our system leverages and their biases, decisions in the construction of the system like the search tool and the knowledge base, the type of evidence needed and its impact on the results, and other parts of the overall process. By combining strong performance with in-depth understanding, we hope to provide building blocks for future search-enabled misinformation mitigation systems.","ArXiv",null,"arXiv.org",40,2,"This paper develops an agent-based automated fact-checking approach for detecting misinformation that is robust across multiple models, outperforming alternatives and increasing the macro F1 of misinformation detection by as much as 20 percent compared to LLMs without search.","2024-08-15T00:00:00","114c5164ea8e70b0a931a571e24ebee6357c1f81"], [37756,"Designing social media to foster user engagement in challenging misinformation: a cross-cultural comparison between the UK and Arab countries","[\"Muaadh Noman\", \"Selin Gurgun\", \"Keith Phalp\", \"Raian Ali\"]",null,"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications",null,"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications",35,0,"The study found that the willingness to challenge misinformation was significantly higher in the Arab context than in the UK context, and personality traits, age, and perspective-taking showed the potential but also the varying impacts on the persuasiveness of the techniques on users’ correction of misinformation.","2024-08-15T00:00:00","41e08514a9d93af73e2e28f5f624fecf9d594529"], [37757,"Disagreement as a way to study misinformation and its effects","[\"Damian Hodel\", \"Jevin West\"]","Misinformation - false or misleading information - is considered a significant societal concern due to its associated\"misinformation effects,\"such as political polarization, erosion of trust in institutions, problematic behavior, and public health challenges. However, the prevailing concept is misaligned with what is studied. While misinformation focuses on instances of information about factual matters, the broad spectrum of effects often manifests at a societal level and is shaped by a wide range of interdependent factors such as identity, values, opinions, epistemologies, and disagreements. Unsurprisingly, misinformation effects can occur without the prevalence of misinformation, and misinformation does not necessarily increase the effects studied. Here, we propose using disagreement - conflicting attitudes and beliefs between individuals and communities - as a way to study misinformation effects because it addresses the identified conceptual limitations of misinformation. Furthermore, unlike misinformation, disagreement does not require researchers to determine whether a given information is false or misleading. Thus, it can be studied and, more importantly, measured without the need to make a normative judgment about a given information, even when the specific topic is entirely removed, as we show in a longitudinal disagreement measurement. We demonstrate that disagreement, as a holistic concept, provides better explanations for the occurrence of misinformation effects, enhances precision in developing appropriate interventions, and offers a promising approach for evaluating them through quantification. Finally, we show how disagreement addresses current misinformation research questions and conclude with recommendations for research practice.","ArXiv",null,"arXiv.org",0,0,null,"2024-08-15T00:00:00","b410b401ca2d86b19659510c62721f91a6c779e9"], [37758,"Structural knowledge and subjective knowledge, not factual knowledge, promotes corrective and restrictive actions towards healthy eating misinformation in China: a multigroup comparison of extended cognitive mediation model based on altruism","[\"Qinhui Zhan\", \"Lunrui Fu\"]",null,"Current Psychology",null,"Current Psychology",32,0,null,"2024-08-15T00:00:00","b2aa41d55ea537c011111b8452374535b9b7b304"], [37759,"AI-generated misinformation in the election year 2024: measures of European Union","[\"Aditya Kumar Shukla\", \"Shraddha Tripathi\"]",null,"Frontiers in Political Science",null,"Frontiers in Political Science",2,0,null,"2024-08-15T00:00:00","b9f6d6d86620e7257ebb34f67dec3d2252438624"], [37760,"Adaptive Learning of Consistency and Inconsistency Information for Fake News Detection","[\"Aohan Li\", \"Jiaxin Chen\", \"Xin Liao\", \"Dengyong Zhang\"]","The rapid advancement of social media platforms has significantly reduced the cost of information dissemination, yet it has also led to a proliferation of fake news, posing a threat to societal trust and credibility. Most of fake news detection research focused on integrating text and image information to represent the consistency of multiple modes in news content, while paying less attention to inconsistent information. Besides, existing methods that leveraged inconsistent information often caused one mode overshadowing another, leading to ineffective use of inconsistent clue. To address these issues, we propose an adaptive multi-modal feature fusion network (MFF-Net). Inspired by human judgment processes for determining truth and falsity in news, MFF-Net focuses on inconsistent parts when news content is generally consistent and consistent parts when it is generally inconsistent. Specifically, MFF-Net extracts semantic and global features from images and texts respectively, and learns consistency information between modes through a multiple feature fusion module. To deal with the problem of modal information being easily masked, we design a single modal feature filtering strategy to capture inconsistent information from corresponding modes separately. Finally, similarity scores are calculated based on global features with adaptive adjustments made to achieve weighted fusion of consistent and inconsistent features. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that MFF-Net outperforms state-of-the-art methods across three public news datasets derived from real social medias.","ArXiv",null,"arXiv.org",17,0,"inspired by human judgment processes for determining truth and falsity in news, MFF-Net focuses on inconsistent parts when news content is generally consistent and consistent parts when it is generally inconsistent, and outperforms state-of-the-art methods across three public news datasets derived from real social medias.","2024-08-15T00:00:00","843f161ea1136e15c36f7d2d36e2dfe5de8d9299"], [37761,"Detecting Misinformation in Multimedia Content through Cross-Modal Entity Consistency: A Dual Learning Approach","[\"Zhe Fu\", \"Kanlun Wang\", \"Zachary Xin\", \"Lina Zhou\", \"Shi Chen\", \"Yaorong Ge\", \"Daniel Janies\", \"Dongsong Zhang\"]","The landscape of social media content has evolved significantly, extending from text to multimodal formats. This evolution presents a significant challenge in combating misinformation. Previous research has primarily focused on single modalities or text-image combinations, leaving a gap in detecting multimodal misinformation. While the concept of entity consistency holds promise in detecting multimodal misinformation, simplifying the representation to a scalar value overlooks the inherent complexities of high-dimensional representations across different modalities. To address these limitations, we propose a Multimedia Misinformation Detection (MultiMD) framework for detecting misinformation from video content by leveraging cross-modal entity consistency. The proposed dual learning approach allows for not only enhancing misinformation detection performance but also improving representation learning of entity consistency across different modalities. Our results demonstrate that MultiMD outperforms state-of-the-art baseline models and underscore the importance of each modality in misinformation detection. Our research provides novel methodological and technical insights into multimodal misinformation detection.","ArXiv",null,"Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems",66,9,"This work proposes a Multimedia Misinformation Detection (MultiMD) framework for detecting misinformation from video content by leveraging cross-modal entity consistency and demonstrates that MultiMD outperforms state-of-the-art baseline models and underscores the importance of each modality in misinformation detection.","2024-08-16T00:00:00","5f2080d76c774ff2b2a66675e7a09094ccfc6cef"], [37762,"Hierarchical machine learning models can identify stimuli of climate change misinformation on social media","[\"Cristian Rojas\", \"Frank Algra-Maschio\", \"M. Andrejevic\", \"T. Coan\", \"John Cook\", \"Yuan-Fang Li\"]",null,"Communications Earth & Environment",null,"Communications Earth & Environment",23,1,"It is found that over half of contrarian climate claims on Twitter involve attacks on climate actors, and the Augmented Computer Ass recognition of Denial and Skepticism (CARDS) model is designed for categorising climate claims on Twitter.","2024-08-16T00:00:00","c1c167e73517ad78c3a671b27d666aa3a07cd8bd"], [37763,"Socio-Technical Interventions to Promote Challenging Misinformation on Social Media: A Research Proposal","[\"Muaadh Noman\"]","The widespread dissemination of misinformation through social media platforms is a growing concern. A promising solution to counteract this issue is by fostering social corrections, a practice that involves users correcting the posts of others on these platforms. However, this approach is underutilised due to the personal and cultural differences associated with challenging misinformation. This research proposes studies into the cultural nuances influencing the willingness of users in Arab countries to challenge misinformation on social media platforms. The proposed studies will explore the role of perceived negative consequences, injunctive norms, refusal skills, and the persuasiveness of design techniques in challenging misinformation, along with the impact of various cultural and prominent demographic factors. This research will not only shed light on the cultural elements influencing the challenge of misinformation but also contribute to the development of culturally sensitive technology-based interventions to encourage social corrections in the Arab context.","2024 11th International Conference on Behavioural and Social Computing (BESC)",null,"International Conference on Behavioral, Economic, and Socio-Cultural Computing",39,0,"Study into the cultural nuances influencing the willingness of users in Arab countries to challenge misinformation on social media platforms will contribute to the development of culturally sensitive technology-based interventions to encourage social corrections in the Arab context.","2024-08-16T00:00:00","6c5c9f3cb890a3e6e5bd985a0d15de8b5bbe9371"], [37764,"BERTGuard: Two-Tiered Multi-Domain Fake News Detection with Class Imbalance Mitigation","[\"Mohammad Q. Alnabhan\", \"Paula Branco\"]","In an era where misinformation and fake news undermine social well-being, this work provides a complete approach to multi-domain fake news detection. Multi-domain news refers to handling diverse content across various subject areas such as politics, health, research, crime, and social concerns. Recognizing the lack of systematic research in multi-domain fake news detection, we present a fundamental structure by combining datasets from several news domains. Our two-tiered detection approach, BERTGuard, starts with domain classification, which uses a BERT-based model trained on a combined multi-domain dataset to determine the domain of a given news piece. Following that, domain-specific BERT models evaluate the correctness of news inside each designated domain, assuring precision and reliability tailored to each domain’s unique characteristics. Rigorous testing on previously encountered datasets from critical life areas such as politics, health, research, crime, and society proves the system’s performance and generalizability. For addressing the class imbalance challenges inherent when combining datasets, our study rigorously evaluates the impact on detection accuracy and explores handling alternatives—random oversampling, random upsampling, and class weight adjustment. These criteria provide baselines for comparison, fortifying the detection system against the complexities of imbalanced datasets.","Big Data Cogn. Comput.",null,"Big Data and Cognitive Computing",48,0,"This study rigorously evaluates the impact on detection accuracy and explores handling alternatives—random oversampling, random upsampling, and class weight adjustment—that provide baselines for comparison, fortifying the detection system against the complexities of imbalanced datasets.","2024-08-16T00:00:00","2c7262e7bdedc3c3cecfd63996682d0063614619"], [37765,"Epidemic modeling for misinformation spread in digital networks through a social intelligence approach","[\"Sreeraag Govindankutty\", \"Shynu Padinjappurathu Gopalan\"]",null,"Scientific Reports",null,"Scientific Reports",73,0,"A new mathematical epidemic model is presented that considers the sentiment of solitary misinformation in the networks and characteristics of human intelligence that play an important role in judging and spreading misinformation inside the networks and proves the existence and validity of the system in a real-time environment.","2024-08-17T00:00:00","4c8e69c9f935edff1d3f2f356907c62a6b49e707"], [37766,"Hybrid digital authoritarianism in Turkey: the ‘Censorship Law’ and AI-generated disinformation strategy","[\"Alev Y\\u00fccel\"]",null,"Turkish Studies",null,"Turkic Studies",16,0,null,"2024-08-17T00:00:00","e270770d4da70c67e65dc141684138c02626c1b4"], [37767,"How Do Social Bots Participate in Misinformation Spread? A Comprehensive Dataset and Analysis","[\"Herun Wan\", \"Minnan Luo\", \"Zihan Ma\", \"Guang Dai\", \"Xiang Zhao\"]","Information spreads faster through social media platforms than traditional media, thus becoming an ideal medium to spread misinformation. Meanwhile, automated accounts, known as social bots, contribute more to the misinformation dissemination. In this paper, we explore the interplay between social bots and misinformation on the Sina Weibo platform. We propose a comprehensive and large-scale misinformation dataset, containing 11,393 misinformation and 16,416 unbiased real information with multiple modality information, with 952,955 related users. We propose a scalable weak-surprised method to annotate social bots, obtaining 68,040 social bots and 411,635 genuine accounts. To the best of our knowledge, this dataset is the largest dataset containing misinformation and social bots. We conduct comprehensive experiments and analysis on this dataset. Results show that social bots play a central role in misinformation dissemination, participating in news discussions to amplify echo chambers, manipulate public sentiment, and reverse public stances.","ArXiv",null,"arXiv.org",126,0,"Results show that social bots play a central role in misinformation dissemination, participating in news discussions to amplify echo chambers, manipulate public sentiment, and reverse public stances.","2024-08-18T00:00:00","e974084ef8da1a7898d97013c974a6180f681b87"], [37768,"Understanding and Combating Misinformation: An Evolutionary Perspective","[\"N. Bragazzi\", \"Sergio Garbarino\"]","Misinformation represents an evolutionary paradox: despite its harmful impact on society, it persists and evolves, thriving in the information-rich environment of the digital age. This paradox challenges the conventional expectation that detrimental entities should diminish over time. The persistence of misinformation, despite advancements in fact-checking and verification tools, suggests that it possesses adaptive qualities that enable it to survive and propagate. This paper explores how misinformation, as a blend of truth and fiction, continues to resonate with audiences. The role of narratives in human history, particularly in the evolution of Homo narrans, underscores the enduring influence of storytelling on cultural and social cohesion. Despite the increasing ability of individuals to verify the accuracy of sources, misinformation remains a significant challenge, often spreading rapidly through digital platforms. Current behavioral research tends to treat misinformation as completely irrational, static, finite entities that can be definitively debunked, overlooking their dynamic and evolving nature. This approach limits our understanding of the behavioral and societal factors driving the transformation of misinformation over time. The persistence of misinformation can be attributed to several factors, including its role in fostering social cohesion, its perceived short-term benefits, and its use in strategic deception. Techniques such as extrapolation, intrapolation, deformation, cherry-picking, and fabrication contribute to the production and spread of misinformation. Understanding these processes and the evolutionary advantages they confer is crucial for developing effective strategies to counter misinformation. By promoting transparency, critical thinking, and accurate information, society can begin to address the root causes of misinformation and create a more resilient information environment.","JMIR Infodemiology",null,"JMIR infodemiology",36,0,"This paper explores how misinformation, as a blend of truth and fiction, continues to resonate with audiences, and how society can begin to address the root causes of misinformation and create a more resilient information environment.","2024-08-18T00:00:00","3bd4a9ab9c656b6e19d05297dc497d26c34fd410"], [37769,"“Image, Tell me your story!” Predicting the original meta-context of visual misinformation","[\"Jonathan Tonglet\", \"M. Moens\", \"Iryna Gurevych\"]","To assist human fact-checkers, researchers have developed automated approaches for visual misinformation detection. These methods assign veracity scores by identifying inconsistencies between the image and its caption, or by detecting forgeries in the image. However, they neglect a crucial point of the human fact-checking process: identifying the original meta-context of the image. By explaining what is actually true about the image, fact-checkers can better detect misinformation, focus their efforts on check-worthy visual content, engage in counter-messaging before misinformation spreads widely, and make their explanation more convincing. Here, we fill this gap by introducing the task of automated image contextualization. We create 5Pils, a dataset of 1,676 fact-checked images with question-answer pairs about their original meta-context. Annotations are based on the 5 Pillars fact-checking framework. We implement a first baseline that grounds the image in its original meta-context using the content of the image and textual evidence retrieved from the open web. Our experiments show promising results while highlighting several open challenges in retrieval and reasoning.","ArXiv",null,"Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",61,1,"5Pils is created, a dataset of 1,676 fact-checked images with question-answer pairs about their original meta-context based on the 5 Pillars fact-checking framework, and a first baseline that grounds the image in its original meta-context using the content of the image and textual evidence retrieved from the open web.","2024-08-19T00:00:00","6de6414baf2a187b05981376abefd6a53275baa3"], [37770,"From Social Media to Global Misinformation: the Role of Citizen Journalism and Photojournalism in the Spread of False News Amid the Bangladesh Crisis -A Case Analysis","[\"A. Bhadra\"]","In this digital age, social media platforms—particularly Facebook and X, the old Twitter—have emerged as the main venues for citizen journalism and photojournalism, particularly in times of crisis like the upheaval in Bangladesh. Social media facilitates real-time recordkeeping, but it also makes it simple to spread misinformation and fake news. During the Bangladesh crisis, the research used citizen-generated digital photographs and videos to dissect how false narratives were spread, echo chambers developed, and disinformation spread throughout the globe with a communal angle leading to the creating of dynamo effect of misinformation and polarization. This highlights the amplification of false information within online networks, which heightens social tensions, and is known as the \"dynamo effect.\" According to the research, ethical standards for digital journalism activities that aid in the dissemination of false information are necessary.","International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research",null,"International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research",19,0,null,"2024-08-19T00:00:00","acc2fbd27252d908eff3a69ae7ea65cb7dea2fc1"], [37771,"Fake News and Rumors on Social Media in Cameroon's 2018 Presidential Election: Analyzing Political Communication in the Post-Truth Era","[\"S.E., Banyongen\"]","The rise of social media networks and their increasingly significant role in democratic life, epitomized by uprisings like the Arab Spring (Wolfsfeld et al., 2013), have revived hopes for democratization from below and the lively participation of the general population to produce dynamic system change. However, while social media allows for increased political awareness, it often inadvertently supports disseminating fake news and rumors that interfere with political reality. This article examines the most popular fake news stories, and rumors circulated during the 2018 presidential election in Cameroon through social media analytics. This research showcases the importance of homophily and echoes chambers in disseminating information on different political digital networks in Cameroon, revealing how fake news spread quickly during the campaign. Nevertheless, this research also shows that while specific fake news stories and rumors were not deemed plausible by the general public, they nevertheless shaped public perceptions and succeeded in maintaining the ruling party's political dominance, underscoring the profound impact of misinformation on public opinion and political control.","African Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research",null,"African journal of social sciences and humanities research",56,0,null,"2024-08-19T00:00:00","72effb784f28e5fc185db42a63bbca0ca8f82be4"], [37772,"Disinformation and media ethics: review of the web series\n The Broken News","[\"Abhijit Maity\", \"Jolly Jain\"]",null,"Media Asia",null,"Media Asia",11,0,null,"2024-08-19T00:00:00","7d47efee6c2d5805b560ea36592e36ae3fec8685"], [37773,"State-Sponsored Disinformation Around the Globe","[\"Martin Echeverr\\u00eda\", \"Sara Garc\\u00eda Santamar\\u00eda\", \"Daniel C. Hallin\"]",null,null,null,"",0,0,null,"2024-08-19T00:00:00","ab155e2327378ef9e93afbcadc8c47adb27e70a7"], [37774,"OS IMPACTOS DAS FAKE NEWS POTENCIALIZADO PELA INTELIGÊNCIA ARTIFICIAL NOS RESULTADOS DE CAMPANHAS ELEITORAIS","[\"Dennis de Oliveira\", \"Daniel Augusto da Silva\"]","Considering that innovation technology brings benefits, but also negative impacts on society and human relations, a bibliographic study was carried out with the objective of investigating the influence of the use of artificial intelligence algorithms to disseminate Fake News on public opinion, as well as the their decision-making in the process of choosing candidates for majority positions, which may compromise the integrity of the electoral process. A bibliographic review was carried out on the object of study, based on the systematic reading of scientific articles published and selected through the Google Scholar and SCIELO databases. Furthermore, practical cases were studied in which AI was used to propagate false information in electoral contexts and possible changes in election results, exemplifying the ethical challenges faced in the application of artificial intelligence in electoral contexts, disinformation and political communication. The analysis of the results shows that the case study of recent elections indicates that the use of fake news enhanced by artificial intelligence can induce voters to make mistakes and compromise their freedom of choice in elections, directly influencing ethics and those responsible for the election. use of technological tools in society and in human relations regarding their decision-making power and choice of candidates. Therefore, there is an urgent need for government measures, regulation of social networks and digital platforms to guarantee fairer and more transparent electoral campaigns, preserving democratic integrity.","Revista ft",null,"Revista ft",0,0,"Investigating the influence of the use of artificial intelligence algorithms to disseminate Fake News on public opinion and decision-making in the process of choosing candidates for majority positions indicates that the use of fake news enhanced by artificial intelligence can induce voters to make mistakes and compromise their freedom of choice in elections.","2024-08-19T00:00:00","50a9906834b703ae1a318e02dd9d3161323b47ce"], [37775,"Legal factors as the foundation for a model of fake news linguistic analysis","[\"Darya Igorevna Lyashenko\"]","The study aims to develop a methodology for juridical linguistic analysis of fake news messages, relying on legal factors. The scientific novelty of the study lies in identifying a system of legal and linguistic factors, as well as establishing clear correlations between them. As a result, it was found that legal features of fake news play a dominant role, determining the selection of corresponding linguistic parameters, the system of questions formulated by law enforcement, and the initial juridification of fake news. Taking into account additional linguistic features (communicative impulse to perform an action in the interests of the communicator, the use of logical and emotional channels of influence on the recipient, intensification of the subject of speech, semantics of “uncertainty”, etc.) allows for an increase in the effectiveness of juridical linguistic analysis. The proposed methodology serves as the foundation for developing a digital model for identifying fake news.","Philology. Theory & Practice",null,"Philology. Theory & Practice",1,0,null,"2024-08-19T00:00:00","e1f570aeb9e869cc298b7cdd09c69c682f246017"], [37776,"How Hispanic digital native media combat disinformation? Analysis of their ethical codes","[\"Mar\\u00eda-\\u00c1ngeles Chaparro-Dom\\u00ednguez\", \"Victoria Moreno-Gil\", \"Ruth Rodr\\u00edguez-Mart\\u00ednez\"]","Purpose\nGiven the considerable challenges posed by disinformation to both society and journalism, how do news media outlets in Hispanic America and Spain address this pervasive global phenomenon? The purpose of this study is to evaluate the extent to which these outlets embrace recommendations from academic, professional and institutional spheres for countering false contents.\n\nDesign/methodology/approach\nA qualitative content analysis was used using variables linked to transparency, verification and potential errors incurred. This study comprehensively analyses the ethical codes of 34 digital native outlets spanning 12 Hispanic American countries (Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela), as well as Spain.\n\nFindings\nThe key findings reveal significant variations in adherence to the recommended guidelines. Particularly striking is the disparity between compliance with transparency and verification compared to notably higher adherence to measure aimed at rectifying errors. This exploratory study paves the way for further research on additional countries.\n\nOriginality/value\nEthical codes are a fundamental instrument of media accountability. Nevertheless, their utility in the fight against misinformation has barely been addressed. This study is pioneering in the field of disinformation and ethical codes within digital native media outlets in Hispanic America and Spain.\n","J. Inf. Commun. Ethics Soc.",null,"Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society",48,0,null,"2024-08-20T00:00:00","0fd08810e87e65b9fa27fa1fc13a72f04e62aa4d"], [37777,"Don’t Fake It If You Can’t Make It: Driver Misconduct in Last Mile Delivery","[\"Srishti Arora\", \"V. Choudhary\", \"Pavel Kireyev\"]","In the last two decades, last-mile delivery (LMD) firms have seen immense growth fueled by the success of e-commerce, leading to faster and cheaper deliveries. Operating on thin margins, LMD firms strive for successful first-time deliveries to avoid the financial and reputational costs of reattempts. Delivery agents (DAs) are integral to LMD efficiency, influencing customer experience, delivery success, and productivity. However, most LMD performance enhancement research focuses on process, technology, and incentives, which presume workers will conform to procedures and monitoring tools will function flawlessly. Nevertheless, in practice, DAs deviate from expected behaviors, that is, indulge in misconduct, negatively affecting delivery efficiency, often resulting in returned parcels. One of the major forms of misconduct is entering fake remarks about deliveries, wherein DAs intentionally do not deliver the parcels and provide fake reasons for it. For instance, even without reaching a delivery address, a DA remarks “customer unavailable” and records a delivery failure. In this study, we collaborated with a leading Indian LMD firm and, using instrumental variable regression, found that such misconduct leads to a spillover productivity loss. This effect reduces the next day’s successful deliveries by 1.60% and first-time-right deliveries by 1.86%. We discuss misconduct’s correlation with factors such as task complexity and offer novel insights into how opportunistic circumstances can influence worker behavior. This paper was accepted by Elena Katok, operations management. Funding: V. Choudhary acknowledges the support received from Ministry of Education, Singapore [Grant RS12/20]. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.01829 .","SSRN Electronic Journal",null,"Social Science Research Network",132,0,null,"2024-08-20T00:00:00","e50ae6fafd467d8f3494ab8a6da00cbfff24e8cd"], [37778,"The citation black market: schemes selling fake references alarm scientists.","[\"Dalmeet Singh Chawla\"]",null,"Nature",null,"Nature",0,3,null,"2024-08-20T00:00:00","1bb88aa627cd3908b15b6e88a1d0379e4236bf54"], [37779,"Rethinking news trust in post-truth Turkey: Immediacy as the imagined affordance of television and search engines","[\"Suncem Ko\\u00e7er\", \"Nazl\\u0131 \\u00d6zkan\"]","In today’s post-truth world, news users grapple with the tension between growing distrust in news institutions and the need for “true” information. Based on a mixed-methods study conducted in Turkey, this paper examines strategies developed by news users to establish trust in media tools in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and populist polarization. We first collected data with a nationally representative survey ( N = 1089). Then, 30 media users filled out media diaries for 1 week. We interviewed diary participants at the end of the week. We also conducted a four-week-long participant observation in three locations. Based on this data, we argue that users build trust in news stories by attributing a sense of immediacy to specific media, namely television and search engines. This immediacy arises from people’s desire to scrutinize the accuracy of news stories in Turkey’s highly polarized media environment. We term this ascribed meaning of transparency the imagined affordance of immediacy, asserting that immediacy is crucial for forming trust in the post-truth era. Contrary to suggestions that news trust is diminishing in the post-truth era, our paper highlights citizens’ creative strategies to reestablish trust in contemporary news media.","Journalism",null,"Journalism",25,0,null,"2024-08-20T00:00:00","73002a9f96dcae3a405a464788980a172cc65928"], [37780,"Authoritarian Populism and the Challenges for News Journalism","[\"Mats Ekstr\\u00f6m\", \"Marianna Patrona\"]",null,null,null,"",0,1,null,"2024-08-20T00:00:00","b3f68985ac712bc33836f36188ce23530ba863fa"], [37781,"Clickbait Contagion in International Quality Media: Tabloidisation and Information Gap to Attract Audiences","[\"Alba Diez-Gracia\", \"P. S\\u00e1nchez-Garc\\u00eda\", \"Dolors Palau-Sampio\", \"Iris S\\u00e1nchez-Sobradillo\"]","The competition to attract audiences has led to an increase in sensational or misleading headlines and content, with the aim of garnering user clicks in the news media. This dynamic alters the journalistic manner in which news is presented, and it does so by reducing informative quality and eroding the trust of the audience. This study examines the proliferation of clickbait strategies on the front pages of reputable international ‘serious’ press and how it manifests in readers’ consumption and sharing habits. We carried out a comparative content analysis of digital news articles from four international media sources (N = 1680): The Guardian (UK), The New York Times (USA), El País (Spain) and Público (Portugal). Our results confirm the existence of clickbait (N = 516) on the front pages, the most read content and the articles most shared on social media. Most clickbait titles resort to headline strategies of containing incomplete information that affect both hard and soft news topics. This particular finding highlights the inclusion of clickbait in the agenda of ‘serious’ journalism, despite the negative implications on information quality and trust. Associated with irrelevant content, this ‘hook’ captures the attention of the online audience more than the social media audience.","Social Sciences",null,"The social science",40,2,null,"2024-08-20T00:00:00","5223dc82f34414ca33270f07c035c66f385b0129"], [37782,"An Approach for Analyzing the Spread of Misinformation through Diffusion Patterns in Social Networks","[\"Yi-Yun Chao\", \"I. Ting\", \"Kazunori Minetaki\", \"Mei-Yun Hsu\"]",null,"{\"pages\": \"81-84\"}",null,"International Conference on Multidisciplinary Social Networks Research",19,0,null,"2024-08-21T00:00:00","34527866c881ace70e58c49247ad26fcffd83555"], [37783,"Tracking politically motivated reasoning in the brain: the role of mentalizing, value-encoding, and error detection networks","[\"Giannis Lois\", \"Elias Tsakas\", \"Kenneth Yuen\", \"Arno Riedl\"]","Abstract Susceptibility to misinformation and belief polarization often reflects people’s tendency to incorporate information in a biased way. Despite the presence of competing theoretical models, the underlying neurocognitive mechanisms of motivated reasoning remain elusive as previous empirical work did not properly track the belief formation process. To address this problem, we employed a design that identifies motivated reasoning as directional deviations from a Bayesian benchmark of unbiased belief updating. We asked the members of a proimmigration or an anti-immigration group regarding the extent to which they endorse factual messages on foreign criminality, a polarizing political topic. Both groups exhibited a desirability bias by overendorsing attitude-consistent messages and underendorsing attitude-discrepant messages and an identity bias by overendorsing messages from in-group members and underendorsing messages from out-group members. In both groups, neural responses to the messages predicted subsequent expression of desirability and identity biases, suggesting a common neural basis of motivated reasoning across ideologically opposing groups. Specifically, brain regions implicated in encoding value, error detection, and mentalizing tracked the degree of desirability bias. Less extensive activation in the mentalizing network tracked the degree of identity bias. These findings illustrate the distinct neurocognitive architecture of desirability and identity biases and inform existing cognitive models of politically motivated reasoning.","Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience",null,"Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience",54,0,null,"2024-08-21T00:00:00","b6a57ccdc60d3280346a19980ba92ca7d85d8b35"], [37784,"Overview of Misinformation and Disinformation Research from 1971 to 2022","[\"Farideh KaabOmeir\", \"Shahnaz Khademizadeh\", \"Rostam Seifadini\", \"Sahar Oftadeh Balani\", \"Mahdiyeh Khazaneha\"]","Background: As social media has developed, it has become much easier for individuals to disseminate information with less effort, expense and filtration. Because of the damage it does to communities, this long-standing issue of fake news has become increasingly worrying. Objectives: The study's goal is to create a comprehensive map of the existing literature on misinformation and disinformation by analyzing its structure, tracking its evolution through time and discovering emerging trends. Materials and Methods: Several databases, including Web of Science and Scopus, were searched for appropriate keywords to pull up the articles published between 1971 and 2022. After removing duplicates and performing normalization, a total of 21,407 articles were analyzed using R software. Results: Journals reported a total of 21,407 articles, 13829 author keywords and 9394 keywords plus. In addition, only 1852 of the 12852 authors that contributed to these works were sole authors, giving a total collaboration coefficient of 3.06. Journal of Chemical Information and Modelling, Sustainability and Library Philosophy and Practice have all been cited as major venues for misinformation and outright lies. Conclusion: This study is one of the first to use scientometric methods to the analysis of disinformation and fake news from a strategic perspective. The data showed an increasing trend in articles from 1971 to 2022, with a sudden peak in 2021, which may imply an increase in the dissemination of disinformation and deceit. In addition, different time periods (1971-2020) revealed novel strategic themes. Based on the results of the cluster analysis, it is clear that scholars have paid the most attention to the factors that contribute to the proliferation of misinformation. Further data analysis reveals that digital media literacy and artificial intelligence are the primary study foci areas. Misinformation and disinformation were also linked to social media, AI and open access on the thematic map. This study's findings added new information that aided in answering some of the most pressing academic questions about the evolution of misinformation and deception. They can be utilized as a roadmap for further study in this area.","Journal of Scientometric Research",null,"Journal of Scientometric Research",58,1,null,"2024-08-22T00:00:00","fb581cd5a5f1c84d10abf02cddcf9145b02fff38"], [37785,"Why fall for misinformation? Role of information processing strategies, health consciousness, and overconfidence in health literacy.","[\"Rachel X Peng\", \"Fuyuan Shen\"]","Health misinformation, defined as false or misleading claims lacking scientific evidence, poses a significant threat to public health. This paper investigates factors associated with the failure to discern misinformation, including health consciousness, information processing strategies, and inaccurate self-assessments of health literacy. Through an online experiment involving 707 English-speaking U.S. participants (mean age = 43 years, 56.2% female), we found that misinformation beliefs about nutrition, vaccination, vaping, and cancer were significantly correlated, implying susceptibility across health topics. Greater susceptibility was associated with higher health consciousness, lower objective health literacy, more elaboration, and more selective scanning. Results provided evidence for the Dunning-Kruger effect and metacognitive monitoring errors, whereby confident individuals were unaware of inadequate health literacy and showed poor misinformation identification. Findings suggest that promoting both health literacy education and cognitive reflection skills among the general adult population could empower them to more critically evaluate online health information.","Journal of health psychology",null,"Journal of Health Psychology",52,0,"Investigating factors associated with the failure to discern misinformation, including health consciousness, information processing strategies, and inaccurate self-assessments of health literacy found that misinformation beliefs about nutrition, vaccination, vaping, and cancer were significantly correlated, implying susceptibility across health topics.","2024-08-22T00:00:00","f3e06704bf8ea37c30ee2a72d248495127e5107b"], [37786,"Exploring the Role of Audio in Multimodal Misinformation Detection","[\"Moyang Liu\", \"Yukun Liu\", \"Ruibo Fu\", \"Zhengqi Wen\", \"Jianhua Tao\", \"Xuefei Liu\", \"Guanjun Li\"]","With the rapid development of deepfake technology, especially the deep audio fake technology, misinformation detection on the social media scene meets a great challenge. Social media data often contains multimodal information which includes audio, video, text, and images. However, existing multimodal mis-information detection methods tend to focus only on some of these modalities, failing to comprehensively address information from all modalities. To comprehensively address the various modal information that may appear on social media, this paper constructs a comprehensive multimodal misinformation detection framework. By employing corresponding neural network encoders for each modality, the framework can fuse different modality information and support the multimodal misinformation detection task. Based on the constructed framework, this paper explores the importance of the audio modality in multimodal misinformation detection tasks on social media. By adjusting the architecture of the acoustic encoder, the effectiveness of different acoustic feature encoders in the multimodal misinformation detection tasks is investigated. Furthermore, this paper discovers that audio and video information must be carefully aligned, otherwise the misalignment across different audio and video modalities can severely impair the model performance.","2024 IEEE 14th International Symposium on Chinese Spoken Language Processing (ISCSLP)",null,"International Symposium on Chinese Spoken Language Processing",30,0,"It is discovered that audio and video information must be carefully aligned, otherwise the misalignment across different audio and video modalities can severely impair the model performance.","2024-08-22T00:00:00","a7132ccd5f2fd001aa146f49723ffc26ea9e0a11"], [37787,"Partisan news recommendations. Studying the effect of politicians’ online news sharing on news credibility","[\"Willem Buyens\"]",null,"Journal of Information Technology & Politics",null,"Journal of Information Technology & Politics",31,0,null,"2024-08-22T00:00:00","2acce0af56e065db9e08ea6205e9eea6294f4a21"], [37788,"Misinformation, Disinformation, and Generative AI: Implications for Perception and Policy","[\"Kokil Jaidka\", \"Tsuhan Chen\", \"Simon Chesterman\", \"W. Hsu\", \"Min-Yen Kan\", \"Mohan S. Kankanhalli\", \"M. Lee\", \"Gyula Seres\", \"Terence Sim\", \"Araz Taeihagh\", \"Anthony Tung\", \"Xiaokui Xiao\", \"Audrey Yue\"]","The emergence of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) has exacerbated the challenges of Misinformation, Disinformation, and Mal-information (MDM) within digital ecosystems. These multifaceted challenges demand a re-evaluation of the digital information lifecycle and a deep understanding of its social impact. An interdisciplinary strategy integrating insights from technology, social sciences, and policy analysis is crucial to address these issues effectively. This paper introduces a three-tiered framework to scrutinize the lifecycle of GenAI-driven content from creation to consumption, emphasizing the consumer perspective. We examine the dynamics of consumer behavior that drive interactions with MDM, pinpoints vulnerabilities in the information dissemination process, and advocates for adaptive, evidence-based policies. Our interdisciplinary methodology aims to bolster information integrity and fortify public trust, equipping digital societies to manage the complexities of GenAI and proactively address the evolving challenges of digital misinformation. We conclude by discussing how GenAI can be leveraged to combat MDM, thereby creating a reflective cycle of technological advancement and mitigation.","Digital Government: Research and Practice",null,"Digital Government: Research and Practice",80,1,"This paper introduces a three-tiered framework to scrutinize the lifecycle of GenAI-driven content from creation to consumption, emphasizing the consumer perspective and discusses how GenAI can be leveraged to combat MDM, thereby creating a reflective cycle of technological advancement and mitigation.","2024-08-23T00:00:00","b8b2651ef929d21c39ad56e36cce6a8cf9b4b8b1"], [37789,"The Nontechnical Summary: A New Initiative to Enhance the Translation of Sports Science Research and Reduce the Spread of Misinformation.","[\"N. Tiller\", \"Trent Stellingwerff\", \"Oliver C Witard\", \"John A. Hawley\", \"Louise M Burke\", \"J. Betts\"]",null,"International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism",null,"International Journal of Sport Nutrition & Exercise Metabolism",19,0,null,"2024-08-23T00:00:00","7e542ed7501f40759c57f5bcc74c74c16eabac2b"], [37790,"Grounding Fallacies Misrepresenting Scientific Publications in Evidence","[\"Max Glockner\", \"Yufang Hou\", \"Preslav Nakov\", \"Iryna Gurevych\"]","Health-related misinformation claims often falsely cite a credible biomedical publication as evidence. These publications only superficially seem to support the false claim, when logical fallacies are applied. In this work, we aim to detect and to highlight such fallacies, which requires assessing the exact content of the misrepresented publications. To achieve this, we introduce MissciPlus, an extension of the fallacy detection dataset Missci. MissciPlus extends Missci by grounding the applied fallacies in real-world passages from misrepresented studies. This creates a realistic test-bed for detecting and verbalizing fallacies under real-world input conditions, and enables new and realistic passage-retrieval tasks. MissciPlus is the first logical fallacy dataset which pairs the real-world misrepresented evidence with incorrect claims, identical to the input to evidence-based fact-checking models. With MissciPlus, we i) benchmark retrieval models in identifying passages that support claims only with fallacious reasoning, ii) evaluate how well LLMs verbalize fallacious reasoning based on misrepresented scientific passages, and iii) assess the effectiveness of fact-checking models in refuting claims that misrepresent biomedical research. Our findings show that current fact-checking models struggle to use misrepresented scientific passages to refute misinformation. Moreover, these passages can mislead LLMs into accepting false claims as true.","ArXiv",null,"arXiv.org",0,0,"The findings show that current fact-checking models struggle to use misrepresented scientific passages to refute misinformation, and these passages can mislead LLMs into accepting false claims as true.","2024-08-23T00:00:00","8eea38c89ba9b3942588368f3740cfdfb644ea28"], [37791,"Disinformation Unveiled: Tracking Media Hoaxes to Build Public Literacy for Indonesia’s 2024 Elections","[\"Gun Gun Heryanto\", \"Mohammad Zamroni\", \"Y. Astuti\"]","This research aims to describe the phenomenon of information disruption through hoax news related to the 2019 Election in the media, and to use this understanding as a foundation for enhancing media literacy among the public for the 2024 Election. The emergence of various hoax news content across both digital and conventional media has disturbed the public and has the potential to trigger national divisions. This study employs a descriptive qualitative textual analysis method with item analysis units. Data were collected from political hoax content related to the 2019 Election, and analysis was conducted using a coding sheet for units of analysis. The research findings reveal: firstly, the phenomenon of information disruption is reinforced by the spread of hoax content related to political news about the 2019 Election, as evidenced by the analysis of the top 10 news items; secondly, the forms and types of hoax content concerning political news about the 2019 Election are predominantly classified into 7 categories of hoaxes according to the First Draft; thirdly, there is a need for media-savvy strategies ahead of the 2024 Election, which includes mastering digital literacy.","Studies in Media and Communication",null,"Studies in Media and Communication",0,0,null,"2024-08-23T00:00:00","3bd9ef0c2d9967d137eb39d382fead91bdbad35d"], [37792,"Navigating fake reviews in online marketing: Innovative strategies for authenticity and trust in the digital age","[\"Thilagavathi K\", \"Thankamani K.\", \"P. Shunmugapriya\", \"D. Prema\"]","The prevalence of fake reviews and ratings in online marketing has become a significant issue, undermining consumer trust and damaging business reputations. This study aims to identify the extent and impact of fake reviews and explore innovative strategies for traders to combat this problem and maintain authenticity. A mixed-method approach was adopted, including a survey of 100 respondents to gauge public awareness and perception of fake reviews. The findings highlight the critical need for advanced detection methods, increased transparency, and consumer education to foster trust in online platforms. Statistical analyses, including ANOVA and Chi-Square tests, were used to analyze the data. The survey revealed that 75% of respondents encounter fake reviews frequently, with 40% being highly aware of the issue. The impact of fake reviews on purchasing decisions is significant, affecting 80% of the respondents. To address this issue, traders can implement advanced AI algorithms, encourage genuine reviews through incentives, increase transparency through verification processes, and collaborate with review platforms to establish stricter monitoring systems. Additionally, educating consumers about identifying fake reviews and promoting ethical online behavior are crucial steps towards mitigating this issue. This study concludes that by adopting these innovative strategies, traders can protect their reputations, foster consumer trust, and ensure the authenticity of online reviews and ratings. Future research should focus on developing more sophisticated detection technologies and exploring the long-term effects of fake reviews on consumer behavior and market dynamics.","The Scientific Temper",null,"THE SCIENTIFIC TEMPER",10,0,"By adopting innovative strategies to address the prevalence of fake reviews, traders can protect their reputations, foster consumer trust, and ensure the authenticity of online reviews and ratings, this study concludes.","2024-08-23T00:00:00","5bdcc307ecc480c9160f20680e1c12bbb099a12a"], [37793,"Framing Responsibility for Depression in News Media: A Content Analysis of Depression Coverage on Sina Weibo","[\"Xiaoxia Ma\", \"Mastura Mahamed\", \"A. Alwie\"]","Depression stands as a pivotal health issue, notable both within the medical community and in society at large, and it is a leading contributor to disability. The prevalence of depression is on the rise, with a divergence of views on its cause attribution and solution responsibility for addressing it. It is crucial, therefore, to inform the public about these complexities. Given that news media are pivotal in disseminating health information and significantly shape public perceptions, attitudes, emotions, and the assignment of responsibility, this research employs a quantitative content analysis to assess the prevalence of framing responsibility for both the causes and potential solutions of depression at individual, social network, and societal levels. The results show that solution responsibilities for depression were reported more commonly than the causes. Meanwhile, attribution of responsibility for causes was tended to be at the individual, while solutions were on society. Social network played a major role in attributing both casual and problem-solving responsibilities as an independent level. Further, state-controlled media focused on societal responsible for addressing the issue and emphasized individual-level causal responsibilities more than market-oriented media organizations, which is likely to make societal-level responsibility attribution.","Studies in Media and Communication",null,"Studies in Media and Communication",48,0,null,"2024-08-23T00:00:00","4b81f9cf003cdcdc938a2ef745703925cbdedbf4"], [37794,"“It’s a bit like pick and choose”: How young media users assign authority to cultural mediators","[\"Sarah Vis\", \"I. Picone\"]","As the boundaries between producers and consumers in both journalism and cultural industries continue to blur, questions arise about the changing gatekeeping and interpretational roles. The study examines how young adults assign authority to cultural mediators, ranging from traditional cultural journalists to social media personalities, when selecting and evaluating cultural goods. The aim is to understand how journalistic and non-journalistic voices intertwine in young adults’ cultural news consumption. The study builds on 31 in-depth interviews with young Belgian adults (age 18–28) focussing on participants’ social media use in relation to their cultural interests. Paradoxically, in an era of information overload where professional selection and interpretation could prove beneficial, the study identified various reasons why young media users favor non-journalistic mediators, such as their search for similarity. The findings also show how young adults resist journalistic curation to secure their own autonomy and uniqueness as cultural consumers. Nevertheless, journalistic mediators still gain credibility when evaluating cultural goods. The results highlight how young adults assign varying levels of authority to different guides at different stages in cultural consumption. The paper reflects on the implications for cultural journalism, emphasizing the evaluative rather than agenda-setting role of journalists.","Journalism",null,"Journalism",35,0,null,"2024-08-23T00:00:00","1330362d31efc198f454792568139475b78d0841"], [37795,"Narratives at Conflict: Computational Analysis of News Framing in Multilingual Disinformation Campaigns","[\"Antonina Sinelnik\", \"Dirk Hovy\"]","Any report frames issues to favor a particular interpretation by highlighting or excluding certain aspects of a story. Despite the widespread use of framing in disinformation, framing properties and detection methods remain underexplored outside the English-speaking world. We explore how multilingual framing of the same issue differs systematically. We use eight years of Russia-backed disinformation campaigns, spanning 8k news articles in 4 languages targeting 15 countries. We find that disinformation campaigns consistently and intentionally favor specific framing, depending on the target language of the audience. We further discover how Russian-language articles consistently highlight selected frames depending on the region of the media coverage. We find that the two most prominent models for automatic frame analysis underperform and show high disagreement, highlighting the need for further research.","{\"pages\": \"225-237\"}",null,"Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",28,1,"It is found that disinformation campaigns consistently and intentionally favor specific framing, depending on the target language of the audience, and how Russian-language articles consistently highlight selected frames depending on the region of the media coverage is discovered.","2024-08-24T00:00:00","32b8aee48ef055d3f41e29f1e9e1e42ee5b277d3"], [37796,"Going Viral: Sharing of Misinformation by Social Media Influencers","[\"R. Mulcahy\", \"Renee Barnes\", \"Retha de Villiers Scheepers\", \"S. Kay\", \"Eleanor List\"]","This paper tackles the issue of health and well-being misinformation, the dissemination of false or misleading information related to medical treatments, diseases, mental health, nutrition, exercise or general well-being, propagated by social media influencers. It investigates the virality of misinformation posts by TikTok and Instagram influencers exploring users’ appraisals and their sharing tendencies. Grounded in social influence and cognitive appraisal theories (CAT), three online experimental studies dissect the dynamics of virality, user comments and their effects on perceived deception, parasocial interaction and sharing intent. The results of Study 1 demonstrate heightened post virality reduces perceived deception, fostering stronger parasocial connections and sharing intentions. Conversely, lower virality levels heighten deception perceptions. In Study 2, critical comments are shown to enhance deception in high virality posts. Whereas supportive comments are shown to enhance the indirect effect of low virality posts on sharing intentions, via deception and parasocial interaction. The study contributes by demonstrating how social influence theory and CAT together explain how social media influencer misinformation posts based on their virality and user responses are likely to be shared and what consumer appraisals explain this effect. It provides directions of how marketers can tackle this issue.","Australasian Marketing Journal",null,"Australasian Marketing Journal",45,0,null,"2024-08-25T00:00:00","f111eed8d395862f3f076e488f2df0ead0399e51"], [37797,"CDFD: A Novel Cross-modal Dynamic Fusion and Self-distillation Approach in Fake News Detection","[\"Weidong Liu\", \"Wu Peng\", \"Beibei Qin\"]","The quick dissemination of multimodal fake news in online communities has garnered significant attention due to its detrimental effects, prompting a focus on cross-modal detection of multimodal fake news. Several current methods aim to create multimodal representations by fusing single-modal features. However, existing methods mainly involved simple fusion of single-modal features, lacking dynamic fusion capabilities and global-to-local alignment. This may lead to poor quality in detecting multimodal fake news. To address these issues, this paper proposes a method called Cross-Modal Dynamic Fusion and Self-Distillation (CDFD) for fake news detection. The method aligns image and text embeddings through cross-modal contrastive learning. In addition, it introduces a multimodal Transformer to capture the joint representation of images and text. Dynamic fusion is achieved by employing an attention-guided weighting module to quantify the ambiguity between different modalities. Furthermore, soft labels are treated as additional training supervision to learn more expressive modal representations, and knowledge is transferred from the model to intermediate fusion modalities using self-distillation. Through evaluation and abatement studies on Weibo and Twitter datasets, it is experimentally demonstrated that the proposed method is able to learn features between multimodal features and outperforms the current state-of-the-art methods in fake news detection.","2024 International Conference on Culture-Oriented Science & Technology (CoST)",null,"2024 International Conference on Culture-Oriented Science & Technology (CoST)",18,0,"The proposed Cross-Modal Dynamic Fusion and Self-Distillation for fake news detection is able to learn features between multimodal features and outperforms the current state-of-the-art methods in fake news detection.","2024-08-25T00:00:00","08be8771edbc79ddeff5bea36da504334004140f"], [37798,"Analyzing the Impact of Splicing Artifacts in Partially Fake Speech Signals","[\"Viola Negroni\", \"Davide Salvi\", \"Paolo Bestagini\", \"Stefano Tubaro\"]","Speech deepfake detection has recently gained significant attention within the multimedia forensics community. Related issues have also been explored, such as the identification of partially fake signals, i.e., tracks that include both real and fake speech segments. However, generating high-quality spliced audio is not as straightforward as it may appear. Spliced signals are typically created through basic signal concatenation. This process could introduce noticeable artifacts that can make the generated data easier to detect. We analyze spliced audio tracks resulting from signal concatenation, investigate their artifacts and assess whether such artifacts introduce any bias in existing datasets. Our findings reveal that by analyzing splicing artifacts, we can achieve a detection EER of 6.16% and 7.36% on PartialSpoof and HAD datasets, respectively, without needing to train any detector. These results underscore the complexities of generating reliable spliced audio data and lead to discussions that can help improve future research in this area.","ArXiv",null,"The Automatic Speaker Verification Spoofing Countermeasures Workshop (ASVspoof 2024)",22,2,"This work analyzes spliced audio tracks resulting from signal concatenation, investigates their artifacts and assess whether such artifacts introduce any bias in existing datasets, and reveals that by analyzing splicing artifacts, it can achieve a detection EER of 6.16% and 7.36% on PartialSpoof and HAD datasets, respectively, without needing to train any detector.","2024-08-25T00:00:00","8dfeb274efd3fb9bdfb571d81e32a3c5568b7442"], [37799,"Distress reactions and susceptibility to misinformation for an analogue trauma event","[\"Prerika R Sharma\", \"E. Spearing\", \"Kimberley A. Wade\", \"Laura Jobson\"]",null,"Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications",null,"Cognitive Research",64,0,null,"2024-08-26T00:00:00","ca4ff8b70421d89942b9aa91e89102060dba3535"], [37800,"Don’t believe them! Reducing misinformation influence through source discreditation","[\"Ullrich K. H. Ecker\", \"Toby Prike\", \"Antonia B Paver\", \"Rosie J Scott\", \"Briony Swire\\u2010Thompson\"]",null,"Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications",null,"Cognitive Research",101,0,null,"2024-08-26T00:00:00","3b275779c0bb6cd42aa73a4e7fd1b79e8640ce5d"], [37801,"What's Wrong with Misinformation?","[\"Brian Martin\"]","Strangely, few recent studies of misinformation have given attention to the concept of misinformation itself. An examination of several studies of Covid misinformation shows them to be implicitly based on having unquestioned possession of the truth, so there is no attention to struggles over who decides what counts as misinformation and no mention of the possibility that views labelled misinformation might offer reasonable alternative perspectives. This has limitations, especially if understood in the context of research on public scientific controversies: ethical and political disagreements are obscured, and social analysts become de facto supporters of scientific orthodoxy.","Science & Technology Studies",null,"Science & Technology Studies",25,0,null,"2024-08-26T00:00:00","c2c4e9d671d47308bd7cab5d8670637ab378573c"], [37802,"European experience in counteracting disinformation influences","[\"A. Kovalchuk\", \"B. Cherniavska\"]","Information-psychological influences, attacks, and operations do not have a physical manifestation but generate destabilizing internal and external processes within a state. These processes cause aggression, anxiety, and dissatisfaction among the population, potentially leading to open physical conflict. The use of the Internet enables extremist organizations to access mass media, spreading propaganda, informing about their goals, tasks, measures, and forms of support. The authors emphasize the significant impact of modern information and communication technologies on increasing threats to political stability and the security of any state. The aim of this paper is to highlight foreign experiences regarding organizational and legal measures that prevent the spread of disinformation, aimed at inciting hostility and hatred within a state. The study draws on experiences from large-scale protest actions, organized and coordinated through social networks on the Internet. The authors note that blogs, social networks, electronic maps, and video hosting sites are currently used without restrictions for political destabilization. Social networks enable immediate support from like-minded individuals and the publication of extremist materials, which contribute to the escalation of socio-political, ethnic, and interfaith conflicts. The main research methods are comparative analysis, statistical method, historical method, structural-functional method of cognition. Having studied the periods of formation of the system for countering the spread of disinformation in the EU, the authors concluded that the work on countering the spread of disinformation is conducted comprehensively and systematically and is constantly being improved in accordance with the challenges. In the EU countries, not only the practice of combating disinformation has been developed, but also an array of normative legal acts has been adopted to prevent the spread of disinformation. The European experience demonstrates the importance of a balance between freedom of speech and security measures in the information space. Such a comprehensive and conceptual approach should be the basis for creating a system for countering the spread of disinformation in Ukraine.","ScienceRise: Juridical Science",null,"ScienceRise: Juridical Science",0,0,null,"2024-08-26T00:00:00","15b3fe62a8b804e5d8f13a214dd4e2ca47fb7727"], [37803,"Correcting fake news headlines after repeated exposure: memory and belief accuracy in younger and older adults","[\"Paige L. Kemp\", \"Vanessa M Loaiza\", \"Colleen M Kelley\", \"Christopher N. Wahlheim\"]",null,"Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications",null,"Cognitive Research",82,0,null,"2024-08-26T00:00:00","2dc942dc33e77495ef76a1719de9d0103b705456"], [37804,"A legal cure for news choice overload: Regulating algorithms and AI with ‘light patterns’ to foster autonomy and democracy","[\"S. Molitorisz\"]","Despite an unprecedented abundance of news content, both news avoidance and dissatisfaction are rising. Blending journalism, philosophy and law scholarship, this paper argues that ‘news choice overload’ causes paralysis and poor outcomes as it transfers power to algorithms, thereby harming autonomy and, in turn, democracy. An analysis of Australian and European regulatory responses shows the need for an algorithmic regulator and a transparency requirement for digital platforms. Further, people's ability to choose autonomously can be fostered by positive interventions, or ‘light patterns’, including ‘diversity nudges’ and a shift from caveat emptor to a caveat venditor approach, in which digital platforms are assigned legal responsibility. Recognising that it is autonomy and democracy—not choice per se—that are valuable, such interventions can shift meaningful decision‐making back to citizens at a moment when the rise of generative artificial intelligence is giving algorithms yet more power.","Policy & Internet",null,"Policy & Internet",31,1,"It is argued that ‘news choice overload’ causes paralysis and poor outcomes as it transfers power to algorithms, thereby harming autonomy and, in turn, democracy.","2024-08-26T00:00:00","e6dab9a1f3cc3df44e56b80357abe2ffc3205964"], [37805,"Easy-access online social media metrics can effectively identify misinformation sharing users","[\"J'ulia Sz'amely\", \"Alessandro Galeazzi\", \"J'ulia Koltai\", \"Elisa Omodei\"]","Misinformation poses a significant challenge studied extensively by researchers, yet acquiring data to identify primary sharers is costly and challenging. To address this, we propose a low-barrier approach to differentiate social media users who are more likely to share misinformation from those who are less likely. Leveraging insights from previous studies, we demonstrate that easy-access online social network metrics -- average daily tweet count, and account age -- can be leveraged to help identify potential low factuality content spreaders on X (previously known as Twitter). We find that higher tweet frequency is positively associated with low factuality in shared content, while account age is negatively associated with it. We also find that some of the effects, namely the effect of the number of accounts followed and the number of tweets produced, differ depending on the number of followers a user has. Our findings show that relying on these easy-access social network metrics could serve as a low-barrier approach for initial identification of users who are more likely to spread misinformation, and therefore contribute to combating misinformation effectively on social media platforms.","ArXiv",null,"arXiv.org",21,0,"It is demonstrated that easy-access online social network metrics -- average daily tweet count, and account age -- can be leveraged to help identify potential low factuality content spreaders on X (previously known as Twitter), and higher tweet frequency is positively associated with low factuality in shared content, while account age is negatively associated with it.","2024-08-27T00:00:00","533129e3a0c000f5741fe52ba89d81c8d0bba820"], [37806,"Mitigating Misinformation Toolkit: A Medical Student Role-Play Curriculum on Communication Techniques to Facilitate Vaccine Misinformation Conversations","[\"Cristina Pelin\", \"Maya Vasser\", \"Marie Cavuoto Petrizzo\", \"Michael Cassara\", \"Renee McLeod-Sordjan\", \"Joseph Weiner\", \"Samara Ginzburg\"]","Introduction The COVID pandemic and affiliated infodemic led to widespread health misinformation, generating confusion and distrust. Physicians must identify and address misinformation, with attention to cultural/health literacy, equity, and autonomy. Most medical students receive training in core communication techniques but are rarely taught how to combat misinformation with patients and lack opportunities for practice in diverse settings. Methods We used mixed methods to evaluate the impact of a role-play-based training curriculum on 44 third- and fourth-year medical students’ comfort and confidence applying ask-respond-tell-seek solutions (ARTS) and motivational interviewing (MI) to discuss vaccine hesitancy, using COVID-19 as an example. There were three training iterations: prior to volunteering at a community health fair, during a medicine clinical rotation, and during a pediatrics rotation. Pre- and postsession questionnaires were administered. Likert-scale questions assessed comfort and confidence using ARTS and MI. Narrative responses focused on previous experiences with vaccine hesitancy, challenges faced, and session takeaways. Results Students’ comfort, confidence with ARTS/MI, and self-reported ability to discuss COVID-19 vaccinations improved as measured by pre- and postsession surveys (p < .05). Qualitatively, students reported increased confidence delivering recommendations in plain language and exploring patients’ thought processes behind choices. Discussion Reinforcement of core communications strategies in medical school can positively impact trainees’ ability and ease addressing misinformation. We recommend this 45-minute training session to effectively increase medical students’ comfort and confidence in discussing COVID-19 vaccines with patients. It can be adapted to any health professions school with an existing communications thread.","MedEdPORTAL : the Journal of Teaching and Learning Resources",null,"MedEdPORTAL",15,0,"This 45-minute training session can be adapted to any health professions school with an existing communications thread and reported increased confidence delivering recommendations in plain language and exploring patients’ thought processes behind choices.","2024-08-27T00:00:00","603ee164e29627f11518aeb9c9b40e0d567cedb4"], [37807,"Climate change denial and anti-science communities on brazilian Telegram: climate disinformation as a gateway to broader conspiracy networks","[\"Ergon Cugler de Moraes Silva\"]","Conspiracy theories related to climate change denial and anti-science have found fertile ground on Telegram, particularly among Brazilian communities that distrust scientific institutions and oppose global environmental policies. This study seeks to answer the research question: how are Brazilian conspiracy theory communities on climate change and anti-science themes characterized and articulated on Telegram? It is worth noting that this study is part of a series of seven studies aimed at understanding and characterizing Brazilian conspiracy theory communities on Telegram. This series of studies is openly and originally available on arXiv from Cornell University, applying a mirrored method across all seven studies, changing only the thematic focus of analysis, and providing replicable investigation methods, including custom-developed and proprietary codes, contributing to the culture of open-source software. Regarding the main findings of this study, the following observations were made: Climate change denial and anti-science communities interact synergistically, creating a complex network that mutually reinforces disinformation narratives; Apocalyptic themes, such as Apocalypse and Survivalism, act as gateways to climate denial, with 5,057 links directed to these communities; Anti-science communities function as gatekeepers, distributing links evenly to theories such as the New World Order and Globalism, among others; During the COVID-19 pandemic, anti-science discussions experienced a significant peak, driven by vaccine disinformation; The intersection between anti-science narratives and esoteric beliefs reinforces the idea of a supposed alternative truth that challenges science; Since 2022, discussions on climate change have evolved to align with global domination theories; Additionally, the UN's 2030 Agenda is portrayed as part of a global conspiracy.","ArXiv",null,"arXiv.org",0,1,null,"2024-08-27T00:00:00","574070b71d877e673ad37010484b751cd5d0917c"], [37808,"ENTRE FATO E FAKE: UMA ANÁLISE DO DISCURSO JORNALÍSTICO SOBRE AS FAKE NEWS","[\"Silmara Dela Silva\", \"Ana Clara Ferreira Pina\"]","O presente artigo tem como propósito analisar os modos como se constituem efeitos de sentidos para as fake news no discurso jornalístico brasileiro. O corpus de análise é constituído por uma reportagem e uma série de cinco vídeos produzidos pelo serviço de checagem de notícias “Fato ou Fake”, associado ao Portal de Notícias G1, com circulação nos meses de março e abril de 2022, com vistas a tirar dúvidas sobre a produção e circulação de notícias falsas no cenário jornalístico-midiático brasileiro. O referencial teórico-metodológico tem como base a análise de discurso proposta por Michel Pêcheux, tomando o discurso como um objeto que permite a compreensão do modo como a linguagem produz sentidos, o que se dá a partir da inscrição da língua na história. As análises se voltam ao modo como o serviço de checagem de notícias “Fato ou Fake” produz, em seu dizer, efeitos de sentidos para si e para os seus leitores-seguidores; bem como ao modo como discursivamente se produzem, no discurso midiático, efeitos de sentidos para as fake news em relação às práticas jornalísticas vigentes.","Policromias - Revista de Estudos do Discurso, Imagem e Som",null,"Policromias - Revista de Estudos do Discurso, Imagem e Som",0,0,null,"2024-08-27T00:00:00","5aced66e3118f719a53433d14dd2a8b6e8bfd00a"], [37809,"Trump’s fake news and stock market returns","[\"Antonios Siganos\"]",null,"The European Journal of Finance",null,"European Journal of Finance",33,0,null,"2024-08-27T00:00:00","6e51b5f9739f54a60c169608634413f7976e96cd"], [37810,"Trust in News Providers","[\"Jodie Bettis\", \"Natalie Low\"]","This POSTnote examines trends and patterns in trust in news providers, factors associated with trust, and areas for consideration in the debate about how to improve trust.",null,null,"",0,0,null,"2024-08-27T00:00:00","f66d6a1872e5a602dae803676ce1bd7f0481a532"], [37811,"The algorithmic knowledge gap within and between countries: Implications for combatting misinformation","[\"Myojung Chung\", \"John P. Wihbey\"]","While understanding how social media algorithms operate is essential to protect oneself from misinformation, such understanding is often unevenly distributed. This study explores the algorithmic knowledge gap both within and between countries, using national surveys in the United States (N = 1,415), the United Kingdom (N = 1,435), South Korea (N = 1,798), and Mexico (N = 784). In all countries, algorithmic knowledge varied across different sociodemographic factors, even though in different ways. Also, different countries had different levels of algorithmic knowledge: The respondents in the United States reported the greatest algorithmic knowledge, followed by respondents in the United Kingdom, Mexico, and South Korea. Additionally, individuals with greater algorithmic knowledge were more inclined to take actions against misinformation.","Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review",null,"Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review",45,1,"This study explores the algorithmic knowledge gap both within and between countries, using national surveys in the United States, the United Kingdom, the United Kingdom, South Korea, and Mexico.","2024-08-28T00:00:00","d8b98799ce8b991b999e498a8c218fd12ccfc001"], [37812,"Leveraging machine learning for browser-based detection of misinformation: Towards user-empowered news consumption*","[\"Oluwaseun Bukky Afolabi\", \"Safina Showkat Ara\"]","The surge of fake news on digital platforms presents a pressing societal concern, undermining trust and decision-making processes. The reliability of information, crucial for individuals and societies, faces unprecedented challenges. The rapid evolution of fake news tactics exacerbates this problem, demanding constant adaptation of countermeasures. In response, this study proposes an innovative solution: a user-friendly browser plugin employing machine learning for real-time fake news detection. We conduct a thorough examination of existing techniques, evaluating various algorithms to enhance accuracy. Through rigorous data preparation and algorithm refinement, we achieve significant improvements, emphasizing the importance of textual features and class balancing. The research extends beyond theory with the development and deployment of a practical browser plugin, enabling users to actively combat misinformation. Ethical, legal, and social considerations are integral, ensuring responsible deployment, bias mitigation, and adherence to copyright. The study advocates for ongoing refinement, highlighting the persistent relevance of fake news detection in an information-driven society.","2024 29th International Conference on Automation and Computing (ICAC)",null,"International Conference on Automation and Computing",0,0,"A user-friendly browser plugin employing machine learning for real-time fake news detection, and advocates for ongoing refinement, highlighting the persistent relevance of fake news detection in an information-driven society.","2024-08-28T00:00:00","c6d2675154590f53b53cce5d397829f3f09fd2a4"], [37813,"Deciphering misinformation and disinformation: insights from structural coupling and penetration","[\"Y. Sohn\", \"Heidi Hatfield Edwards\", \"Theodore Petersen\"]","PurposeThis paper aims to enhance the understanding of the distinct origins, mechanisms, growth paths and societal impacts of misinformation and disinformation through the theoretical lens of Niklas Luhmann’s social systems theory, particularly focusing on structural coupling and penetration.Design/methodology/approachThis paper is based on a conceptual study that investigates the phenomena of mis-/disinformation based on reviews of the literature on social systems theory, particularly focusing on structural coupling and penetration.FindingsThis theoretical analysis has led to the postulations that mis-/disinformation would cause social conflicts through divergent routes and that they do not necessarily have negative consequences in society. That is, conflicts or communication of contradictions serve for the reproduction and change in social systems and, furthermore, serve society as an immune mechanism. We speculate that similarities in the manifestation of mis-/disinformation could stem from the influence of amplifiers, such as moral intervention. Nevertheless, we posit that disinformation stemming from intentional penetration is more likely to cause societal dysfunction than misinformation, leading to conflict overload, polarized information ecosystems and potential system failures.Originality/valueIt provides a broader theoretical perspective for a better understanding of the roots and mechanisms of mis-/disinformation and their social consequences. It also engages with unresolved debates over structural couplings and penetration, showing how distinguishing these concepts enhance analytical clarity and explanatory power.","Kybernetes",null,"Kybernetes",47,0,null,"2024-08-28T00:00:00","41fd4a2177e8192ef557fc8e17ed121f6e669cff"], [37814,"Are there 34,000 human emotions? Deconstructing patterns of scientific misinformation.","[\"Jonas Polfu\\u00df\"]","BACKGROUND\nScientific misinformation is a much-discussed topic, and the COVID-19 crisis has highlighted the importance of reliability in science and research. However, limiting misinformation is complicated because of the growing number of communication channels, in which scientific and nonscientific content are often mixed.\n\n\nMETHODS\nThis case study combines the examination of references, online observation, and a content and frequency analysis to investigate the dissemination of scientific misinformation in the interplay of different genres and media.\n\n\nRESULTS\nUsing the example of the claimed existence of 34,000 human emotions, this study demonstrates how questionable statements are spread in science, popular science, and pseudoscience, making it particularly challenging to track and correct them.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nThe findings highlight epistemic authority, trust, and injustice within and between scientific and nonscientific communities. The author argues that, in the digital age, researchers should defend and monitor scientific principles beyond academia.","Accountability in research",null,"Accountability in Research",53,0,null,"2024-08-28T00:00:00","7f3600a08ec625fc12d635c4626f9a3c87b51c49"], [37815,"Wisdom of (molecular) crowds: How a snake's temperaturesensing superpower separates information from misinformation.","[\"M. Thattai\"]",null,"Journal of biosciences",null,"Journal of Biosciences",6,0,null,"2024-08-28T00:00:00","9ad7135e1e806917516dc7e450b701c5df0c6817"], [37816,"How Phenomenon-Based Learning May Contribute to Counteract Disinformation: A Case Presentation from Austrian Secondary Schools","[\"Michael Reicho\"]","The distribution of disinformation in online environments poses an increasing risk for pupils to be confronted with manipulated content. As a pedagogical strategy for schools, phenomenon-based learning (PhBL) is said to train a variety of required digital competences. This article aims to describe PhBL as practical teaching intervention to address disinformation in secondary schools. PhBL is a cross-curricular and subject-unspecific teaching intervention with a suggested duration of 8-12 teaching lessons and an appropriate age starting from 12/13 years. This investigation included that teacher organized project-oriented activities. The evaluation comprised semi-structured interviews with pupils (n=36) and their teachers (n=8) as well as video-based classroom observations in six classes with 107 pupils. The findings indicate that this teaching approach supported pupils to compare information sources, evaluate credibility indicators, and act criticaly as online consumers. After the intervention pupils said that they felt more sceptical of online and social media information.","Ubiquity Proceedings",null,"Ubiquity Proceedings",0,0,"The findings indicate that this teaching approach supported pupils to compare information sources, evaluate credibility indicators, and act criticaly as online consumers, and after the intervention pupils said that they felt more sceptical of online and social media information.","2024-08-28T00:00:00","7ef05825d3f7f1d61fba4cf1046b22b71cead1a0"], [37817,"The Social Media Comment Section as an Unruly Public Arena: How Comment Reading Erodes Trust in News Media","[\"T. Dobber\", \"M. Hameleers\"]","The comment section accompanying news stories on social media offers an important interactive context for news, but may also afford the possibility to spread anti-establishment, trust-eroding comments. Exposure to such comments may affect social media users’ trust in news media. However, evidence of over-time effects is scarce. This study draws upon cultivation theory and uses a three-wave panel survey in the Netherlands ( N = 906). Findings indicate that increased comment reading at T2 exacerbates and deepens news media mistrust at T3, suggesting that exposure to the comment section accompanying news stories posted on social media indeed has negative ramifications for news media trust. News media seem to be closing off their own comment section and delegating commenting to social media in part to create a buffer between themselves and trust-eroding comments. Our findings suggest this buffer is not as solid as news media might hope.","Electronic News",null,"Electronic News",34,1,null,"2024-08-28T00:00:00","35416d30032ef27a17efe7647c92c7e69e40885f"], [37818,"Re-assessing the Dynamics of News Use and Trust: A Multi-Outlet Perspective","[\"Tali Aharoni\", \"Christian Baden\", \"Maximilian Overbeck\", \"Keren Tenenboim-Weinblatt\"]","Communication research has long explored the association between media trust and news consumption. However, the strength and direction of this relationship have remained elusive. This study suggests a new approach for investigating these complex relations, differentiating between usage and trust associated with different sources over time. Focusing on the 2022 French election and drawing on data from a four-wave panel survey (N = 1,294), we utilized Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Model (RI-CLPM) analysis to uncover two key over time effects: a selection effect, wherein trust reinforces usage; and a media effect, wherein usage influences trust. While a selection effect driven by news trust was observed in a right-wing political alternative channel, a media effect leading to news trust was linked with more traditional television channels. By identifying these effects and their associations with various types of outlets, this study advances the ongoing scholarly debate around the role of trust in news consumption.","Communication Research",null,"Communication Research",46,1,null,"2024-08-28T00:00:00","b518316f3a229755c408b51c497ed3e949b893c2"], [37819,"An Unhelpful Chain: Antecedents and Consequences of COVID-19 News Avoidance in China and Singapore","[\"Ran Wei\", \"V. Lo\", \"Jing Guo\", \"Wenting Yu\"]",null,"Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media",null,"Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media",35,0,null,"2024-08-28T00:00:00","f0fca5addc6320dbef59ada868d243acb67618f3"], [37820,"Predicting Financial Fraud through Pressure, Opportunity, Rationalization and Internal Control (Case Study on Food and Beverage Companies Listed on the IDX)","[\"Suci Wulandari\", \"K. Kadarusman\"]","The Empirical Study of Food and Beverage Companies Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2017-2019 aims to explain and forecast the impact of pressure, opportunity, rationalization, and internal control on financial statements that are false. Because it stresses verifying theories using numerical measurements of research variables and statistical data analysis, this study takes a quantitative approach. The study's population consisted of 18 companies that were listed in the food and beverage sub-sector between 2013 and 2017 and were part of the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). Multiple linear regression analysis, often known as multiple regression, is the analysis model that is used to examine how the independent variables affect the dependent variable. The analysis's findings demonstrate how pressure, opportunity, rationalization, and internal control all significantly impact financial statement fraud at the same time. Internal control has little impact on fake financial statements, while pressure, opportunity, and rationalization all have a considerable impact.","International Journal of Social Science and Human Research",null,"International journal of social science and human research",0,0,null,"2024-08-28T00:00:00","0e74da49e822758f90bc19ea75860874190a3b00"], [37821,"Rolling minds: A conversational media to promote intergroup contact by countering racial misinformation through socioanalytic processing in adolescence.","[\"Francesca D\\u2019Errico\", \"Paolo Giovanni Cicirelli\", \"Giuseppe Corbelli\", \"M. Paciello\"]",null,"Psychology of Popular Media",null,"Psychology of Popular Media",0,2,null,"2024-08-29T00:00:00","e51032c1446c6a5bcd5767e99b4d72e257a56256"], [37822,"Ethical Considerations in Infodemic Management: Systematic Scoping Review","[\"Federico Germani\", \"G. Spitale\", \"S. Machiri\", \"C. W. Ho\", \"Isabela Ballalai\", \"N. Biller-Andorno\", \"Andreas Alois Reis\"]","Background During health emergencies, effective infodemic management has become a paramount challenge. A new era marked by a rapidly changing information ecosystem, combined with the widespread dissemination of misinformation and disinformation, has magnified the complexity of the issue. For infodemic management measures to be effective, acceptable, and trustworthy, a robust framework of ethical considerations is needed. Objective This systematic scoping review aims to identify and analyze ethical considerations and procedural principles relevant to infodemic management, ultimately enhancing the effectiveness of these practices and increasing trust in stakeholders performing infodemic management practices with the goal of safeguarding public health. Methods The review involved a comprehensive examination of the literature related to ethical considerations in infodemic management from 2002 to 2022, drawing from publications in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Policy documents and relevant material were included in the search strategy. Papers were screened against inclusion and exclusion criteria, and core thematic areas were systematically identified and categorized following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. We analyzed the literature to identify substantive ethical principles that were crucial for guiding actions in the realms of infodemic management and social listening, as well as related procedural ethical principles. In this review, we consider ethical principles that are extensively deliberated upon in the literature, such as equity, justice, or respect for autonomy. However, we acknowledge the existence and relevance of procedural practices, which we also consider as ethical principles or practices that, when implemented, enhance the efficacy of infodemic management while ensuring the respect of substantive ethical principles. Results Drawing from 103 publications, the review yielded several key findings related to ethical principles, approaches, and guidelines for practice in the context of infodemic management. Community engagement, empowerment through education, and inclusivity emerged as procedural principles and practices that enhance the quality and effectiveness of communication and social listening efforts, fostering trust, a key emerging theme and crucial ethical principle. The review also emphasized the significance of transparency, privacy, and cybersecurity in data collection. Conclusions This review underscores the pivotal role of ethics in bolstering the efficacy of infodemic management. From the analyzed body of literature, it becomes evident that ethical considerations serve as essential instruments for cultivating trust and credibility while also facilitating the medium-term and long-term viability of infodemic management approaches.","JMIR Infodemiology",null,"JMIR infodemiology",150,2,"Community engagement, empowerment through education, and inclusivity emerged as procedural principles and practices that enhance the quality and effectiveness of communication and social listening efforts, fostering trust, a key emerging theme and crucial ethical principle.","2024-08-29T00:00:00","894feca220052da9ada605d38e19ed814ad7432a"], [37823,"The Relationship Between News Coverage of COVID-19 Misinformation and Online Search Behavior.","[\"Ella Douglas-Durham\", \"Andy S. L. Tan\", \"Karen M. Emmons\", \"K. Viswanath\"]","The spread of health misinformation poses a threat to public health as it can influence individuals' health beliefs and, potentially, behaviors, and their support for public health policies. The mainstream news media have the potential to inadvertently increase the salience of misinformation through their reporting. This study explores the agenda-setting effects of mainstream news media coverage on public salience of public health misinformation during the COVID-19 pandemic. We analyzed the association between news media coverage and public salience - as measured by Google Trends relative search volume - of three different pieces of COVID-19 misinformation: (1) hydroxychloroquine is a safe and effective treatment for COVID-19; (2) the COVID-19 vaccines cause infertility; and (3) ivermectin is a safe and effective treatment for COVID-19. We plotted news coverage of each piece of misinformation against Google Trends relative search volume over time. Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models were used to account for autocorrelation and analyze the relationship between the two time series. News media coverage volume was a significant predictor of same-day relative search volume for hydroxychloroquine and ivermectin. The relationship between news media coverage and searches for COVID-19 vaccines and infertility was not significant. These findings indicate mainstream news media coverage may contribute to the public salience of misinformation. Mainstream media outlets should contextualize their reporting on misinformation with verification from scientific consensus.","Health communication",null,"Health Communication",35,1,null,"2024-08-30T00:00:00","3a5b147e7b9e4ab769a9a111df42a7bb0fd94185"], [37824,"Processing of misinformation as motivational and cognitive biases","[\"Yanmengqian Zhou\", \"Lijiang Shen\"]","Misinformation can be broadly defined as false or inaccurate information created and spread with or without clear intent to cause harm. It travels fast and deep and persists despite debunking. It is well-documented that corrective messages and fact-checking efforts often fail to mitigate the effects or persistence of misinformation. In this article, we examine the persistence of misinformation as rooted in motivational and cognitive biases in information processing. While drawing on the frameworks of motivations that drive information seeking, sharing, and processing and various cognitive biases, we explicate mechanisms and processes that underlie the impact and persistence of misinformation. We conclude our article by discussing the potential utility of psychological inoculation as a prebunking strategy.","Frontiers in Psychology",null,"Frontiers in Psychology",129,0,null,"2024-08-30T00:00:00","5fc0e5f0093ef1c5f03b5e17f1947b7ab4465265"], [37825,"Mitigating Misinformation Toolkit: Online Simulation and Standardized Patient Cases for Interprofessional Students to Address Vaccine Hesitancy and Misinformation","[\"N. Fusco\", \"Kelly Foltz-Ramos\", \"J. Kruger\", \"Alison M. Vargovich\", \"William A. Prescott\"]","Introduction Medical misinformation, which contributes to vaccine hesitancy, poses challenges to health professionals. Health professions students, while capable of addressing and advocating for vaccination, may lack the confidence to engage with vaccine-hesitant individuals influenced by medical misinformation. Methods An interprofessional in-person simulation activity (90 minutes) using standardized patients was developed and instituted for students in medicine, nursing, pharmacy, and public health programs. Student volunteers were recruited from classes approximately halfway through their respective degree programs (i.e., second or third year of a 4-year program). Online simulation was used as a method to prepare for in-person simulation. Impact on students was assessed primarily through a postprogram student self-assessment. Results A total of 220 students participated in the program; 206 (94%) had paired data available to analyze. Following program participation, self-assessed abilities increased from pre to post, from 2.8 out of 5 (good) to 3.9 out of 5 (very good; p < .001). Ninety-eight percent of students felt that their ability to address medical misinformation was somewhat/much better after the activity, compared to before, and that their ability to address vaccine hesitancy was somewhat/much better. The overall program was rated highly, with mean scores for each program evaluation item >4 out of 5 (very good). Discussion An interprofessional cohort of students demonstrated improvement in self-assessed skills to participate in a conversation with an individual with hesitancy to receive vaccines and/or beliefs informed by misinformation. Students felt that this program was relevant and important to their professional development.","MedEdPORTAL : the Journal of Teaching and Learning Resources",null,"MedEdPORTAL",28,0,"An interprofessional cohort of students demonstrated improvement in self-assessed skills to participate in a conversation with an individual with hesitancy to receive vaccines and/or beliefs informed by misinformation.","2024-08-30T00:00:00","f9b678a6bef9686b7b62cc44dc3192f03e756d30"], [37826,"Early morning hour and evening usage habits increase misinformation-spread","[\"Elisabeth Stockinger\", \"Riccardo Gallotti\", \"Carina I. Hausladen\"]",null,"Scientific Reports",null,"Scientific Reports",103,0,"This work uncovers a strong correlation between user activity time patterns and the tendency to spread potentially disinformative content, which is more likely at night-time.","2024-08-30T00:00:00","2406cf1aa9f0b88bb51c12bb682f014f815076a1"], [37827,"TRANSFORMATIVE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN GLOBAL COMMUNICATION: MINIMISING MISINFORMATION, DISINFORMATION, CULTURAL DIVERSITY AND FOSTERING GLOBAL UNDERSTANDING","[\"Babajide Adeyinka Joseph\"]","This paper investigates the transformative role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in global communication with a view to minimising misinformation, disinformation, cultural diversity and fostering global understanding. The article examines whether the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in the communication process offers solutions to bridge cultural and linguistic gaps, mitigate perception bottlenecks, and foster global understanding. The study adopts a conceptual review method, which involves a systematic examination of existing literature, research studies, and relevant information in the communication field. The study reveals that AI technologies, via content moderation, fact-checking algorithms, language translation tools, and cultural sensitivity enhancements, have shown significant potential in combating misinformation and disinformation, thereby fostering a more informed global community. Furthermore, it is found that AI applications have also been found to promote cultural diversity by enabling more accurate and inclusive communication across various languages and cultural contexts. In addition, the paper finds that AI-driven communication strategies have been instrumental in enhancing global understanding by facilitating cross-cultural exchanges and mitigating biases in information dissemination. Finally, it is discovered that AI technologies still have some limitations in global communication. Therefore, the study recommends that policymakers, researchers, and practitioners should continue to explore and harness the transformative potential of AI in enhancing global communication processes by leveraging AI technologies in a responsible and ethical manner, to pave the way for a more inclusive, informed, and interconnected global society\n\n","Lagos Journal of Contemporary Studies in Education",null,"Lagos Journal of Contemporary Studies in Education",0,0,"The study reveals that AI technologies, via content moderation, fact-checking algorithms, language translation tools, and cultural sensitivity enhancements, have shown significant potential in combating misinformation and disinformation, thereby fostering a more informed global community.","2024-08-30T00:00:00","3175a697e9882425e1e0747851c215f5ea1c202b"], [37828,"The sound of disinformation: TikTok, computational propaganda, and the invasion of Ukraine","[\"Marcus B\\u00f6sch\", \"Tom Divon\"]","TikTok has emerged as a powerful platform for the dissemination of mis- and disinformation about the war in Ukraine. During the initial three months after the Russian invasion in February 2022, videos under the hashtag #Ukraine garnered 36.9 billion views, with individual videos scaling up to 88 million views. Beyond the traditional methods of spreading misleading information through images and text, the medium of sound has emerged as a novel, platform-specific audiovisual technique. Our analysis distinguishes various war-related sounds utilized by both Ukraine and Russia and classifies them into a mis- and disinformation typology. We use computational propaganda features—automation, scalability, and anonymity—to explore how TikTok’s auditory practices are exploited to exacerbate information disorders in the context of ongoing war events. These practices include reusing sounds for coordinated campaigns, creating audio meme templates for rapid amplification and distribution, and deleting the original sounds to conceal the orchestrators’ identities. We conclude that TikTok’s recommendation system (the “for you” page) acts as a sound space where exposure is strategically navigated through users’ intervention, enabling semi-automated “soft” propaganda to thrive by leveraging its audio features.","New Media Soc.",null,"New Media & Society",41,3,"It is concluded that TikTok’s recommendation system acts as a sound space where exposure is strategically navigated through users’ intervention, enabling semi-automated “soft” propaganda to thrive by leveraging its audio features.","2024-08-30T00:00:00","45f507bc51eb6960d8ddbf0b63bfaef8511f747a"], [37829,"Googling the Big Lie: Search Engines, News Media, and the US 2020 Election Conspiracy","[\"E. D. Le'on\", \"M. Makhortykh\", \"Aleksandra Urman\", \"R. Ulloa\"]","The conspiracy theory that the US 2020 presidential election was fraudulent - the Big Lie - remained a prominent part of the media agenda months after the election. Whether and how search engines prioritized news stories that sought to thoroughly debunk the claims, provide a simple negation, or support the conspiracy is crucial for understanding information exposure on the topic. We investigate how search engines provided news on this conspiracy by conducting a large-scale algorithm audit evaluating differences between three search engines (Google, DuckDuckGo, and Bing), across three locations (Ohio, California, and the UK), and using eleven search queries. Results show that simply denying the conspiracy is the largest debunking strategy across all search engines. While Google has a strong mainstreaming effect on articles explicitly focused on the Big Lie - providing thorough debunks and alternative explanations - DuckDuckGo and Bing display, depending on the location, a large share of articles either supporting the conspiracy or failing to debunk it. Lastly, we find that niche ideologically driven search queries (e.g.,\"sharpie marker ballots Arizona\") do not lead to more conspiracy-supportive material. Instead, content supporting the conspiracy is largely a product of broader ideology-agnostic search queries (e.g.,\"voter fraud 2020\").","ArXiv",null,"arXiv.org",4,0,"A large-scale algorithm audit evaluating differences between three search engines finds that niche ideologically driven search queries do not lead to more conspiracy-supportive material and content supporting the conspiracy is largely a product of broader ideology-agnostic search queries.","2024-08-30T00:00:00","1f1d58ab69e46502035a27e213990c49a7bdc0ed"], [37830,"China’s positive reporting trainings for ghanaian journalists: A boost to ‘balanced reportage’ in Ghana?","[\"Richard Dwomoh\"]","While Ghana’s 1992 Constitution is said to have established watchdog journalism as an imperative feature of Ghana’s fourth republican dispensation, the independent media’s obsession with the ‘negative news sells’ mentality is equally argued to be helping sell Ghana short. Within this context, Ghana’s former president, John Agyekum Kufuor (JAK), has emerged as a strong advocate for balanced reportage – which represents the journalistic practice involving impartial and equal attention paid to both positive and negative news – in Ghana. Against the backdrop of China’s extensive professionalization media trainings on positive reporting for Ghanaian journalists, this study examines whether such Chinese exposures should be considered as a boost to JAK’s quest for balanced reportage in Ghana. Based on the opinions of 13 respondent journalists, this study shows that the overwhelming majority of them are not practicing China’s positive reporting norm in Ghana. In fact, the Chinese trainings had a reverse effect on two of the respondents, who returned home from their trainings in China even more determined to do watchdog journalism. But since the few that are practicing the Chinese norm are doing so alongside (not as a replacement of) their extant practice of watchdog journalism, this study argues that the Chinese trainings may be preponderantly considered as a boost to JAK’s quest for balanced reportage in Ghana. These findings make original contributions to the scholarly gap on the impact-nexus of Beijing’s media trainings and journalistic practices; the notions and intersections of positive reporting, watchdog journalism, and balanced reportage; and norm localization theory.","Journalism",null,"Journalism",13,1,null,"2024-08-30T00:00:00","f76f56f3530888ec50a65b9e20a4d6ea33e7782e"], [37831,"How Does COVID-19 Misinformation Endanger Public Health During the Pandemic? : Insights from Panel Data Analysis","[\"Kyungeun Jang\", \"Young Min Baek\"]",null,"Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies",null,"Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies",0,0,null,"2024-08-31T00:00:00","3c87597615060397b0ef9060f6f216d6e5daef47"], [37832,"Against Disinformation: Bridging Science and Public Discourse","[\"N\\u00f3ra Falyuna\", \"Katalin Feher\", \"M\\u00e1rton Demeter\", \"G\\u00e1bor Sz\\u00fcdi\", \"Joseph E. Uscinski\"]","The Science and Society Research Group at the Ludovika University of Public Service organised a conference in Budapest on 13 October 2023 titled: ‘Science and disinformation: how science can support society against disinformation’. The conference explored the complex relationship between science, society, and disinformation. A panel discussion was held with the aim of examining the challenges and strategies for science communication in the context of the ever-increasing issues of dis-/misinformation. The discussion highlighted the multifaceted factors that influence public trust in science; the role of digital culture on science communication and scientific knowledge production; the impact of artificial intelligence; and the relationship between science and business developments on science disinformation, especially on science-related conspiracy theories. The participants helped shed light on how science communication strategies can be improved to stabilise trust in a multi-stakeholder information environment. This article summarises the main insights and conclusions from the discussion.","Információs Társadalom",null,"Információs Társadalom",29,0,null,"2024-08-31T00:00:00","46629d4c427ca2d5df9119f21a744add4e66b49b"], [37833,"Bioethics and the value of disagreement.","[\"Michael Parker\"]","What does it mean to be a bioethicist? How should the role(s) of bioethics be understood in the context of a world of intense value conflict and polarisation? Bioethics is-in all its various forms and traditions-potentially well-positioned to contribute to addressing many of the most pressing challenges of value polarisation and conflict in diverse societies. However, realising this potential is going to require moving beyond currently foregrounded methods and developing new models for engaging with moral disagreement. This paper proposes an approach, 'adversarial cooperation,' drawing on the concepts of 'adversarial collaboration' from the sciences and 'antagonistic cooperation' from the humanities. Adversarial cooperation aims to combine the rigour and structured methodology of adversarial collaboration with the cultural sensitivity and expansive vision of antagonistic cooperation. The paper also addresses key challenges to adversarial cooperation, including ethical considerations, tensions between substantive and procedural values, the problem of misinformation and the need for decision-making amidst ongoing disagreement. Ultimately, adversarial cooperation suggests a reimagining of bioethical expertise, emphasising skills in mediation, the arts and humanities and participatory decision-making alongside established philosophical competencies. This implies a model of normative bioethical authority grounded in the ability to facilitate inclusive and trustworthy processes of moral deliberation. Realising the potential of adversarial cooperation will require significant changes in bioethics training and practice, as well as a commitment to reflexivity, humility and the amplification of marginalised voices. By embracing this approach, bioethics can play a vital role in navigating the complex moral landscapes of pluralistic societies.","Journal of medical ethics",null,"Journal of Medical Ethics",19,0,"An approach to adversarial cooperation is proposed, drawing on the concepts of 'adversarial collaboration' from the sciences and 'antagonistic cooperation' from the humanities, which implies a model of normative bioethical authority grounded in the ability to facilitate inclusive and trustworthy processes of moral deliberation.","2024-08-31T00:00:00","4e4732f49d930193f227eb574e4274b078a6649e"], [37834,"Comparative study of predictive models for hoax and disinformation detection in indonesian news","[\"Nadia Paramita Retno Adiati\", \"Dimas Febriyan Priambodo\", \"Girinoto Girinoto\", \"S. Indarjani\", \"Akhmad Rizal\", \"Arga Prayoga\", \"Yehezikha Beatrix\"]","Along with the times, false information easily spreads, including in Indonesia. In Press Release No.485/HM/KOMINFO/12/2021 the Ministry of Communication and Information has cut off access to 565,449 negative content and published 1,773 clarifications on hoax and disinformation content. Research has been carried out regarding this matter, but it is necessary to classify fake news into disinformation and hoaxes. This study presents a comparison between our proposed model, which is an ensemble of shallow learning predictive models, namely Random Forest, Passive Aggressive Classifier, and Cosine Similarity, and the deep learning model that uses BERT-Indo for classification. Both models are trained using equivalent datasets, which contain 8757 news, consisting of 3000 valid news, 3000 hoax news, and 2757 disinformation news. These news were obtained from websites such as CNN, Kompas, Detik, Kominfo, Temanggung Mediacenter, Hoaxdb Aceh, Turnback Hoax, and Antara, which were then cleaned from all unnecessary substances, such as punctuation marks, numbers, Unicode, stopwords, and suffixes using the Sastrawi library. At the benchmarking stage, the shallow learning model is evaluated to increase accuracy by applying ensemble learning combined using hard voting. This results in higher values, with an accuracy of 98.125%, precision of 98.2%, F-1 score of 98.1%, and recall of 98.1%, compared to the BERT-Indo model which only achieved 96.918% accuracy, 96.069% precision, 96.937% F-1 score, and 96.882% recall. Based on the accuracy value, shallow learning model is superior to deep learning model. This machine learning model is expected to be used to combat the spread of hoaxes and disinformation in Indonesian news. Additionally, with this research, false news can be classified in more detail, both as hoaxes and disinformation","International Journal of Advances in Intelligent Informatics",null,"International Journal of Advances in Intelligent Informatics",30,0,"This study presents a comparison between the proposed model, which is an ensemble of shallow learning predictive models, namely Random Forest, Passive Aggressive Classifier, and Cosine Similarity, and the deep learning model that uses BERT-Indo for classification, and concludes that shallow learning model is superior to deep learning model.","2024-08-31T00:00:00","53abe3576e78cb5fa4c96bba3f19e7700e2d2835"], [37835,"Free Speech Principles to Consider when Restricting Disinformation","[\"Bern\\u00e1t T\\u00f6r\\u00f6k\"]","Disinformation is widely considered to be one of the most pressing issues confronting society in the new online communication environment of today. The present problem of disinformation, however, did not materialise in a vacuum, and so the response to it needs to be situated among established constitutional principles. This paper, based on the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights and some relevant documents and recommendations in this area at the European level, summarizes the most representative European principles of freedom of speech that are highly relevant in forming a legal answer to the issue of disinformation. Clarification of the current constitutional doctrine suggests that measures to restrict communication in the fight against disinformation can only play a more significant role than at present if the basic principles of freedom of speech are set aside. We therefore argue that we should primarily seek other solutions.","Információs Társadalom",null,"Információs Társadalom",26,0,null,"2024-08-31T00:00:00","c01a7c690c5abe2d6f6a701c8d291d0ea70eaad7"], [37836,"A Study on the Impact of Fake News on Korea-Japan Relations and Response Strategies","[\"Suryong Kim\", \"Sangok Choi\"]",null,"Journal of Korean-Japanese Military and Culture",null,"Journal of Korean-Japanese Military and Culture",0,0,null,"2024-08-31T00:00:00","c720572f241b22a6f9ee45359a525ee982403fc0"], [37837,"Effects of Media Contents Modality Used in the Office of the President’s News on Users’ Memories, Beliefs, Attitudes, and Behavior Intentions: The Moderating Role of Style of Processing","[\"Jiye Jung\", \"Se-Hoon Jeong\"]",null,"Journal of Speech, Media & Communication Research",null,"Journal of Speech, Media & Communication Research",0,0,null,"2024-08-31T00:00:00","4f86c5532a1c65bd6dfd9843342f12febc641c89"], [37838,"Inbox Insights: How Newsletter Format Affects Attitude, Perceived Interactivity, Intention to Subscribe, Word-of-Mouth, and News Credibility","[\"Jihwa Lee\", \"Hyun Jee Oh\"]",null,"Journal of Speech, Media & Communication Research",null,"Journal of Speech, Media & Communication Research",0,0,null,"2024-08-31T00:00:00","3858f225c99b74370854b530d5a4b5deb48fb7c9"], [37839,"Strategi Dinas Komunikasi Informatika Dan Statistik Dalam Pencegahan Informasi Hoax Di Media Sosial (Studi Pada Dinas Komunikasi Informatika Dan Statistik Provinsi Lampung)","[\"Adetya Lestiana Putri\", \"Sri Choiriyati\", \"Myelin azizah\"]","The digitalization era has brought major changes in communication patterns, including the dissemination of information via social media. However, the phenomenon of spreading hoax or fake information is also increasingly rampant, threatening the security and stability of information in society. In this context, the Lampung Province Communications, Informatics and Statistics Service (Diskominfo Lampung) has an important role in overcoming the spread of hoax information on social media. This research aims to analyze the strategies used by the Lampung Diskominfo in preventing the spread of hoax information on social media, as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of these strategies. The research method used is qualitative with a case study approach. Data was obtained through interviews with various related parties at Diskominfo Lampung, analysis of documents related to policies and programs that have been implemented, as well as direct observation of activities carried out by Diskominfo Lampung. The research results show that the Lampung Diskominfo has used various strategies to overcome the spread of hoax information on social media, including digital literacy campaigns, collaboration with social media platforms, strengthening information verification teams, counseling and training, and law enforcement. Despite significant efforts, there are still several challenges that need to be overcome, including public awareness that needs to be increased, cooperation with social media platforms that needs to be strengthened, and strengthening information verification teams.","KOMVERSAL",null,"KOMVERSAL",16,0,"The research results show that the Lampung Diskominfo has used various strategies to overcome the spread of hoax information on social media, including digital literacy campaigns, collaboration with social media platforms, strengthening information verification teams, counseling and training, and law enforcement.","2024-08-31T00:00:00","e5f9fd98a2bc6dc01318ffc6b7c0ff4a27b8d07f"], [37840,"A Cross‐Cultural and Intra‐Cultural Investigation of the Misinformation Effect in Eyewitness Memory Reports","[\"Nkansah Anakwah\", \"R. Horselenberg\", \"Lorraine Hope\", \"Margaret Amankwah\\u2010Poku\", \"Peter\\u00a0J. van\\u00a0Koppen\"]","The culture in which individuals are socialised can play a role in shaping their eyewitness memory reports. Drawing on self‐construal theory, we examined cultural differences in the misinformation effect. In a mock witness paradigm, participants sampled from collectivistic (Ghana; n = 65) and individualistic (United Kingdom; n = 62) cultures were exposed to misleading post‐event information (PEI). Participants provided a free‐recall account and then completed a recognition task that included misinformation items. Cultural differences in misinformation endorsement were not observed in free recall. However, participants from the collectivistic culture endorsed more misleading items in the recognition task than those from the individualistic culture. We also found that in the respective cultures, individual‐level cultural orientation was related to the misinformation effect. These findings provide preliminary insights into the role of culture in susceptibility to misleading PEI and further highlight the importance of eliminating leading or suggestive questioning from investigative interviewing practices.","Applied Cognitive Psychology",null,"Applied Cognitive Psychology",33,0,null,"2024-09-01T00:00:00","e99313a58923e7b58d2024a2653a716957a8f82c"], [37841,"Misinformation Related to Discontinuation and Regret Among Adolescents Receiving Gender-Affirming Care.","[\"K. Kidd\", \"G. Sequeira\"]",null,"The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine",null,"Journal of Adolescent Health",30,1,null,"2024-09-01T00:00:00","0e4a4297ec460b5dec1e317795c3021140b38bf2"], [37842,"Dissecting the infodemic: An in-depth analysis of COVID-19 misinformation detection on X (formerly Twitter) utilizing machine learning and deep learning techniques","[\"Asma Ul Hussna\", \"Md. Golam Rabiul Alam\", \"Risul Islam\", \"B. Alkhamees\", \"Mohammad Mehedi Hassan\", \"Md. Zia Uddin\"]",null,"Heliyon",null,"Heliyon",103,1,"Light is shed on exactly how COVID-19-related tweets are beginning to diverge, along with the dissemination of misinformation, along with a substantial level of collaboration among the fake news spreaders.","2024-09-01T00:00:00","c41814cac518cee37e37c800f00d1f50fa232d06"], [37843,"CT-283 Evaluating the Impact of a Virtual Platform to Combat Misinformation and Advance Global Oncology Education","[\"Yan Yang\", \"G. P. Menon\", \"Viviana Cortiana\", \"Muskan Joshi\", \"Maduri Balasubramanian\", \"Keira P. Smith\", \"E. Heller\", \"Helena S Coloma\", \"Alexandra van de Kieft\", \"Ahmed Hashim\", \"H. Chorya\", \"R. H. Abbas\", \"Gabriele Alves\", \"Jenna Ghazal\", \"Steven Wilson\", \"Shane Grivna\", \"Chandler Park\"]",null,"Clinical Lymphoma Myeloma and Leukemia",null,"Clinical Lymphoma, Myeloma & Leukemia",0,0,null,"2024-09-01T00:00:00","509d7d64fac6418f450a47f957fdd8d3045dbfbb"], [37844,"The Welfare Costs of Misinformation","[\"N. Bairoliya\", \"Kathleen McKiernan\"]",null,"Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control",null,"Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control",52,0,null,"2024-09-01T00:00:00","7b357e28abfe23c1f4f1b0b9ca3484b9b128668e"], [37845,"Aspiring Academics Project: Dispensing the Truth: Recognizing and Combating Medical Misinformation","[\"Mira Haddad\", \"Milton Childs\", \"Peter Hiller\", \"Michal Stout\", \"James Nawarskas\"]",null,"American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education",null,"American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education",0,0,null,"2024-09-01T00:00:00","d9fe0569abde9b339de08c8a78e3ea3f1d87b0ed"], [37846,"Can cognitive and psychosocial factors mitigate misinformation? Study in a Costa Rican sample.","[\"Rolando P\\u00e9rez S\\u00e1nchez\", \"Carlos Brenes Peralta\", \"Vanessa Smith Castro\", \"Mauricio Molina Delgado\"]","El estudio tiene como objetivo investigar los sesgos asociados a variables socio-cognitivas y psicosociales relacionadas con la desinformación. Especialmente interesa examinar la reflexividad cognitiva, la conciencia metacognitiva, la identificación con el grupo, las ideologías políticas y la religiosidad como variables predictoras asociadas tanto a la identificación de mensajes de desinformación como a la intención de compartirlos. Se llevó a cabo un experimento en línea con 328 estudiantes universitarios (49% mujeres) para estimar la presencia del sesgo de la verdad ilusoria y el efecto de las condiciones de inoculación. Los participantes fueron asignados a una de tres condiciones de inoculación cognitiva (evaluación individual, metacognición o condición de control) y leyeron varios mensajes falsos y verdaderos sobre política y asuntos públicos. Nuestros resultados han revelado la presencia del efecto de la verdad ilusoria en la muestra costarricense. Las personas con mayor conciencia metacognitiva se vieron menos afectadas por el sesgo de la verdad ilusoria al evaluar tanto mensajes falsos como verdaderos. Los participantes que tienden a identificarse con su endogrupo presentan mayor probabilidad de percibir los mensajes falsos como verdaderos. Los hallazgos no mostraron una reducción sustancial del sesgo con las condiciones de inoculación.","Cuadernos.info",null,"Cuadernos.info",0,0,null,"2024-09-01T00:00:00","49f0cb4ce2f3e32ff0a9fe5fa9d8efcfc0df9026"], [37847,"EVALUATING MISINFORMATION REGARDING CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE PREVENTION OBTAINED ON A POPULAR, PUBLICLY ACCESSIBLE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE MODEL (GPT-4)","[\"Ashish Sarraju\"]",null,"American Journal of Preventive Cardiology",null,"American Journal of Preventive Cardiology",0,0,null,"2024-09-01T00:00:00","f761f6affec766a7b925a16f2bb374b423e5770e"], [37848,"From news websites to social media: Unpacking the influence of online channels on presumed influence and responses to misinformation","[\"J. Oktavianus\", \"Xiang Meng\"]",null,"Technology in Society",null,"Technology and Society",63,0,null,"2024-09-01T00:00:00","4f3ee3e5bf5a323663ddb4a1254bcc29db364d3c"], [37849,"Explainable Evidence-Based Veracity Assessment of Textual Claim","[\"Aruna Shankar\", \"N. Kulathuramaiyer\", \"Johari Bin Abdullah\", \"Muthukumaran Pakkirisamy\"]",": The rise of social media and the internet has significantly increased the amount and speed of shared information, posing challenges for verifying content. Automated veracity checking has become essential in quickly and accurately evaluating claims due to the overwhelming volume of data. The reliability of these systems depends on their ability to access and evaluate substantial evidence, which is crucial for authenticating assertions and preventing the spread of misinformation. This study proposes a new method that integrates rationales from evidentiary texts to address the issue of insufficient evidence in automated veracity checking. By using contextual coherence and relevance as metrics when direct evidence is limited, our technique aims to assess evidence sufficiency comprehensively. Furthermore, it goes beyond identifying evidence sufficiency by examining supporting or refuting rationales, enhancing our understanding of claim veracity. Our research introduces a preservation technique focused on maintaining contextual consistency and logical validity to overcome limitations in existing veracity-checking systems. This approach prioritizes alignment between claims and their evidence, effectively addressing issues related to evidence insufficiency by capturing subtle semantic connections while assessing contextually implied meanings often overlooked in traditional methods of evidence evaluation.","Journal of Computer Science",null,"Journal of Computer Science",38,0,"This research introduces a preservation technique focused on maintaining contextual consistency and logical validity to overcome limitations in existing veracity-checking systems and goes beyond identifying evidence sufficiency by examining supporting or refuting rationales, enhancing the understanding of claim veracity.","2024-09-01T00:00:00","1042939c5d570c3d0c309a4d2cae088e96fe503f"], [37850,"Like-and-Share (But Do Not Misinform)","[\"Adham Ahmed\"]",null,"JACC Case Reports",null,"JACC Case Reports",2,0,null,"2024-09-01T00:00:00","09db56c1cef569ff6396e7ab106558f6f7ebf36e"], [37851,"EXPRESS: Who Shares Fake News? Uncovering Insights from Social Media Users' Post Histories","[\"Verena Schoenmueller\", \"Simon J. Blanchard\", \"G. Johar\"]","We propose that social-media users’ own post histories are an underused yet valuable resource for studying fake-news sharing. By extracting textual cues from their prior posts, and contrasting their prevalence against random social-media users and others (e.g., those with similar socio-demographics, political news-sharers, and fact-check sharers), researchers can identify cues that distinguish fake-news sharers, predict those most likely to share fake news, and identify promising constructs to build interventions. Our research includes studies along these lines. In Study 1, we explore the distinctive language patterns of fake-news sharers, highlighting elements such as their higher use of anger and power-related words. In Study 2, we show that adding textual cues into predictive models enhances their accuracy in predicting fake-news sharers. In Study 3, we explore the contrasting role of trait and situational anger, and show trait anger is associated with a greater propensity to share both true and fake news. In Study 4, we introduce a way to authenticate Twitter accounts in surveys, before using it to explore how crafting an ad copy that resonates with users’ sense of power encourages the adoption of fact-checking tools. We hope to encourage the use of novel research methods for marketers and misinformation researchers.","Journal of Marketing Research",null,"Journal of Marketing Research",0,0,"It is proposed that social-media users’ own post histories are an underused yet valuable resource for studying fake-news sharing, and textual cues from their prior posts are extracted to identify cues that distinguish fake-news sharers, predict those most likely to share fake news, and identify promising constructs to build interventions.","2024-09-01T00:00:00","9968355a0b06137b54ae0c5d9583700284ee264c"], [37852,"Discrediting health disinformation sources: Advantages of highlighting low expertise.","[\"Briony Swire\\u2010Thompson\", \"Kristen Kilgallen\", \"Mitch Dobbs\", \"Jacob Bodenger\", \"John P. Wihbey\", \"Skyler Johnson\"]","Disinformation is false information spread intentionally, and it is particularly harmful for public health. We conducted three preregistered experiments (N = 1,568) investigating how to discredit dubious health sources and disinformation attributed to them. Experiments 1 and 2 used cancer information and recruited representative U.S. samples. Participants read a vignette about a seemingly reputable source and rated their credibility. Participants were randomly assigned to a control condition or interventions that (a) corrected the source's disinformation, (b) highlighted the source's low expertise, or (c) corrected disinformation and highlighted low expertise (Experiment 2). Next, participants rated their belief in the source's disinformation claims and rerated their credibility. We found that highlighting low expertise was equivalent to (or more effective than) other interventions for reducing belief in disinformation. Highlighting low expertise was also more effective than correcting disinformation for reducing source credibility, although combining it with correcting disinformation outperformed low expertise alone (Experiment 2). Experiment 3 extended this paradigm to vaccine information in vaccinated and unvaccinated subgroups. A conflict-of-interest intervention and 1 week retention interval were also added. Highlighting low expertise was the most effective intervention in both vaccinated and unvaccinated participants for reducing belief in disinformation and source credibility. It was also the only condition where belief change was sustained over 1 week, but only in the vaccinated subgroup. In sum, highlighting a source's lack of expertise is a promising option for fact-checkers and health practitioners to reduce belief in disinformation and perceived credibility. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).","Journal of experimental psychology. General",null,"Journal of experimental psychology. General",0,1,"Highlighting a source's lack of expertise is a promising option for fact-checkers and health practitioners to reduce belief in disinformation and perceived credibility.","2024-09-01T00:00:00","cde05f3b4a0445f002af93eb883799e38ae5b119"], [37853,"The Longtail Impact of Generative AI on Disinformation: Harmonizing Dichotomous Perspectives","[\"Jason Samuel Lucas\", \"Barani Maung Maung\", \"Maryam Tabar\", \"Keegan McBride\", \"Dongwon Lee\", \"San Murugesan\"]","Generative AI (GenAI) poses significant risks in creating convincing yet factually ungrounded content, particularly in “longtail” contexts of high-impact events and resource-limited settings. While some argue that current disinformation ecosystems naturally limit GenAI’s impact, we contend that this perspective neglects longtail contexts where disinformation consequences are most profound. This article analyzes the potential impact of GenAI’s disinformation in longtail events and settings, focusing on 1) quantity: its ability to flood information ecosystems during critical events; 2) quality: the challenge of distinguishing authentic content from high-quality GenAI content; 3) personalization: its capacity for precise microtargeting exploiting individual vulnerabilities; and 4) hallucination: the danger of unintentional false information generation, especially in high-stakes situations. We then propose strategies to combat disinformation in these contexts. Our analysis underscores the need for proactive measures to mitigate risks, safeguard social unity, and combat the erosion of trust in the GenAI era, particularly in vulnerable communities and during critical events.","IEEE Intelligent Systems",null,"IEEE Intelligent Systems",44,0,"The potential impact of GenAI’s disinformation in longtail events and settings is analyzed, focusing on quantity: its ability to flood information ecosystems during critical events; quality: the challenge of distinguishing authentic content from high-quality GenAI content; personalization: its capacity for precise microtargeting exploiting individual vulnerabilities; and hallucination: the danger of unintentional false information generation.","2024-09-01T00:00:00","3fe951384eab16e8484448592124bd19593c8bee"], [37854,"How Disinformation Affects Sales: Examining the Advertising Campaign of a Socially Responsible Brand","[\"N. Yannopoulou\", \"K. Chandrasapth\", \"X. Bian\", \"Boyi Jin\", \"Suraksha Gupta\", \"Martin J. Liu\"]",null,"Journal of Business Research",null,"Journal of business research",97,2,null,"2024-09-01T00:00:00","2269ba495018996f0dcbb588551ba060769774d3"], [37855,"Entity-centric multi-domain transformer for improving generalization in fake news detection","[\"Parisa Bazmi\", \"Masoud Asadpour\", \"A. Shakery\", \"Abbas Maazallahi\"]",null,"Inf. Process. Manag.",null,"Information Processing & Management",48,5,null,"2024-09-01T00:00:00","5c4478024338cbf9a319211441e2d2cb847e6828"], [37856,"From news disengagement to fake news engagement: Examining the role of news-finds-me perceptions in vulnerability to fake news through third-person perception","[\"Yu Tian\", \"Lars Willnat\"]",null,"Comput. Hum. Behav.",null,"Computers in Human Behavior",98,0,null,"2024-09-01T00:00:00","eef62aa487e433b0799a4ea62ea7b638db0d524c"], [37857,"How Did Fact-Checking Help Mitigate the Social Phenomenon of Fake News During COVID-19? A Desktop Study","[\"Cebisa Khwebulana\", \"Gedala Mulliah Naidoo\"]",null,"Journal of African Films and Diaspora Studies",null,"Journal of African Films & Diaspora Studies",0,0,null,"2024-09-01T00:00:00","adf321ffa3849f34e517b74692019f07a0708316"], [37858,"Google’s new AI Chatbot produces fake health-related evidence-then self-corrects","[\"Gary M. Franklin\"]",null,"PLOS Digital Health",null,"PLOS Digital Health",7,0,null,"2024-09-01T00:00:00","31df02aef5b6fae84b1bd43a9dbe8deeef95bde9"], [37859,"When echoes surpass voices: Market reaction to forwarded news","[\"Jiaxin Duan\", \"Fangyuan Kou\", \"Zining Wang\", \"Yixin Wei\"]",null,"International Review of Financial Analysis",null,"International Review of Financial Analysis",64,0,null,"2024-09-01T00:00:00","fc3f9291bbd126f6f79f3be96b5def0ca9538245"], [37860,"Editorial and News","[\"Veronica Giacintucci\"]",null,"Food Science and Technology",null,"Food Science and Technology",0,0,null,"2024-09-01T00:00:00","b974f063c859abe15d0899f5bc84c7ec9b61657b"], [37861,"People who have more science education rely less on misinformation—Even if they do not necessarily follow the health recommendations","[\"Yael Rozenblum\", \"Keren Dalyot\", \"A. Baram\\u2010Tsabari\"]","Recent research has highlighted the role of science education in reducing beliefs in science‐related misinformation and stressed its potential positive impact on decision‐making and behavior. This study implemented the Elaboration Likelihood Model to explore how individuals' abilities and motivation interact with the type of processing of scientific information in the peripheral vs. central persuasion routes. A representative sample of adults (N = 500) completed an online questionnaire during the second wave of COVID‐19 (November 2020) focused on two COVID‐19‐related dilemmas involving social distancing recommendations. First, we examined whether relying on misinformation was associated with participants' stances and the complexity of their arguments and found that relying on misinformation was associated with the intention to reject social distancing recommendations and with the use of simple arguments. Second, we explored how motivation, operationalized as personal relevance, and abilities, operationalized as the highest level of science education, science knowledge, and strategies to identify misinformation, were associated with viewpoints and justifications. We found that personal relevance was associated with the intention to reject the recommendations but also with more complex arguments, suggesting that people did not intend to reject scientific knowledge but rather tended to contextualize it. Abilities were not associated with stance but were positively correlated with argument complexity. Finally, we examined whether motivation and abilities are associated with relying on scientific misinformation when making science‐related decisions. Respondents with higher levels of science education and motivation relied less on misinformation, even if they did not necessarily intend to follow the health recommendations. This implies that motivation directs people to greater usage of the central processing route, resulting in more deliberative use of information. Science education, it appears, impacts the information evaluation decision‐making process more than its outcome.","Journal of Research in Science Teaching",null,"Journal of Research in Science Teaching",122,1,null,"2024-09-02T00:00:00","a62ef9a98f72ceefe0b729fcdcb2693cfbaae2f7"], [37862,"AI misinformation detectors can’t save us from tyranny—at least not yet","[\"Walter J. Scheirer\"]",null,"Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists",null,"Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists",4,0,null,"2024-09-02T00:00:00","900b36305b056c8ed74061d052ea07bc7f2222a7"], [37863,"Fact-checker warning labels are effective even for those who distrust fact-checkers.","[\"Cameron Martel\", \"David G. Rand\"]",null,"Nature human behaviour",null,"Nature Human Behaviour",46,3,"A measure of trust in fact-checkers is validated in a first correlational study to suggest that fact-checker warning labels are a broadly effective tool for combatting misinformation.","2024-09-02T00:00:00","b82bf41e72f252adcb78ada924cf743916168815"], [37864,"Control of false information in social networks: A short review of communication mechanisms and management strategies","[\"Zhenglin Liang\"]","In the digital era, social networks serve as critical platforms for information dissemination but are also plagued by the spread of false information, which can undermine public trust and incite societal discord. This study examines the dynamics of false information dissemination on social networks, including its types, influential factors, and detection and management strategies. We explore various forms of false informationsuch as impersonation, misleading content, and AI-generated forgeriesand analyze the role of user interactions, network topology, and macro factors in the spread of misinformation. Detection methods are reviewed, highlighting advancements in technologies like deep learning, and management strategies are proposed, including user behavior regulation and dissemination path control. Challenges related to legal, ethical, and privacy issues are discussed, alongside the complexities of user behavior and future research directions. The findings underscore the need for comprehensive, adaptive approaches to safeguard the integrity of online information ecosystems.","Applied and Computational Engineering",null,"Applied and Computational Engineering",0,0,"The dynamics of false information dissemination on social networks are examined, including its types, influential factors, and detection and management strategies, to underscore the need for comprehensive, adaptive approaches to safeguard the integrity of online information ecosystems.","2024-09-02T00:00:00","f6d257543519152f65b6d977cdfc4174b7b92f8d"], [37865,"The role of personality traits and online behavior in belief in fake news","[\"Erika L. Peter\", \"Peter J. Kwantes\", \"Madeleine T. D\\u2019Agata\", \"Janani Vallikanthan\"]",null,"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications",null,"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications",57,0,null,"2024-09-02T00:00:00","0bf753b55b580900e07be06d5ae1a89a8a2af3a6"], [37866,"Overshadowed voices in media reporting on truth-telling commissions","[\"Eli Skogerb\\u00f8\", \"Kerry McCallum\", \"Tanja Dreher\"]","Over the past decades, truth-telling commissions aimed at uncovering, confronting and providing justice for the past treatment of children have been established in many countries, including the Australian Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse (RCIRCSA 2013-2017) and the Norwegian Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) (2018-2023). Journalism plays important roles both in triggering commissions of inquiry and in attracting public attention to their work and findings. This paper investigates media reporting on the RCIRCSA and the TRC. The Commissions were not similar in scale, scope or legal powers, however, they both generated spaces for public listening to stories about the consequences of past policies and present practices of child removal, abuse and racism that potentially could change the grand narratives of each nation. Our findings suggest that future commissions should pay particular attention to the structural power of news logics and mediation. We find, despite the widely different cases, consistent patterns of uneven and hierarchical media reporting and overshadowing of First Nations voices and aspirations.","Media, Culture & Society",null,"Media, Culture & Society",20,0,null,"2024-09-02T00:00:00","ccf7807603b3f84ade6d261c36bf39b78bde3f76"], [37867,"Mitigating Misinformation Toolkit: Addressing COVID-19 Misinformation Through Interprofessional Learning and Collaboration Using a Standardized Patient–Based Educational Module","[\"Jennifer Hayman\", \"Sara W Nelson\", \"Leah A Mallory\", \"Emily K Dornblaser\", \"Linda H Chaudron\", \"Stephanie Nichols\", \"Christine Mallar\", \"Bethany Rocheleau\", \"Isaac Stickney\", \"Brendan Prast\", \"Shelley Cohen Konrad\"]","Introduction Medical mis- and disinformation are on the rise and impact patient health outcomes. The complexity of modern medicine and health care delivery necessitates that care be delivered by an interprofessional team of providers well versed in addressing this increased prevalence of medical misinformation. Health professions educational curricula often lack opportunities for students to learn how to address medical misinformation, employ advanced communication techniques, and work collaboratively. Methods Based on literature and our previous qualitative research, we created a module offering prework learning on COVID-19 and addressing misinformation through advanced communication techniques and interprofessional collaboration. After completing prework, students participated in a standardized patient encounter addressing COVID misinformation. Health professions student dyads completed a preencounter planning huddle and together interviewed a standardized patient. Students received global and checklist-based feedback from standardized patients and completed pre- and postsession self-assessments. Results Twenty students participated (10 third-year medical, nine third-year pharmacy, one fourth-year pharmacy). Key findings included the following: Nine of 15 survey questions demonstrated statistically significant improvement, including all three questions assessing readiness to have difficult conversations and six of 10 questions assessing interprofessional collaboration and team function. Discussion Students participating in this novel curriculum advanced their readiness to address medical misinformation, including COVID-19 vaccine disinformation, with patients and coworkers to improve health decision-making and patient care. These curricular methods can be customized for use with a range of health professions learners.","MedEdPORTAL : the Journal of Teaching and Learning Resources",null,"MedEdPORTAL",22,1,"Students participating in this novel curriculum advanced their readiness to address medical misinformation, including COVID-19 vaccine disinformation, with patients and coworkers to improve health decision-making and patient care.","2024-09-03T00:00:00","7eb150470f3075497a8138146580346b1e0e8a5c"], [37868,"Examining Misinformation and Deep Fakes","[\"N. Veerasamy\", \"Zubeida Khan\", \"Danielle Badenhorst\"]","Misinformation in the form of deep fakes and phishing links can not only spread false information but can only be used a weapon in the hands of cyber criminals. To combat this problem, the authors investigate fake news and misinformation, in a South African context. In the paper, the use of cyber scams that contain misinformation will also be unpacked. This aims to create an awareness and defensive approach to tackling emerging cyber threats that prey on misinformation. This paper tackles a growing concern by examining the pervasiveness of fake news by looking into the extent that fake news infiltrates various media channels and its potential impact on public perception and decision-making. The paper will also explore the anatomy of fake news by dissecting the common tactics and strategies employed by purveyors of fake news and highlight red flags that can help the public identify misinformation. Maintaining academic integrity is pivotal to the research and publication community. This paper will also promote the use of trusted sources and verification of information. The paper aims to promote media literacy by sharing strategies to enhance media literacy and critical thinking skills, empowering individuals to discern credible information from misleading content. This paper proposes a human-centric framework to empower individuals in South Africa to become discerning consumers of information. Recognizing the limitations of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based detection methods and the unique challenges of the South African context (multilingualism, resource constraints), the framework emphasizes critical thinking and media literacy skills. It outlines a step-by-step process for evaluating information sources, including source credibility analysis, content verification, and cross-referencing. The effectiveness of the framework is demonstrated by a relevant use-case.","European Conference on Knowledge Management",null,"European Conference on Knowledge Management",16,0,"A human-centric framework to empower individuals in South Africa to become discerning consumers of information is proposed, which outlines a step-by-step process for evaluating information sources, including source credibility analysis, content verification, and cross-referencing.","2024-09-03T00:00:00","c764236bb733d74ad7801ad8f04a75a3a6305f59"], [37869,"GPT-fabricated scientific papers on Google Scholar: Key features, spread, and implications for preempting evidence manipulation","[\"Jutta Haider\", \"Kristofer Rolf S\\u00f6derstr\\u00f6m\", \"Bj\\u00f6rn Ekstr\\u00f6m\", \"Malte B. R\\u00f6dl\"]","Academic journals, archives, and repositories are seeing an increasing number of questionable research papers clearly produced using generative AI. They are often created with widely available, general-purpose AI applications, most likely ChatGPT, and mimic scientific writing. Google Scholar easily locates and lists these questionable papers alongside reputable, quality-controlled research. Our analysis of a selection of questionable GPT-fabricated scientific papers found in Google Scholar shows that many are about applied, often controversial topics susceptible to disinformation: the environment, health, and computing. The resulting enhanced potential for malicious manipulation of society's evidence base, particularly in politically divisive domains, is a growing concern.","Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review",null,"Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review",31,6,"An analysis of a selection of questionable GPT-fabricated scientific papers found in Google Scholar shows that many are about applied, often controversial topics susceptible to disinformation: the environment, health, and computing.","2024-09-03T00:00:00","6b377283028611f49f9debde0ada8eef1e87a504"], [37870,"Envisioning Epistemological Encounters in an Era Dominated by Disinformation and Deep Distrust of Journalism","[\"Bruce Mutsvairo\"]",null,"Digital Journalism",null,"Digital Journalism",21,1,null,"2024-09-03T00:00:00","c8910a6a4cb501ffbee38eb80f8d36db871f3750"], [37871,"Fake news e agência epistêmica na política da desinformação","[\"Jo\\u00e3o Batista Ferreira Filho\"]","Neste trabalho, discutirei como o fenômeno fake news, recorrente numa diversidade de cenários políticos contemporâneos, se apresenta como sintoma de uma quebra sistemática de protocolos epistêmicos normativos dos processos de avaliação da informação que mina o rigor dos critérios de juízo orientados para a verdade factual. Com isso, assumimos que a imprensa, isto é, os meios de produção e transmissão de informação historicamente estabelecidos como bons informantes, goza de um status de credibilidade epistêmica privilegiado no que diz respeito a informar sobre verdades factuais e de como, na política da desinformação, esse status é não só negligenciado como, por vezes, prejudicado, promovendo um estado de insalubridade da opinião pública com efeitos sociopolíticos danosos. Por fim, também comento como o fugaz trânsito de informação na era da internet e das redes sociais configura ambiente fértil para a agência epistêmica defeituosa e pulverizada empreendida pelo fenômeno fake news.","Inquietude",null,"Inquietude",0,0,null,"2024-09-03T00:00:00","dc783f71087037eaf6a3242dad705123df19478c"], [37872,"Beyond Rational: Understanding of Fake News in the Post-Truth Era","[\"Anastasiia Iufereva\", \"Elisabetta Risi\"]","The paper focuses on fake news as one of the most serious threats and distinguishing features of the post-truth period, which is defined by the following aspects: the rise of diverse sources of information on the Internet, the devaluation of facts, and the proliferation of fake news. These conditions necessitate a revision of the algorithm, the verification and presentation of information, as well as tactics and techniques for dealing with fake news. The purpose of this research is to describe the distinct characteristics of fake news. The authors have specifically extracted research from the Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar search databases; the sample includes 120 scientific articles with titles related to fake news that were published after 2016 when the term \"fake news\" gained legitimacy after being named word of the year by Collins (usage of the term increased by 365% since 2016). The analysis focused on key definitions of fake news suggested in each selected research and its permanent and non-permanent characteristics.","European Conference on Knowledge Management",null,"European Conference on Knowledge Management",46,0,null,"2024-09-03T00:00:00","1ae139bc44a41937a2a829280f1ff3e2134a2a4a"], [37873,"Introduction: What We (Don’t) Know About News Avoidance","[\"Kim Andersen\", \"Benjamin Toff\", \"Brita Ytre-Arne\"]",null,"Journalism Studies",null,"Journalism Studies",33,0,null,"2024-09-03T00:00:00","20079b329c3d6b0e8346db3cf94de64b50ad2ae3"], [37874,"Structuring different manifestations of misinformation for better policy development using a decision tree‐based approach","[\"Olivia H\\u00e4gle\", \"Stephan Escher\", \"Reinhhard Heil\", \"Jutta Jahnel\"]","The spread of false and misleading information in digital communication spaces has enormous potential for harm in democratic societies, but has so far been insufficiently addressed by policy makers. This problem has been exacerbated by recent technological developments such as deepfakes. But deepfakes, fake news, and disinformation are only manifestations of misinformation. It is therefore essential to establish a clear definition to develop an appropriate policy. Since misinformation is a hydra whose countless heads cannot be cut off by a single heroine, we conclude that an interdisciplinary approach is necessary to appropriately “regulate” the different dimensions of misinformation. Therefore, we develop a decision tree that allows us to structure the problem of misinformation. Since deepfakes are particularly well suited to characterize the various manifestations of misinformation, we use them as an application example to illustrate our decision‐tree‐based approach. Based on this systematization, it will be possible to identify the capabilities and limitations of strategies from different disciplines and to develop a bundle of measures to address the various manifestations of misinformation. The basic principles of this bundle of measures will already be outlined here.","Policy & Internet",null,"Policy & Internet",86,1,"It is concluded that an interdisciplinary approach is necessary to appropriately “regulate” the different dimensions of misinformation and develops a decision tree that allows us to structure the problem of misinformation.","2024-09-04T00:00:00","8f92b387ef33244f37567faf49c4b208cb10a352"], [37875,"How individuals cope with anger- and sadness-induced narrative misinformation on social media: roles of transportation and correction","[\"Xinyan Zhao\", \"Jessica Shaw\", \"Zexin Ma\"]","\n \n \n The spread of health conspiracies and misinformation online threatens public health as most Americans choose to acquire health information online. This study examines how discrete emotions like anger and sadness influence individuals’ responses to narrative-based health misinformation, proposing a theoretical model of narrative misinformation coping and exploring the mechanisms through which these emotions affect risk perception and misinformation coping.\n \n \n \n Through a 2 (Misinformation type: narrative vs. non-narrative) × 2 (Issue: climate change vs. fentanyl overdose) × 2 (Correction: present vs. absent) online experiment (N = 401), our results underscore the importance of both risk coping and misinformation coping in individuals’ responses to emotional narrative misinformation, along with the role of narrative transportation in intensifying felt emotions and facilitating both types of coping.\n \n \n \n Our results elucidate how individuals cope with anger- and sadness-induced narrative misinformation. Specifically, sadness decreases susceptibility to narrative misinformation’s negative effects, and anger prompts intuitive actions. Narrative transportation deepened felt emotions and both coping processes, and corrections reduced the perceived truthfulness of misinformation.\n \n \n \n Our findings offer practical strategies for mitigating misinformation by disrupting narrative transportation, particularly for anger-induced stories.\n \n \n \n Our findings can contribute to the development of targeted policies aimed at mitigating online misinformation dissemination and provide a roadmap to executing effective correction measures.\n \n \n \n This study proposes and tests a theoretical model of people’s responses to narrative misinformation addressing both misinformation coping and risk coping through cognitive and behavioral routes. The model also explains how transportation, along with different appraisal tendencies, can intensify both coping processes.\n","Online Media and Global Communication",null,"Online Media and Global Communication",54,1,null,"2024-09-04T00:00:00","afa423d3944f04481f5028b08c4a68a4f6d5a9d5"], [37876,"Misleading and correcting: characteristics of online misinformation and refutations in China during the COVID-19 pandemic","[\"Ningyuan Song\", \"Kejun Chen\", \"Jiaer Peng\", \"Yuehua Zhao\", \"Jiaqing Wang\"]","PurposeThis study aimed to uncover the characteristics of both misinformation and refutations as well as the associations between different aspects of misinformation and corresponding ways of rebutting it.Design/methodology/approachLeveraging Hovland's persuasion theory as a research lens and taking data from two Chinese refutation platforms, we characterized the topics of COVID-19-related misinformation and refutations, misinformation communicator, persuasion strategies of misinformation, refutation communicators and refutation strategies based on content analysis. Then, logistic regressions were undertaken to examine how the characteristics of misinformation and refutation strategies interacted.FindingsThe investigation into the association between misinformation and refutations found that distinct refutation strategies are favored when debunking particular types of misinformation and by various kinds of refutation communicators. In addition, several patterns of persuasion strategies were identified.Research limitations/implicationsThis study had theoretical and practical implications. It emphasized how misinformation and refutations interacted from the perspective of Hovland's persuasion theory, extending the scope of the existing literature and expanding the classical theory to a new research scenario. In addition, several patterns of persuasion strategies used in misinformation and refutation were detected, which may contribute to the refutation practice and help people become immune to misinformation.Originality/valueThis research is among the first to analyze the relationships between misinformation and refutation strategies. Second, we investigated the persuasion strategies of misinformation and refutations, contributing to the concerning literature. Third, elaborating on Hovland’s persuasion theory, this study proposed a comprehensive framework for analyzing the misinformation and refutations in China during the COVID-19 pandemic.","Aslib Journal of Information Management",null,"Aslib Journal of Information Management",59,1,"The investigation into the association between misinformation and refutations found that distinct refutation strategies are favored when debunking particular types of misinformation and by various kinds of refutation communicators.","2024-09-04T00:00:00","e2544b136490278eb809650f1f3ccbe52b14c483"], [37877,"(Counter)marketing and misinformation: a cross-platform study","[\"Armando Espinoza\", \"C. Pi\\u00f1a-Garc\\u00eda\"]",null,"Cogent Business & Management",null,"Cogent Business & Management",14,0,null,"2024-09-04T00:00:00","ee898c58df274fc2086c5404f6e3979e3822a7b5"], [37878,"Correcting Misinformation About the Use of Tactical Resources in Canada","[\"Zachary Lair\", \"Bryce Jenkins\", \"Tori Semple\"]","\nSome researchers claim that tactical teams in Canada are responding to ‘routine’ calls. However, this research is based on crude call-type data, which may mask the presence of risk factors. The research also fails to distinguish between the deployment of full tactical teams and the use of tactical officers for other purposes. \nNew research confirms that relying on call-type data masks the presence of risk factors. Seemingly ‘routine’ calls often include serious risk factors, which helps explain why tactical resources are being used when responding to these calls. \nNew research also suggests that when tactical resources are used, it does not always mean that full tactical teams are being deployed. Pairs of tactical officers, not in full tactical gear, often respond to regular calls for service to supplement limited patrol resources. \n","Applied Police Briefings",null,"Applied Police Briefings",0,0,null,"2024-09-04T00:00:00","6dc6d3a5f94f23b5a00baa9a32cf985242c749ea"], [37879,"The Erosion of Journalistic Integrity: How AI-Driven Fake News and Deepfakes Complicate Truth Verification in Journalism","[\"Samad Uthman\"]","The introduction and consequent proliferation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and deepfakes have created new challenges for journalists worldwide. These technologies have made it alarmingly easy to generate and disseminate fake news, complicating the verification process and undermining journalistic integrity. The rapid spread of AI-driven misinformation not only burdens journalists with the task of distinguishing fact from fiction but also erodes public trust in the media. This paper explores the implications of AI and deepfakes on truth verification in journalism, highlighting the ethical dilemmas faced by journalists in this new digital landscape. By examining the impact on public perception and the challenges of maintaining credibility, the study underscores the need for robust verification tools and ethical guidelines to safeguard the integrity of journalism in the age of AI.","International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology (IJISRT)",null,"International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology",66,1,"The need for robust verification tools and ethical guidelines to safeguard the integrity of journalism in the age of AI is highlighted, highlighting the ethical dilemmas faced by journalists in this new digital landscape.","2024-09-04T00:00:00","3c9d7570613dc2ba6f66003125b4da01ce212152"], [37880,"From the code of practice to the code of conduct? Navigating the future challenges of disinformation regulation","[\"E. Brogi\", \"Giovanni De Gregorio\"]",null,"Journal of Media Law",null,"Journal of Media Law",0,0,null,"2024-09-04T00:00:00","c66b665724dfdef5dd6423783bf1aa7da3a95270"], [37881,"Fake news & bad science journalism: the case against insincerity","[\"C.J. Oswald\"]","Philosophers and social scientists largely agree that fake news is not just necessarily untruthful, but necessarily insincere: it’s produced either with the intention to deceive or an indifference toward its truth. Against this, I argue insincerity is neither a necessary nor obviously typical feature of fake news. The main argument proceeds in two stages. The first, methodological step develops classification criteria for identifying instances of fake news. By attending to expressed theoretical and practical interests, I observe how our classification practices turn on worries about fake news’s unique political-epistemic risks. From this, I argue (i) theories of fake news should capture independent mechanisms that realise these risks and (ii) the manifestation of them suffices for classifying a news story as fake news. The second step applies the classification criteria to bad science journalism. I argue the systematic epistemic faults in bad science journalism manifest the same political-epistemic risks we see in fake news, which suffices to justify classifying it as fake news. But since such faults aren’t plausibly attributed to its propagators being insincere, insincerity doesn’t function independently as a mechanism for realising fake news’s political-epistemic risks. Thus, I conclude, we should exclude insincerity from our accounts of the phenomenon.","Inquiry",null,"Inquiry",84,0,null,"2024-09-04T00:00:00","881077f42fba8a37c410987d30d18716c46816e3"], [37882,"Validity and Reliability Study of the Questionnaire on Communicating Bad News for Healthcare Professionals Adapted into Turkish","[\"Gonca Karata\\u015f Baran\", \"Caner Kose\", \"Y. Ustun\"]","Objective: In this study, it was aimed to make a validity and reliability study by adapting the questionnaire on communicating bad news to be used to evaluate the knowledge and skills of nurses and midwives in breaking bad news.\n\nMethods: The questionnaire adaptation study was carried out in a gynecology and obstetrics hospital between 15/05/2022 and 15/012/2022. The questionnaire was translated into Turkish and then expert opinion was obtained. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used for the reliability of the questionnaire. The stability of the questionnaire over time was evaluated by test-retest. For the purpose of construct validity of the questionnaire, exploratory factor analysis was used. SPSS 17.00 and AMOS programs were used for the validity and reliability analyzes of the questionnaire. \n\nResults: The Cronbach Alpha value of the 21-items final version of the questionnaire (n=262) was 0.87. Intraclass Correlation Coefficient value was 0.95 (n=21) and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.97 (P<.001). Five components were obtained, which explained 53.631% of the variance of the questionnaire. Total score obtained from the questionnaire was 55.10 ±5.53 (min=35, max=63).\n\nConclusion: As a result of the evaluation of multiple the fit indices, it showed that the Communicating Bad News Questionnaire was statistically significant, valid and reliable for nurses and midwives.","Journal of Nursology",null,"Journal of Nursology",19,0,"The Communicating Bad News Questionnaire was statistically significant, valid and reliable for nurses and midwives as a result of the evaluation of multiple the fit indices.","2024-09-04T00:00:00","eb3ab0b6ce49fd6fdf11c7cea478db8bdf0641b1"], [37883,"Investigating the role of source and source trust in prebunks and debunks of misinformation in online experiments across four EU countries","[\"Hendrik Bruns\", \"Fran\\u00e7ois J. Dessart\", \"Micha\\u0142 Krawczyk\", \"Stephan Lewandowsky\", \"Myrto Pantazi\", \"Gordon Pennycook\", \"P. Schmid\", \"Laura Smillie\"]",null,"Scientific Reports",null,"Scientific Reports",77,0,null,"2024-09-05T00:00:00","114063b611c943eca497ead605077443abd87c4d"], [37884,"Medical Misinformation and Unproven COVID-19 Treatments in Brazil: Analyzing the Impact of Misguided Health Policies","[\"Heslley Silva\"]",null,"Pharmacologia",null,"Pharmacologia",8,0,null,"2024-09-05T00:00:00","fc799f3c28b0f57b4d84852777ebb043dbccb6a6"], [37885,"Disclosure of AI-Generated News Increases Engagement but Does Not Reduce Aversion, Despite Positive Quality Ratings","[\"Fabrizio Gilardi\", \"Sabrina Di Lorenzo\", \"Juri Ezzaini\", \"Beryl Santa\", \"Benjamin Streiff\", \"Eric Zurfluh\", \"E. Hoes\"]","The advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) has led to its application in many areas, including news media. The integration of AI in journalism presents both opportunities and risks for democracy, making it crucial to understand public reception of and engagement with AI-generated news, as it may directly influence political knowledge and trust. This preregistered study investigates (i) the perceived quality of AI-assisted and AI-generated versus human-generated news articles, (ii) whether disclosure of AI's involvement in generating these news articles influences engagement with them, and (iii) whether such awareness affects the willingness to read AI-generated articles in the future. We employed a between-subjects survey experiment with 599 participants from the German-speaking part of Switzerland, who evaluated the credibility, readability, and expertise of news articles. These articles were either written by journalists (control group), rewritten by AI (AI-assisted group), or entirely generated by AI (AI-generated group). Our results indicate that all news articles, regardless of whether they were written by journalists or AI, were perceived to be of equal quality. When participants in the treatment groups were subsequently made aware of AI's involvement in generating the articles, they expressed a higher willingness to engage with (i.e., continue reading) the articles than participants in the control group. However, they were not more willing to read AI-generated news in the future. These results suggest that aversion to AI usage in news media is not primarily rooted in a perceived lack of quality, and that by disclosing using AI, journalists could attract more immediate engagement with their content, at least in the short term.","ArXiv",null,"arXiv.org",21,0,"The results suggest that aversion to AI usage in news media is not primarily rooted in a perceived lack of quality, and that by disclosing using AI, journalists could attract more immediate engagement with their content, at least in the short term.","2024-09-05T00:00:00","48616f0cdda624f5a33b95dcc0cc86a4faa01996"], [37886,"From Clickbait to Credibility: an Analytical Framework for Enhancing Fact-checking Mechanisms in the Era of Digital Misinformation","[\"Anindita Dey\"]","An Analytical Framework for Enhancing Fact-Checking Mechanisms in the “Era of Digital Misinformation” addresses the urgent issue of misinformation in the digital age, which undermines public trust and distorts democratic processes. The research highlights the complex nature of digital misinformation, including both deliberate disinformation and unintentional misinformation, and examines how social media algorithms exacerbate the spread of false content by prioritizing sensationalism over factual accuracy. Clickbait headlines, designed to attract attention and drive traffic, further contribute to the proliferation of misleading information, prioritizing engagement over content integrity. To combat these challenges, the study proposes a comprehensive framework for improving fact-checking processes. This framework integrates technological innovations such as artificial intelligence and machine learning to automate and enhance the detection of false information. It also emphasizes the importance of digital literacy and media education to empower individuals to critically assess information. Transparency and accountability in fact-checking organizations are stressed to build public trust, while collaboration between fact-checkers, social media platforms, and researchers is encouraged to standardize practices. Additionally, the study advocates for real-time fact-checking, especially during high-stakes situations like elections or public health crises, to curb the spread of misinformation. By addressing these areas, the proposed framework aims to enhance the resilience and effectiveness of fact-checking mechanisms, adapting to the evolving landscape of digital media. Through a combination of technological advancements, educational efforts, and collaborative approaches, the study seeks to foster a more credible and trustworthy information environment.","International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research",null,"International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research",12,0,"The study advocates for real-time fact-checking, especially during high-stakes situations like elections or public health crises, to curb the spread of misinformation and integrates technological innovations such as artificial intelligence and machine learning to automate and enhance the detection of false information.","2024-09-06T00:00:00","c18ebb3927879e14903afe4fab32d4f25b347787"], [37887,"Medical Misinformation in AI-Assisted Self-Diagnosis: The EvalPrompt Method for Analyzing Large Language Models (Preprint)","[\"Troy Zada\", \"Natalie Tam\", \"Francois Barnard\", \"Marlize Van Sittert\", \"Venkat Bhat\", \"Sirisha Rambhatla\"]",null,"JMIR Formative Research",null,"JMIR Formative Research",39,0,null,"2024-09-06T00:00:00","79ded25204352519600c60c2a24001395641fa6a"], [37888,"Negative news headlines are more attractive: negativity bias in online news reading and sharing","[\"Mei Zhang\", \"Haotian Wu\", \"Yang Huang\", \"Ruibing Han\", \"Xinyuan Fu\", \"Zhizhi Yuan\", \"Shuer Liang\"]",null,"Current Psychology",null,"Current Psychology",66,2,null,"2024-09-06T00:00:00","405e132f4f7215d2d068fce75abb7cced8e6bfab"], [37889,"Sequential Classification of Misinformation","[\"Daniel Toma\", \"Wasim Huleihel\"]","In recent years there have been a growing interest in online auditing of information flow over social networks with the goal of monitoring undesirable effects, such as, misinformation and fake news. Most previous work on the subject, focus on the binary classification problem of classifying information as fake or genuine. Nonetheless, in many practical scenarios, the multi-class/label setting is of particular importance. For example, it could be the case that a social media platform may want to distinguish between ``true\", ``partly-true\", and ``false\"information. Accordingly, in this paper, we consider the problem of online multiclass classification of information flow. To that end, driven by empirical studies on information flow over real-world social media networks, we propose a probabilistic information flow model over graphs. Then, the learning task is to detect the label of the information flow, with the goal of minimizing a combination of the classification error and the detection time. For this problem, we propose two detection algorithms; the first is based on the well-known multiple sequential probability ratio test, while the second is a novel graph neural network based sequential decision algorithm. For both algorithms, we prove several strong statistical guarantees. We also construct a data driven algorithm for learning the proposed probabilistic model. Finally, we test our algorithms over two real-world datasets, and show that they outperform other state-of-the-art misinformation detection algorithms, in terms of detection time and classification error.","ArXiv",null,"arXiv.org",32,0,"This paper proposes a probabilistic information flow model over graphs, and proposes two detection algorithms, one based on the well-known multiple sequential probability ratio test, while the second is a novel graph neural network based sequential decision algorithm.","2024-09-07T00:00:00","e2f30c9f0097e7a215c959cce2166620461b402d"], [37890,"Adaptation Procedure in Misinformation Games","[\"Constantinos Varsos\", \"Merkouris Papamichail\", \"G. Flouris\", \"M. Bitsaki\"]","We study interactions between agents in multi-agent systems, in which the agents are misinformed with regards to the game that they play, essentially having a subjective and incorrect understanding of the setting, without being aware of it. For that, we introduce a new game-theoretic concept, called misinformation games, that provides the necessary toolkit to study this situation. Subsequently, we enhance this framework by developing a time-discrete procedure (called the Adaptation Procedure) that captures iterative interactions in the above context. During the Adaptation Procedure, the agents update their information and reassess their behaviour in each step. We demonstrate our ideas through an implementation, which is used to study the efficiency and characteristics of the Adaptation Procedure.","ArXiv",null,"arXiv.org",39,0,"A new game-theoretic concept, called misinformation games, is introduced that provides the necessary toolkit to study interactions between agents in multi-agent systems, in which the agents are misinformed with regards to the game that they play.","2024-09-07T00:00:00","6634d024a7a77ef3f800972d30300f5b7a2ef483"], [37891,"Taiwan must tighten the lid on China’s misinformation campaigns","[\"M. Manantan\"]",null,null,null,"",0,0,null,"2024-09-07T00:00:00","ab804abf3c5eb2647b1b5e0c48e80118cbb4c25d"], [37892,"Why media platforms police the boundaries of impartiality: A comparative analysis of television news and fact-checking in the UK","[\"Marina Morani\", \"Ceri Hughes\", \"Stephen Cushion\", \"Maria Kyriakidou\"]","This article explores whether different media platforms across impartial news media supplied the same level of scrutiny in how they fact-checked political claims. While prior research has largely focused on independent fact-checking organisations, the fact-checking practices of legacy media through a cross-platform perspective have comparatively received limited attention. The study develops new lines of inquiry into the fact-checking practices of legacy media, presenting one of the largest and most forensic cross-platform studies of fact-checking to date. It draws on a systematic content analysis of 355 items from fact-checking sites, including 689 claims and 1850 instances where journalists or sources interacted with them in 2021, and assesses how they were covered by a further 280 television news items. Our findings demonstrate that the selection and degree to which journalists and sources scrutinised political claims varied across media platforms, with television news less inclined to report and analyse policy claims than dedicated fact-checking websites. Overall, we argue that the editorial boundaries of fact-checking are policed by journalists’ interpretations of impartiality, which differ across platforms (in television news or dedicated fact-checking websites) due to a range of editorial factors such as production constraints and news values.","Journalism",null,"Journalism",26,0,null,"2024-09-07T00:00:00","baae6a0ff4ce73ce1356fe599ec99cbe2fc3eb21"], [37893,"The trustworthiness of peers and public discourse: exploring how people navigate numerical dis/misinformation on personal messaging platforms","[\"Brendan T. Lawson\", \"Andrew Chadwick\", \"N. Hall\", \"Cristian Vaccari\"]",null,"Information, Communication & Society",null,"Information, Communication & Society",42,0,null,"2024-09-08T00:00:00","0d459ec7de466ecff642df9fd0f46461893ab19f"], [37894,"FAKE NEWS DETECTION","[\"Neha N\", \"Vijaylakshmi A Lepakshi\"]","The Internet is one of among the greatest inventions of the world and there are millions of individuals who utilize it. These persons employ it in various ways, as listed below: There are various social networks that are available for use among such users. Often they can be just ordinaries who decide to make a post or share the news on the internet. Such platforms offer no means of confirming any users or the content they post. Therefore, some of the users attempt to indulge in active dissemination of fake news through the platforms. This fake news can aimed at an individual, a community, a company or a political party. It becomes virtually impossible for a human being to follow all the fake news. So, currently, there exists the need for automatic classification of fake news using machine learning classifiers. My description of machine learning classifiers such as passive agressive classifiers and algorithm such as K-Nearest Neighbor, Support vector machine(SVM) is used for detecting fake news is described in this systematic literature review.\nKEYWORD: Fake News Dissemination, Social Networks, Automatic Classification, Machine Learning Classifiers, Passive Aggressive Classifiers, K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Systematic Literature Review, Challenges in Fake News Detection.","EPRA International Journal of Research & Development (IJRD)",null,"EPRA International Journal of Research & Development (IJRD)",0,0,"The description of machine learning classifiers such as passive agressive classifiers and algorithm such as K-Nearest Neighbor, Support vector machine(SVM) is used for detecting fake news is described in this systematic literature review.","2024-09-08T00:00:00","c751a32b1c28fdee3ef8f0fa559d2ad8d121b5df"], [37895,"EXPRESS: Fighting Misinformation on Social Media: an Empirical Investigation of the Impact of Prominence Reduction Policies","[\"Maya Mudambi\", \"Jessica Clark\", \"L. Rhue\", \"Siva Viswanathan\"]","Misinformation has dire implications for both public welfare and the operational aims of user-generated content platforms. As a result, platforms have adopted various content moderation policies aimed at decreasing the volume and impact of misinformation. However, implementing new platform policies runs the risk of decreasing user contribution and alienating core users, and results regarding the efficacy of such policies are mixed. Herein, we empirically assess a prominence reduction policy applied to a problematic group that is high in misinformation. The goal of this policy is to reduce the visibility of misinformation on the platform (rather than deleting misinformation or banning users). The results show that while prominence reduction diminishes misinformation dissemination in the focal group, this method also results in a spillover of misinformation to topically related spaces. This spillover is short-lived and driven primarily by a small set of problematic users. As misinformation is not contagious, we find that this spillover to external groups diminishes over time. Finally, prominence reduction is found to have no impact on non-misinformation contribution on the studied platform. The findings of this study have important implications for platform operations and provide useful recommendations for managers regarding effective ways to reduce the spread of misinformation.","Production and Operations Management",null,"Production and operations management",0,0,"The results show that while prominence reduction diminishes misinformation dissemination in the focal group, this method also results in a spillover of misinformation to topically related spaces, and this spillover is short-lived and driven primarily by a small set of problematic users.","2024-09-09T00:00:00","638bd62d7760c0656b7f35709a42d62f689c1619"], [37896,"Combating Misinformation in Celiac Disease : Invited Commentary on \"Unauthentic information about celiac disease on social networking pages: is it a matter of concern in celiac disease management?\"","[\"Priyanka V Chugh\", \"Ritu Verma\"]",null,"Digestive diseases and sciences",null,"Digestive Diseases and Sciences",5,0,null,"2024-09-09T00:00:00","da725c951778405760815ee370fda3783255696c"], [37897,"Social Evidence Tampering and the Epistemology of Content Moderation","[\"K. R. Harris\"]",null,"Topoi",null,"Topoi",46,0,null,"2024-09-09T00:00:00","da8c8c38117837a4d917ea717ddc7e8b4ea876bd"], [37898,"O gênero notícia online e o fenômeno das fake news: reflexividade e agentividade no ensino básico","[\"Eduardo Silva Simioni\", \"Franciele Matzembacher Pinton\"]","Este artigo focaliza o processo de leitura de exemplares do gênero notícia online e o fenômeno das Fake News, com o objetivo de compreender em que medida os alunos no Ensino Básico posicionam-se reflexivamente e percebem-se como agentes na construção de sentidos. Partindo de uma perspectiva interdisciplinar, este trabalho se encora nas Teorias da Comunicação e da Linguística, de modo que, quando articuladas, ambas correntes forneçam subsídios teóricos para avaliação dos procedimentos empregados pelos alunos para a leitura e a representação discursiva sobre notícias online e Fake News. Esta investigação, a partir de uma metodologia de Estudo de Caso, cujo universo de análise compreende alunos do Ensino Básico de uma turma de escola pública de Santa Maria (RS), focaliza o entendimento desses alunos a respeito de Fake News, de notícia e de suas a leituras desses textos. O corpus foi gerado a partir de um questionário semi-estruturado pela plataforma Google Forms, com perguntas abertas e fechadas. A análise demonstra que os participantes da pesquisa conseguem mapear, identificar e representar discursivamente o que são Fake News. Considerando, no entanto, as estratégias de leituras realizadas pelos alunos, os dados evidenciam que ainda não contemplam a perspectiva crítica-reflexiva proposta pelo Letramento Crítico.\n","EccoS – Revista Científica",null,"EccoS – Revista Científica",2,0,null,"2024-09-09T00:00:00","a20942a6ac07cdeb4be09a91693dafb8daa1a872"], [37899,"Cross-Cutting Exposure in Online News Comments: The Effects of Group Identification and Uncivil Discourse on Opinion Conformity and Expression","[\"Sai Wang\", \"Ki Joon Kim\"]",null,"Media Psychology",null,"Media Psychology",44,0,null,"2024-09-09T00:00:00","8d45019e6048a144d87ab6b1260bdbda485485f2"], [37900,"From permissive to resistive tactics: How audience members engage with and make sense of datafied journalism","[\"Liisa Ovaska\"]","While audience data are pivotal to producing journalism, audiences’ perspectives on the issue have received relatively little attention. Addressing this gap, the paper examines audience members’ tactics for making sense of and engaging with the datafied journalism into which they contribute with their data. Empirically grounded in group interviews and instant-messaging group chats with 21 readers of prominent Finnish tabloid Iltalehti, the author identified four tactics, along a continuum from permissive to resistive: an audience member may 1) happily benefit from datafied journalism; 2) be resigned to it yet reflect critically on it; 3) act to prevent effects on personal news-consumption patterns, by curating the content; or 4) entirely restrain themselves from engaging with it. Awareness of these tactics, which help individuals cope with and navigate the datafied-journalism landscape, facilitates grasping the factors in audiences’ relations to datafied journalism and, thereby, understanding their consumption of news and their relationship with journalism.","Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies",null,"Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies",65,2,null,"2024-09-09T00:00:00","04377d792ec7d2089b735b8b1990228e3562c439"], [37901,"Election Interference and Online Propaganda Campaigns: Dynamic Interdependencies on Facebook, Google Trends, and the New York Times","[\"Moe Esmaeili\", \"Moez Farokhnia Hamedani\", \"Daniel Zantedeschi\", \"Calvin Sorush Khalesi\"]","The relationship between propaganda campaigns, news outlets, and search patterns is of significant interest to political authorities and academic scholars from various disciplines. We explore these dynamic relationships using 3,500 Facebook propaganda advertisements, 167,000 New York Times stories, and hundreds of Google Trends searches for terms from the advertisements and articles in the two years preceding the 2016 US presidential election. The data indicate that propaganda campaigns utilize random content infrequently and instead follow specific Google search patterns. Depending on the subject matter, Facebook advertisements can anticipate the New York Times. In the contexts of immigration, racism, and the LGBT community, such patterns of content adaptation are more prominent. We use the results to provide policy and research recommendations.","ACM Trans. Manag. Inf. Syst.",null,"ACM Transactions on Management Information Systems",27,0,null,"2024-09-09T00:00:00","d3ebb5fb84656f6139108783f78599f7ba3c6149"], [37902,"A Comparative Study of Hybrid Models in Health Misinformation Text Classification","[\"Mkululi Sikosana\", \"Oluwaseun Ajao\", \"Sean Maudsley-Barton\"]","This study evaluates the effectiveness of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) models in detecting COVID-19-related misinformation on online social networks (OSNs), aiming to develop more effective tools for countering the spread of health misinformation during the pan-demic. The study trained and tested various ML classifiers (Naive Bayes, SVM, Random Forest, etc.), DL models (CNN, LSTM, hybrid CNN+LSTM), and pretrained language models (DistilBERT, RoBERTa) on the\"COVID19-FNIR DATASET\". These models were evaluated for accuracy, F1 score, recall, precision, and ROC, and used preprocessing techniques like stemming and lemmatization. The results showed SVM performed well, achieving a 94.41% F1-score. DL models with Word2Vec embeddings exceeded 98% in all performance metrics (accuracy, F1 score, recall, precision&ROC). The CNN+LSTM hybrid models also exceeded 98% across performance metrics, outperforming pretrained models like DistilBERT and RoBERTa. Our study concludes that DL and hybrid DL models are more effective than conventional ML algorithms for detecting COVID-19 misinformation on OSNs. The findings highlight the importance of advanced neural network approaches and large-scale pretraining in misinformation detection. Future research should optimize these models for various misinformation types and adapt to changing OSNs, aiding in combating health misinformation.","ArXiv",null,"OASIS@HT",35,1,"DL and hybrid DL models are more effective than conventional ML algorithms for detecting COVID-19 misinformation on OSNs, highlighting the importance of advanced neural network approaches and large-scale pretraining in misinformation detection.","2024-09-10T00:00:00","b289a0f31af123b58f82be728cd7c995073f05db"], [37903,"Trust Us—We Are the (COVID-19 Misinformation) Experts: A Critical Scoping Review of Expert Meanings of “Misinformation” in the Covid Era","[\"C. Chaufan\", \"N. Hemsing\", \"Camila Heredia\", \"Jennifer McDonald\"]","Since the WHO declared COVID-19 a pandemic, prominent social actors and institutions have warned about the threat of misinformation, calling for policy action to address it. However, neither the premises underlying expert claims nor the standards to separate truth from falsehood have been appraised. We conducted a scoping review of the medical and social scientific literature, informed by a critical policy analysis approach, examining what this literature means by misinformation. We searched academic databases and refereed publications, selecting a total of 68 articles for review. Two researchers independently charted the data. Our most salient finding was that verifiability relied largely on the claims of epistemic authorities, albeit only those vetted by the establishment, to the exclusion of independent evidentiary standards or heterodox perspectives. Further, “epistemic authority” did not depend necessarily on subject matter expertise, but largely on a new type of “expertise”: in misinformation itself. Finally, policy solutions to the alleged threat that misinformation poses to democracy and human rights called for suppressing unverified information and debate unmanaged by establishment approved experts, in the name of protecting democracy and rights, contrary to democratic practice and respect for human rights. Notably, we identified no pockets of resistance to these dominant meanings and uses. We assessed the implications of our findings for democratic public policy, and for fundamental rights and freedoms.","COVID",null,"COVID",143,1,"A scoping review of the medical and social scientific literature, informed by a critical policy analysis approach, examines what this literature means by misinformation, finding that verifiability relied largely on the claims of epistemic authorities, albeit only those vetted by the establishment, to the exclusion of independent evidentiary standards or heterodox perspectives.","2024-09-10T00:00:00","9c7e7720a7192054db675db569d1a97d2315c55c"], [37904,"Measuring receptivity to misinformation at scale on a social media platform","[\"C. K. Tokita\", \"Kevin Aslett\", \"William Godel\", \"Zeve Sanderson\", \"Joshua A. Tucker\", \"Jonathan Nagler\", \"Nate Persily\", \"Richard Bonneau\"]","Abstract Measuring the impact of online misinformation is challenging. Traditional measures, such as user views or shares on social media, are incomplete because not everyone who is exposed to misinformation is equally likely to believe it. To address this issue, we developed a method that combines survey data with observational Twitter data to probabilistically estimate the number of users both exposed to and likely to believe a specific news story. As a proof of concept, we applied this method to 139 viral news articles and find that although false news reaches an audience with diverse political views, users who are both exposed and receptive to believing false news tend to have more extreme ideologies. These receptive users are also more likely to encounter misinformation earlier than those who are unlikely to believe it. This mismatch between overall user exposure and receptive user exposure underscores the limitation of relying solely on exposure or interaction data to measure the impact of misinformation, as well as the challenge of implementing effective interventions. To demonstrate how our approach can address this challenge, we then conducted data-driven simulations of common interventions used by social media platforms. We find that these interventions are only modestly effective at reducing exposure among users likely to believe misinformation, and their effectiveness quickly diminishes unless implemented soon after misinformation’s initial spread. Our paper provides a more precise estimate of misinformation’s impact by focusing on the exposure of users likely to believe it, offering insights for effective mitigation strategies on social media.","PNAS Nexus",null,"PNAS Nexus",78,1,"A method that combines survey data with observational Twitter data to probabilistically estimate the number of users both exposed to and likely to believe a specific news story is developed, finding that although false news reaches an audience with diverse political views, users who are both exposed and receptive to believing false news tend to have more extreme ideologies.","2024-09-10T00:00:00","1aea66ff86834e6665c66ea7521162e1219c1b60"], [37905,"Evaluating Prebunking and Nudge Techniques in Tackling Misinformation: A Between-Subject Study on Social Media Platforms","[\"Dipto Barman\", \"Owen Conlan\"]",null,"{\"pages\": \"167-177\"}",null,"ACM Conference on Hypertext & Social Media",43,0,null,"2024-09-10T00:00:00","51af5746b7e973439f90b5cd7fabf4b48d572560"], [37906,"Community, Context, and Communication: Responses of Canadian Libraries to Difficult Situations Involving Medical Mis- or Disinformation","[\"Julia Bullard\", \"Caroline Mniszak\", \"Devon L. Greyson\"]","Canadian libraries have traditionally supported and defended intellectual freedom while also being expected to provide communities with trustworthy information in times of personal and collective crisis. Issues of medical misinformation reveal the tension between these two ideals. Library workers face challenges in preparing for and responding to issues with controversial materials, with little guidance on how to navigate this tension and balance the two ideals. In an interview study with 22 Canadian library worker participants, we asked about experiences with navigating these situations. Our preliminary results reveal a range of strategies and considerations at play, ranging from individual incidents to broader policies and power dynamics.","Proceedings of the Annual Conference of CAIS / Actes du congrès annuel de l'ACSI",null,"Proceedings of the Annual Conference of CAIS / Actes du congrès annuel de l'ACSI",4,0,"Canadian libraries have traditionally supported and defended intellectual freedom while also being expected to provide communities with trustworthy information in times of personal and collective crisis, revealing the tension between these two ideals.","2024-09-10T00:00:00","613635b7f90cf68fd889f598a6285344c88748f5"], [37907,"Understanding Knowledge Drift in LLMs through Misinformation","[\"Alina Fastowski\", \"Gjergji Kasneci\"]","Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized numerous applications, making them an integral part of our digital ecosystem. However, their reliability becomes critical, especially when these models are exposed to misinformation. We primarily analyze the susceptibility of state-of-the-art LLMs to factual inaccuracies when they encounter false information in a QnA scenario, an issue that can lead to a phenomenon we refer to as *knowledge drift*, which significantly undermines the trustworthiness of these models. We evaluate the factuality and the uncertainty of the models' responses relying on Entropy, Perplexity, and Token Probability metrics. Our experiments reveal that an LLM's uncertainty can increase up to 56.6% when the question is answered incorrectly due to the exposure to false information. At the same time, repeated exposure to the same false information can decrease the models uncertainty again (-52.8% w.r.t. the answers on the untainted prompts), potentially manipulating the underlying model's beliefs and introducing a drift from its original knowledge. These findings provide insights into LLMs' robustness and vulnerability to adversarial inputs, paving the way for developing more reliable LLM applications across various domains. The code is available at https://github.com/afastowski/knowledge_drift.","ArXiv",null,"arXiv.org",25,2,"This work analyzes the susceptibility of state-of-the-art LLMs to factual inaccuracies when they encounter false information in a QnA scenario, an issue that can lead to a phenomenon the authors refer to as *knowledge drift*, which significantly undermines the trustworthiness of these models.","2024-09-11T00:00:00","e5b990557c75730f630dc88b7a4cf78fe57ed2bc"], [37908,"Sharing is caring? How moral foundation frames drive the sharing of corrective messages and misinformation about COVID-19 vaccines","[\"Aimei Yang\", \"Alvin Zhou\", \"Jieun Shin\", \"Ke M. Huang-Isherwood\", \"Wenlin Liu\", \"Chuqing Dong\", \"Eugene Lee\", \"Jingyi Sun\"]",null,"J. Comput. Soc. Sci.",null,"Journal of Computational Social Science",29,0,"The results showed that both corrective messages and misinformation prevalently deployed moral framing, and it was found that while corrective messages tend to highlight the virtuous aspect of morality, misinformation focuses on the sinful aspect.","2024-09-11T00:00:00","453ec88ef5a852ed35f4ee3ee261ed66e3b965b7"], [37909,"Social Media Exposure to Health Misinformation and Effect on Vaccination Intention and Behaviour","[\"Nur Syaheera Zaifuddin\", \"Nor Azura Adzharuddin\", \"Mohd Nizam Osman\", \"Julia Wirza Binti Mohd Zawawi\"]","The proliferation of health misinformation on social media has raised significant public health concerns, particularly regarding its influence on vaccination intentions and behaviors. This study investigates the relationship between exposure to health misinformation on social media platforms and the subsequent effects on individuals' intentions to vaccinate and their actual vaccination behaviors. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, we combine quantitative survey data with qualitative interviews to provide a comprehensive understanding of this phenomenon. Our findings suggest that increased exposure to health misinformation on social media correlates with higher levels of vaccine hesitancy and a decrease in vaccination rates. The study underscores the need for targeted interventions to combat misinformation and promote accurate health information on social media.","International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences",null,"International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences",30,0,"It is suggested that increased exposure to health misinformation on social media correlates with higher levels of vaccine hesitancy and a decrease in vaccination rates, which underscores the need for targeted interventions to combat misinformation and promote accurate health information on social media.","2024-09-11T00:00:00","1220a33e5f9eb36a8421f0497ada60550d009b92"], [37910,"Trump, Twitter, and truth judgments: The effects of “disputed” tags and political knowledge on the judged truthfulness of election misinformation","[\"John C. Blanchar\", \"Catherine J. Norris\"]","Misinformation has sown distrust in the legitimacy of American elections. Nowhere has this been more concerning than in the 2020 U.S. presidential election wherein Donald Trump falsely declared that it was stolen through fraud. Although social media platforms attempted to dispute Trump’s false claims by attaching soft moderation tags to his posts, little is known about the effectiveness of this strategy. We experimentally tested the use of “disputed” tags on Trump’s Twitter posts as a means of curbing election misinformation. Trump voters with high political knowledge judged election misinformation as more truthful when Trump’s claims included Twitter’s disputed tags compared to a control condition. Although Biden voters were largely unaffected by these soft moderation tags, third-party and non-voters were slightly less likely to judge election misinformation as true. Finally, little to no evidence was found for meaningful changes in beliefs about election fraud or fairness. These findings raise questions about the effectiveness of soft moderation tags in disputing highly prevalent or widely spread misinformation.","Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review",null,"Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review",35,0,null,"2024-09-11T00:00:00","b66fa5dabbb0e946792729b1254f0a4dbcddf1fa"], [37911,"Political Rumors: Why We Accept Misinformation and How to Fight It by Adam J. Berinsky","[\"Leticia Bode\"]",null,"Political Science Quarterly",null,"Political science quarterly",0,1,null,"2024-09-11T00:00:00","2e6aafd8e4a893e055ba48b4579cce5fd7ecc1d1"], [37912,"Fooling Them, Not Me? How Fake News Affects Evaluators’ Reputation Judgments and Behavioral Intentions","[\"Simone Mariconda\", \"Marta Pizzetti\", \"Michael Etter\", \"Patrick Haack\"]","The volume of fake news in the digital media landscape is increasing, creating a new threat to organizations’ reputations. At the same time, individuals are more aware of the existence of fake news. It thus remains unclear how fake news affects evaluators’ reputation judgments. In this article, we draw on the distinction between first-order judgments (i.e., an individual evaluator’s reputation judgment) and second-order judgments (i.e., an individual evaluator’s belief about the reputation judgments of other evaluators). We integrate this distinction with insights from communication research and social psychology to theorize how fake news affects reputation judgments and behavioral intentions. Through three experimental studies, we show that the negative effect of fake news is larger for second-order reputation judgments and that this effect is greater for organizations with a positive reputation. Furthermore, our results indicate that although fake news has a smaller effect on first-order judgments, the latter adapt to second-order judgments and thereby affect behavioral intentions. This article contributes, first, to the micro-cognitive perspective on reputation formation by taking the first step in developing a comprehensive understanding of the intricate impact of fake news on reputation and behavioral intentions. Second, this article contributes to our understanding of the role of a good prior reputation as a buffer or a burden.","Business & Society",null,"Business & Society",87,1,null,"2024-09-11T00:00:00","5a92f76a521aa9836db84d1e8f3a24daf118f3aa"], [37913,"Combating Public Health Infodemics: Strategies for Misinformation Control and Evidence-based Communication","[\"Salim Omambia Matagi\"]","This manuscript addresses the critical need to combat the public health infodemic, which can potentially undermine health interventions through the spread of misinformation and disinformation. It focuses on key areas where misinformation is most prevalent and proposes evidence-based strategies to counteract these threats. The manuscript outlines a multifaceted approach, including media literacy education, enhanced public communication strategies, and policy recommendations to promote accurate, reliable health information. By providing these solutions, this work aims to enhance public trust and improve the effectiveness of health communication efforts.","Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research",null,"Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research",0,1,"This manuscript outlines a multifaceted approach, including media literacy education, enhanced public communication strategies, and policy recommendations to promote accurate, reliable health information to combat the public health infodemic.","2024-09-12T00:00:00","f5e8989c7f04e75482cf6e27f9a9eb675d4b3b4b"], [37914,"Securing Large Language Models: Addressing Bias, Misinformation, and Prompt Attacks","[\"Benji Peng\", \"Keyu Chen\", \"Ming Li\", \"Pohsun Feng\", \"Ziqian Bi\", \"Junyu Liu\", \"Qian Niu\"]","Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive capabilities across various fields, yet their increasing use raises critical security concerns. This article reviews recent literature addressing key issues in LLM security, with a focus on accuracy, bias, content detection, and vulnerability to attacks. Issues related to inaccurate or misleading outputs from LLMs is discussed, with emphasis on the implementation from fact-checking methodologies to enhance response reliability. Inherent biases within LLMs are critically examined through diverse evaluation techniques, including controlled input studies and red teaming exercises. A comprehensive analysis of bias mitigation strategies is presented, including approaches from pre-processing interventions to in-training adjustments and post-processing refinements. The article also probes the complexity of distinguishing LLM-generated content from human-produced text, introducing detection mechanisms like DetectGPT and watermarking techniques while noting the limitations of machine learning enabled classifiers under intricate circumstances. Moreover, LLM vulnerabilities, including jailbreak attacks and prompt injection exploits, are analyzed by looking into different case studies and large-scale competitions like HackAPrompt. This review is concluded by retrospecting defense mechanisms to safeguard LLMs, accentuating the need for more extensive research into the LLM security field.","ArXiv",null,"arXiv.org",159,4,"Recent literature addressing key issues in LLM security, with a focus on accuracy, bias, content detection, and vulnerability to attacks is reviewed, accentuating the need for more extensive research into the LLM security field.","2024-09-12T00:00:00","7e78b3a78c78de22a08bbb7fa82ddb68054800a4"], [37915,"Navigating the infodemic: Assessing digital literacy and misinformation vulnerability among senior citizens in Vietnam during COVID-19","[\"Tuong-Minh Ly-Le\", \"Viet Tho Le\"]",": This research examines the digital literacy and misinformation vulnerability among senior citizens in Vietnam during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study aims to understand how senior citizens navigate the infodemic and identify factors contributing to their susceptibility to misinformation. The study utilizes participant observation and interview methodologies to explore the experiences of senior citizens with digital literacy and the impact of COVID-19 misinformation. The findings highlight the challenges faced by senior citizens in accessing accurate information and discerning misinformation. Lack of familiarity with news and social media platforms, and concerns regarding trust, privacy, and security hinder their digital literacy skills. Moreover, senior citizens are particularly vulnerable to misinformation, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions to enhance their digital literacy and empower them to navigate the infodemic effectively.","Health & New Media Research",null,"Health & New Media Research",54,0,null,"2024-09-12T00:00:00","f2ce74fe6c6a9d47778d369d70dcfdab0e46d53b"], [37916,"Ankyloglossia: misinformation vs. evidence regarding its effects on feeding, speech, and other functions","[\"Ann W Kummer\"]","Ankyloglossia, commonly, known as “tongue-tie,” is a congenital condition where a short, and often thickened lingual frenulum attaches the anterior tongue tip to the floor of the mouth. As a result of this “tie,” there is a restriction of tongue-tip movement. While ankyloglossia is sometimes associated with difficulties in breastfeeding newborns, the impact on speech production remains a topic of serious debate among professionals. The purpose of this article is to examine the current evidence regarding the effect of ankyloglossia on structure and function, particularly the effect on neonatal feeding and speech. Hopefully, this evidence will inform the practice of otolaryngologists, speech-language pathologists, and other relevant professionals for the benefit of affected children.","Journal of Otolaryngology-ENT Research",null,"Journal of Otolaryngology-ENT Research",1,0,"Current evidence regarding the effect of ankyloglossia on structure and function is examined, particularly the effect on neonatal feeding and speech, to inform the practice of otolaryngologists, speech-language pathologists, and other relevant professionals for the benefit of affected children.","2024-09-12T00:00:00","ed267e19a49854b397140da6b18865160eae7059"], [37917,"Cultural determinants of COVID-19 vaccines misinformation in Malawi","[\"Jimmy Kainja\", \"Catherine Makhumula\", \"H. Twabi\", \"A. Gunde\", \"Yamikani Ndasauka\"]",null,"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications",null,"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications",14,0,null,"2024-09-12T00:00:00","f2217340527fc7c83d525f4b063c4dc6b48739d6"], [37918,"In Pictures We Trust: Evaluating Digital Information and Disinformation with Phenomenon-based Learning in Secondary Schools","[\"Michael Reicho\", \"Kathrin Otrel-Cass\"]","\nThe existence of disinformation in online environments increases the risk that young people will be exposed to manipulated content. It is not surprising, then, researchers and educators are focusing on ways to build pupils’ multiliteracy competencies. In this article, we look at the role visual information plays when students assess the trustworthiness of online information and disinformation. The authors present data from Austrian classroom interventions, where eight teachers used a phenomenon-based learning (PhBL) approach to build their 107 pupils’ multiliteracy competencies. The authors undertook video-based and written classroom observations and conducted interviews (n = 44). They found that visual information plays a significant role in pupils’ decisions on whether to trust online information or not. Other factors that increase trust include human actors (e.g. teachers or other pupils) and easily accessible digital information (e.g. visuals or information provided by algorithms or ai). The phenomenon-based pedagogy approach meant that pupils were working in groups, giving a greater opportunity to engage in reflective dialogue, and being more critical about online information.","Video Journal of Education and Pedagogy",null,"Video Journal of Education and Pedagogy",71,1,"It is found that visual information plays a significant role in pupils’ decisions on whether to trust online information or not, and factors that increase trust include human actors and easily accessible digital information.","2024-09-12T00:00:00","536dd3dcd5fab196d71ad64e406973f3a3c7b4bd"], [37919,"Fake News and Hate Speech - Evidence from Germany","[\"Domenica Bagnato\", \"Thomas Hemker\", \"Robert Mueller-Toeroek\", \"Alexander Prosser\", \"Sven Sroka\"]",null,"Proceedings of the Central and Eastern European eDem and eGov Days 2024",null,"Proceedings of the Central and Eastern European eDem and eGov Days 2024",5,0,null,"2024-09-12T00:00:00","f1da3e6fef23fa0dff661c47f9846c60b7effd0f"], [37920,"The Psychology of Misinformation Across the Lifespan","[\"Sarah M. Edelson\", \"Valerie F. Reyna\", \"Aadya Singh\", \"Jordan E. Roue\"]","Ubiquitous misinformation on social media threatens the health and well-being of young people. We review research on susceptibility to misinformation, why it spreads, and how these mechanisms might operate developmentally. Although we identify many research gaps, results suggest that cognitive ability, thinking styles, and metacognitive scrutiny of misinformation are protective, but early adverse experiences can bias information processing and sow seeds of mistrust. We find that content knowledge is not sufficient to protect against misinformation, but that it, along with life experiences, provides a foundation for gist plausibility (true in principle, rather than true at the level of verbatim details) that likely determines whether misinformation is accepted and shared. Thus, we present a theoretical framework based on fuzzy-trace theory that integrates knowledge that distinguishes verbatim facts from gist (knowledge that is amplified by cognitive faculties and derived from trusted sources); personality as an information-processing filter colored by experiences; emotion as a product of interpreting the gist of information; and ideology that changes prior probabilities and gist interpretations of what is plausible. The young and the old may be at greatest risk because of their prioritization of social goals, a need that social-media algorithms are designed to meet but at the cost of widespread exposure to misinformation.","Annual Review of Developmental Psychology",null,"Annual Review of Developmental Psychology",0,0,null,"2024-09-13T00:00:00","266b55e64750281d7cbde85fac4a4ea84b734c4e"], [37921,"Online misinformation warning labels work despite distrust of fact-checkers.","[]",null,"Nature human behaviour",null,"Nature Human Behaviour",3,0,null,"2024-09-13T00:00:00","2eca0ca64ab330525fd946d4d8ac486c69cff641"], [37922,"Community-based fact-checking reduces the spread of misleading posts on social media","[\"Y. Chuai\", \"Moritz Pilarski\", \"Thomas Renault\", \"David Restrepo Amariles\", \"A. Troussel\", \"Gabriele Lenzini\", \"Nicolas Pr\\u00f6llochs\"]","Community-based fact-checking is a promising approach to verify social media content and correct misleading posts at scale. Yet, causal evidence regarding its effectiveness in reducing the spread of misinformation on social media is missing. Here, we performed a large-scale empirical study to analyze whether community notes reduce the spread of misleading posts on X. Using a Difference-in-Differences design and repost time series data for N=237,677 (community fact-checked) cascades that had been reposted more than 431 million times, we found that exposing users to community notes reduced the spread of misleading posts by, on average, 62.0%. Furthermore, community notes increased the odds that users delete their misleading posts by 103.4%. However, our findings also suggest that community notes might be too slow to intervene in the early (and most viral) stage of the diffusion. Our work offers important implications to enhance the effectiveness of community-based fact-checking approaches on social media.","ArXiv",null,"arXiv.org",0,1,"Exposing users to community notes reduced the spread of misleading posts by, on average, 62.0% and suggested that community notes might be too slow to intervene in the early stage of the diffusion.","2024-09-13T00:00:00","dd61fa56566a880d6f45e7369b71860bc8906b61"], [37923,"Stark Decline in Journalists' Use of Preprints Post-pandemic","[\"J. Alperin\", \"Kenneth Shores\", \"Alice Fleerackers\", \"Natascha Chtena\"]","The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the use of preprints, aiding rapid research dissemination but also facilitating the spread of misinformation. This study analyzes media coverage of preprints from 2014 to 2023, revealing a significant postpandemic decline. Our findings suggest that heightened awareness of the risks associated with preprints has led to more cautious media practices. While the decline in preprint coverage may mitigate concerns about premature media exposure, it also raises questions about the future role of preprints in science communication, especially during emergencies. Balanced policies based on up-to-date evidence are needed to address this shift.","ArXiv",null,"Science communication",6,1,null,"2024-09-13T00:00:00","6e592deb47045131aa02f6d94e325f49610a3d2d"], [37924,"Community Fact-Checks Trigger Moral Outrage in Replies to Misleading Posts on Social Media","[\"Y. Chuai\", \"Anastasia Sergeeva\", \"Gabriele Lenzini\", \"Nicolas Pr\\u00f6llochs\"]","Displaying community fact-checks is a promising approach to reduce engagement with misinformation on social media. However, how users respond to misleading content emotionally after community fact-checks are displayed on posts is unclear. Here, we employ quasi-experimental methods to causally analyze changes in sentiments and (moral) emotions in replies to misleading posts following the display of community fact-checks. Our evaluation is based on a large-scale panel dataset comprising N=2,225,260 replies across 1841 source posts from X's Community Notes platform. We find that informing users about falsehoods through community fact-checks significantly increases negativity (by 7.3%), anger (by 13.2%), disgust (by 4.7%), and moral outrage (by 16.0%) in the corresponding replies. These results indicate that users perceive spreading misinformation as a violation of social norms and that those who spread misinformation should expect negative reactions once their content is debunked. We derive important implications for the design of community-based fact-checking systems.","ArXiv",null,"arXiv.org",97,0,"It is found that informing users about falsehoods through community fact-checks significantly increases negativity, anger, disgust, disgust, and moral outrage in replies to misleading posts following the display of community fact-checks.","2024-09-13T00:00:00","87b4b62255ad67b13fd917101f69112230dd688c"], [37925,"Technical Expertise in Newsrooms: Understanding Data Journalists’ Roles and Practices","[\"Junai Mtchedlidze\"]","In recent years, there has been a notable increase in the integration of technology and the employment of technological experts within newsrooms. However, there remains a paucity of scholarly research examining the evolution and maturation of these practices. This article addresses this gap by analyzing data from ten semi-structured qualitative interviews with developers embedded in the editorial departments of Norwegian news outlets. The findings reveal that developers have become fully integrated and indispensable actors within newsrooms. They contribute comprehensively to the journalistic news production process, engaging in routine tasks such as news visualization as well as participating in extensive investigative projects. Furthermore, developers navigate their work and practices within the framework of journalistic logic, culture, and the principles of objectivity, thereby reinforcing the democratic function of journalism in society. Interestingly, the integration of developers has also induced spill-over effects among non-technical staff. While developers are the primary bearers of technical expertise, there is an increasing expectation for reporters to acquire technical competencies.","Journalism and Media",null,"Journalism and Media",27,1,"Analysis of data from ten semi-structured qualitative interviews with developers embedded in the editorial departments of Norwegian news outlets reveals that developers have become fully integrated and indispensable actors within newsrooms.","2024-09-13T00:00:00","c8fb9ddff0295e1479e51d15e8cb3df7f3935cc3"], [37926,"Behind the black box: The moderating role of the machine heuristic on the effect of transparency information about automated journalism on hostile media bias perception","[\"Rui Wang\", \"Yotam Ophir\"]","Facing historically low levels of public trust, journalists had been increasingly interested in the potential of artificial intelligence to produce news content. Some have suggested that Automated Journalism (AJ) may reduce Hostile Media Biases (HMB), where partisans perceive balanced articles as slanted against their side. However, empirical evidence for the hypothesis remains limited and inconclusive. In this study, we examine whether the effectiveness of AJ at reducing HMB perceptions could be enhanced by disclosure of transparency information about how the algorithm works. We conducted an online experiment ( N = 264 US adults) in which participants were randomly assigned to read a balanced news article about gun control written by different authors (AJ, AJ + transparency information, journalist, student, no author). Our findings indicate that AJ transparency, on average, did not significantly reduce HMB compared to AJ along. A significant interaction effect was identified: participants who strongly endorsed the machine heuristic were less likely to perceive the content in the AJ transparency condition, but not that of other conditions, as biased. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.","Journalism",null,"Journalism",48,0,"Findings indicate that AJ transparency, on average, did not significantly reduce HMB compared to AJ along, and participants who strongly endorsed the machine heuristic were less likely to perceive the content in the AJ transparency condition, but not that of other conditions, as biased.","2024-09-13T00:00:00","5a862c528c5aab45782a71f918e4a269265e158a"], [37927,"Populist Leaders as Gatekeepers: André Ventura Uses News to Legitimize the Discourse","[\"J. Baptista\", \"Anabela Gradim\", \"D. Fonseca\"]","This study explores the role of populist leaders as gatekeepers on social media, seeking to understand how André Ventura, president of Chega!, uses news to legitimize his political discourse. The methodology involved collecting 90 tweets containing legacy media news features, posted by Ventura on the social media platform X. These tweets cover key political events such as the resignation of Portugal’s Prime Minister, the dissolution of the Portuguese Parliament, and European elections. Quantitative analysis using Voyant Tools identified key terms related to Ventura’s ideological stance, while Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) examined how these terms support his political narrative. The findings reveal a strategic use of news to promote themes like nationalism, immigration control, corruption and social dichotomy between “us” and “them”. Ventura’s tweets leverage news headlines to enhance his persuasive appeal, acting as heuristic shortcuts to reinforce his political messages. This study highlights the relevance of understanding social media’s role in promoting populism and suggests avenues for future research, including comparative analyses of other populist leaders and the impact of these narratives on voter behavior and perceptions.","Journalism and Media",null,"Journalism and Media",85,0,null,"2024-09-14T00:00:00","ca246d427ef537e25308107e7cfbdac06fbdb021"], [37928,"LENS: label sparsity-tolerant adversarial learning on spatial deceptive reviews","[\"Sirish Prabakar\", \"Haiquan Chen\", \"Zhe Jiang\", \"Carl Yang\", \"Weikuan Yu\", \"Da Yan\"]",null,"GeoInformatica",null,"GeoInformatica",36,0,"A semi-supervised label sparsity-tolerant framework, LENS, is proposed for fake review detection by mining spatial knowledge and learning distributions of embedded topics by mining spatial knowledge and learning distributions of embedded topics.","2024-09-14T00:00:00","7ffeef67df0026fef43424c3c9596d8b28d5662e"], [37929,"The Role of Nurses in Delivering Bad News to the Patient and Family: An Integrated Review Study","[\"Soore Khaki\", \"Masoud Fallahi-Khoshknab\", \"F. Mohammadi-shahboulaghi\", \"G\\u00fclbeyaz Can\", \"M. Hosseini\"]","Background: Since nurses play a central role in communicating with physicians, patients, and patients' families, special attention should be paid to their role in delivering bad news. Objective: This review aims at describing and highlighting the role of nurses in announcing bad news to patients and families. Methods: This was an integrated review. To collect data, a literature search was conducted in the Persian and English databases of Magiran, Scientific Information Base (SID), Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and PubMed. Eligibility criteria included publishing in English and Persian between January 1, 1980, and January 1, 2022, describing the role of nurses in delivering bad news to the patient and family. The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) were used to screen and select relevant studies. Critical appraisal tools provided by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) were used for quality assessment. The collected data were analyzed, using constant comparative methods. Results: Of the 453 unique records screened, only 26 met the eligibility criteria. The results show that delivering bad news is a team process, in which nurses have several roles. Their main roles were classified into 4 categories: Manager, facilitator, educator, and supporter/advocate, and 74 subordinate roles. Conclusions: The role of nurses in delivering bad news to patients and their families is important. Their behavior and communication skills significantly affect how they receive this news. Neglecting the role of nurses in this process can damage the patient's trust and understanding of the quality of care. Therefore, nurses should be trained in delivering bad news and supporting patients and families in difficult situations.","International Journal of Cancer Management",null,"International Journal of Cancer Management",42,0,"The results show that delivering bad news is a team process, in which nurses have several roles, and nurses should be trained in delivering bad news and supporting patients and families in difficult situations.","2024-09-15T00:00:00","79188b33d087dddd47e7e8513f1aad3a80c7611d"], [37930,"Social media, misinformation and fake news in the pandemic: the dominant gaps and future research avenues","[\"Noel Nutsugah\", \"K. Mensah\", \"R. Odoom\", \"Amin Ayarnah\"]","PurposeSocial networking sites have become breeding grounds for the spread of fake news and misinformation. At the height of the Covid-19 pandemic, the spread of fake news intensified, causing complications for health communicators by drowning authentic information from verifiable official sources. Looking at the impact of this growing phenomenon on people’s attitudes and behaviour during the pandemic, research in the area must be populated to help governments, supranational organisations, non-governmental organisations as well as civil society organisations to formulate policies to curb the menace. This study was therefore undertaken to unravel current gaps and future research avenues to empower academia in achieving the desired scholarly impact.Design/methodology/approachThe study adopted the systematic review approach, relying on 56 peer-reviewed articles on social media, fake news and misinformation in the Covid-19 pandemic.FindingsThe study found that the use of social media during the height of the pandemic led to unhelpful information creation and sharing behaviours such that people’s self-awareness reduced drastically, thereby impeding the fight against the pandemic. The study also established that Entertainment motives, Ignorance and Altruism motives were the dominant factors that influenced the spread of fake news. There was evidence of the marginalization of research on the subject matter from contexts such as Africa, South America and Oceania.Originality/valueThis study has established existing gaps in issues and evidence, methodology, theory and context and consequently discussed future research avenues for social media use and the spread of fake news. The study has also provided practical implications for both governmental and non-governmental organisations in curbing the phenomenon of fake news and misinformation.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/OIR-07-2022-0366.","Online Information Review",null,"Online information review (Print)",57,0,null,"2024-09-16T00:00:00","ba99cf13bd61afce961815f5e1ab4d1c9d7d89df"], [37931,"Using a signal detection approach to understand the impacts of processing fluency and efficacy on accuracy in misinformation detection","[\"Kara S. Fort\", \"Hillary C. Shulman\"]","This experiment (N = 1,019) examined how a state of processing fluency, induced through either an easy or difficult task (reading a simple vs. complex message or recalling few vs. many examples) impacted participants’ ability to subsequently detect misinformation. The results revealed that, as intended, easier tasks led to higher reports of processing fluency. In turn, increased processing fluency was positively associated with internal efficacy. Finally, internal efficacy was positively related to misinformation detection using a signal detection task. This work suggests that feelings of ease while processing information can promote confidence and a more discerning style of information processing. Given the proliferation of misinformation online, an understanding of how metacognitions – like processing fluency – can disrupt the tacit acceptance of information carries important democratic and normative implications.","Frontiers in Psychology",null,"Frontiers in Psychology",52,0,null,"2024-09-16T00:00:00","799c40fa2efa51c55c60f4c234a568cf686dc21f"], [37932,"'Debunk-It-Yourself': Health Professionals Strategies for Responding to Misinformation on TikTok","[\"Filipo Sharevski\", \"J. Loop\", \"Peter Jachim\", \"Amy Devine\", \"Sanchari Das\"]",null,"{\"pages\": \"35-55\"}",null,"New Security Paradigms Workshop",53,0,null,"2024-09-16T00:00:00","5b7b90830d671db8000e5af8feef93225bb0c4fd"], [37933,"LOOM: a Privacy-Preserving Linguistic Observatory of Online Misinformation","[\"J\\u00e9r\\u00e9mie Clos\", \"Emma Mcclaughlin\", \"Pepita Barnard\", \"Tino Tom\", \"Sudarshan Yajaman\"]",null,"{\"pages\": \"11:1-11:9\"}",null,"TAS",17,0,null,"2024-09-16T00:00:00","e66e04a1676b63494d9b9e8d9f096231f9bd31be"], [37934,"When crayfish make news, headlines are correct but still misleading","[\"Z. Faulkes\"]","Crayfish are well known to many but not often newsworthy, so cases where crayfish are covered in international news provide an example of how science journalism covers a news story about basic research. Headlines have a disproportionately large influence on people’s factual knowledge and perceptions of stories covered in media. I tracked online media coverage of one scientific paper involving marbled crayfish and analyzed the headlines used by the articles. Articles were framed as “news,” but almost no headlines contained “new” facts that first appeared in the target scientific paper. The fact that appeared in the most headlines (that marbled crayfish reproduce by cloning) was over a decade old. Headlines misled readers into thinking a “breakthrough” was made by one team, rather than showing incremental advances by many teams of researchers over years.","bioRxiv",null,"bioRxiv",1,0,null,"2024-09-16T00:00:00","fea43473389c27e18ca722d5057aead4e0b58243"], [37935,"Knowledge can wait? The epistemic conversion of new beat reporters","[\"Tal Mishaly\", \"Zvi Reich\"]","This study shows how, during the turbulent period of their initial months on the job, new beat reporters experience a shift in their basic approach to knowledge. This new epistemic approach encompasses two interconnected shifts: From seeing self-knowledge as a necessity to reliance on sources’ knowledge, and from prioritizing content knowledge to prioritizing journalistic knowledge. Findings suggest that reporting without knowledge isn’t a bug, but rather a major feature of news reporting; that at least during reporters’ first years, the main epistemic challenge is reporting despite the lack of beat knowledge; and that the foundations of source-reporter relations are laid down when the latter are at their weakest point in terms of power and knowledge, enabling sources’ to gain a dominant position in shaping the reported realities.","Journalism",null,"Journalism",43,0,null,"2024-09-16T00:00:00","a6e3c1b9cdfb6de4ac03a8f8ae56883bc5e1e109"], [37936,"SPMIS: An Investigation of Synthetic Spoken Misinformation Detection","[\"Peizhuo Liu\", \"Li Wang\", \"Renqiang He\", \"Haorui He\", \"Lei Wang\", \"Huadi Zheng\", \"Jie Shi\", \"Tong Xiao\", \"Zhizheng Wu\"]","In recent years, speech generation technology has advanced rapidly, fueled by generative models and large-scale training techniques. While these developments have enabled the production of high-quality synthetic speech, they have also raised concerns about the misuse of this technology, particularly for generating synthetic misinformation. Current research primarily focuses on distinguishing machine-generated speech from human-produced speech, but the more urgent challenge is detecting misinformation within spoken content. This task requires a thorough analysis of factors such as speaker identity, topic, and synthesis. To address this need, we conduct an initial investigation into synthetic spoken misinformation detection by introducing an open-source dataset, SpMis. SpMis includes speech synthesized from over 1,000 speakers across five common topics, utilizing state-of-the-art text-to-speech systems. Although our results show promising detection capabilities, they also reveal substantial challenges for practical implementation, underscoring the importance of ongoing research in this critical area.","2024 IEEE Spoken Language Technology Workshop (SLT)",null,"Spoken Language Technology Workshop",33,1,"An initial investigation into synthetic spoken misinformation detection is conducted by introducing an open-source dataset, SpMis, which includes speech synthesized from over 1,000 speakers across five common topics, utilizing state-of-the-art text-to-speech systems.","2024-09-17T00:00:00","b3038e906fd2bf787f1e544b0110fea42c55e1a3"], [37937,"Misinformation, Narratives, and Intergroup Attitudes Evidence from India","[\"Ursula Daxecker\", \"Hanne Fjelde\", \"Neeraj Prasad\"]",null,"The Journal of Politics",null,"Journal of Politics",29,0,null,"2024-09-17T00:00:00","e3a6cd3f9c85ddb1197d127c895124c8b1eabdb2"], [37938,"Science v. Fiction: Gen Z’s Skepticism of Disinformation Used to Justify Anti-Trans Legislation in the USA","[\"Holger B. Elischberger\"]",null,"Sexuality Research and Social Policy",null,"Sexuality Research & Social Policy",97,1,null,"2024-09-17T00:00:00","32c221f3ca4e8db20bfa970c95518dcd69057770"], [37939,"The Immortality of Hatred and Revenge: The Interconnections of Censorship, Disinformation, and Cultural Erasure in the Book Bans Targeting Marginalized Populations","[\"Paul T. Jaeger\"]",null,"The Library Quarterly",null,"Library quarterly",0,0,null,"2024-09-17T00:00:00","f905c7b01d2238b65746239fda659a265896cf6c"], [37940,"Fluid intelligence but not need for cognition is associated with attitude change in response to the correction of misinformation","[\"Fabian Hutmacher\", \"Markus Appel\", \"Benjamin Sch\\u00e4tzlein\", \"C. Mengelkamp\"]",null,"Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications",null,"Cognitive Research",60,0,null,"2024-09-18T00:00:00","17ffa44777d5d140f39fbe4f3b7260ad2db05e44"], [37941,"Making memories: The gestural misinformation effect in children aged 11-16-years-old with intellectual/developmental difficulties.","[\"Kirsty L. Johnstone\", \"Mark Blades\", \"Chris Martin\"]",null,"Research in developmental disabilities",null,"Research in Developmental Disabilities",55,1,null,"2024-09-18T00:00:00","efcb4d9f80ba12c67db0e04bfdca06d8610af2e5"], [37942,"The struggle against post-truth politics has always been about white supremacy: Lessons from the informational praxis of SNCC","[\"Joshua F. J. Inwood\", \"Derek H. Alderman\"]","Exacerbated but by no means invented by President Donald Trump, post-truth politics are defined as a disregard for facts in political discourse and policymaking. The post-truth era is dominated by two forms of informational praxis: misinformation and disinformation. Through the archival record of civil rights organizations, we argue we should not see the present era of post-truth politics as new but instead see it as part of a more prolonged struggle over white supremacy and the broader effort to contain challenges to the US economic and racial order. By contextualizing the geography of post-truth politics, the strategies and tactics civil rights groups use to counter white supremacist lies are important to understand, especially in an era where social media can spread lies and disinformation at lightning-quick speed. Thus, we also explore how civil rights organizations challenged disinformation and the control and suppression of information perpetuated by those in power.","Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space",null,"Environment and Planning C Politics and Space",39,0,null,"2024-09-18T00:00:00","65af2f5bdf66fb9bd9a6892873d00bb320c0156b"], [37943,"The European response to Russian disinformation in the context of the war in Ukraine","[\"Judit Bayer\"]","Disinformation and propaganda directed at foreign countries is an important tool in Russia's geopolitical power ambitions, including its war against Ukraine. The European Union and individual nation states, both inside and outside the Union, have developed complex responses to this multifaceted phenomenon. This article focuses on just one of them: the EU embargo on the RT television channel. It will review media analyses of RT, some of the legal action taken against it, and analyse the background and rationale behind the EU's blocking regulation. It points out that, while international media law literature has examined the issue from the perspective of freedom of expression, the European Union has treated the channel as a political weapon. The article argues that democracies need to take decisive action to defend their structures, and that this may require unconventional measures in times of disruption to the international order.","Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies",null,"Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies",19,0,null,"2024-09-18T00:00:00","3cf6f9e2ee9bb437d753a5a067316cbe7d1250d8"], [37944,"Machine Credibility: How News Readers Evaluate Ai-generated Content","[\"Alex Wasdahl\"]","The advent of AI-generated news as a novel form of content demands renewed attention toward modes of understanding reader perceptions. This research sought to answer: What evaluative criteria do readers use to perceive automated news content? To answer this, the study employed a two-phase survey methodology designed to elicit reader perceptions of AI-generated news. Phase 1 yielded 26 dynamic descriptor words and reflected broad social perceptions of AI. In Phase 2, a series of exploratory factor analyses (EFA) was conducted on results of a survey using the 26 items obtained in phase 1 to uncover underlying factors contributing to differences in how readers ranked articles based on the aforementioned descriptor words. In both phases, readers were informed at the beginning of the survey that the articles were generated using AI. The first set of exploratory factor analysis results were obtained using varimax rotation, which revealed five salient factors underlying the 26 descriptors labeled Quality, Engagement, Alienation, Effort, and Coherence. The second exploratory factor analysis used oblimin rotation, which contrastingly revealed nine salient factors, which were labeled Credibility, Prolixity, Engagement, Substance, Clarity, Alienation, Complexity, Effort, and Neutrality. When compared with the results of factor analyses for human-generated news content, the findings offer new constellations of terms that reflect the dimensions that readers attend to in articles attributed to artificial intelligence.","InterActions: UCLA Journal of Education and Information Studies",null,"InterActions: UCLA Journal of Education and Information Studies",0,0,"The study employed a two-phase survey methodology designed to elicit reader perceptions of AI-generated news, which offered new constellations of terms that reflect the dimensions that readers attend to in articles attributed to artificial intelligence.","2024-09-18T00:00:00","18063cab87a8ce9db82979f673794a9c475f4911"], [37945,"Media Credibility and Voter Penalization of Corrupt Politicians in Latin America","[\"Carmen van Klaveren\", \"S. Murshed\", \"Elissaios Papyrakis\"]","\n There has been a significant growth of social media as a means to inform oneself about politics. This article explores the consequences of this trend on the credibility audiences attribute to news exposing corrupt politicians and on their willingness to penalize the exposed politicians in elections. The study focuses on ten Latin American cities and employs a randomized control trial using experimental data embedded in a survey. Through this method, credibility and penalization levels are compared between state communications, newspapers, named journalists on social media, and anonymous journalists on social media. The article’s key findings demonstrate that corruption reports published on social media are deemed less credible than those published by state auditors and newspapers. This effect is exacerbated when the source of the report is anonymous. In addition, reports on corruption published on social media by anonymous sources have a negative effect on voter penalization of corrupt politicians.","Latin American Politics and Society",null,"Latin American Politics and Society",0,0,null,"2024-09-18T00:00:00","bceff09a7cd4f996a7006eb389ecfc13e61badd7"], [37946,"I assume others are influenced by health misinformation on social media: examining the underlying process of intentions to combat health misinformation","[\"Chen Luo\", \"Han Zheng\", \"Yulong Tang\", \"Xiaoya Yang\"]","PurposeThe mounting health misinformation on social media triggers heated discussions about how to address it. Anchored by the influence of presumed influence (IPI) model, this study investigates the underlying process of intentions to combat health misinformation. Specifically, we analyzed how presumed exposure of others and presumed influence on others affect intentions to practice pre-emptive and reactive misinformation countering strategies.Design/methodology/approachCovariance-based structural equation modeling based on survey data from 690 Chinese participants was performed using the “lavaan” package in R to examine the proposed mechanism.FindingsPersonal attention to health information on social media is positively associated with presumed others’ attention to the same information, which, in turn, is related to an increased perception of health misinformation’s influence on others. The presumed influence is further positively tied to two pre-emptive countermeasures (i.e. support for media literacy interventions and institutional verification intention) and one reactive countermeasure (i.e. misinformation correction intention). However, the relationship between presumed influence and support for governmental restrictions, as another reactive countering method, is not significant.Originality/valueThis study supplements the misinformation countering literature by examining IPI’s tenability in explaining why individuals engage in combating misinformation. Both pre-emptive and reactive strategies were considered, enabling a panoramic view of the motivators of misinformation countering compared to previous studies. Our findings also inform the necessity of adopting a context-specific perspective and crafting other-oriented messages to motivate users’ initiative in implementing corrective actions.","Online Information Review",null,"Online information review (Print)",67,1,null,"2024-09-19T00:00:00","9ae8c778f5883888a7c3cbaedb428fd501929082"], [37947,"Don't be Fooled: The Misinformation Effect of Explanations in Human-AI Collaboration","[\"Philipp Spitzer\", \"Joshua Holstein\", \"Katelyn Morrison\", \"Kenneth Holstein\", \"G. Satzger\", \"Niklas K\\u00fchl\"]","Across various applications, humans increasingly use black-box artificial intelligence (AI) systems without insight into these systems' reasoning. To counter this opacity, explainable AI (XAI) methods promise enhanced transparency and interpretability. While recent studies have explored how XAI affects human-AI collaboration, few have examined the potential pitfalls caused by incorrect explanations. The implications for humans can be far-reaching but have not been explored extensively. To investigate this, we ran a study (n=160) on AI-assisted decision-making in which humans were supported by XAI. Our findings reveal a misinformation effect when incorrect explanations accompany correct AI advice with implications post-collaboration. This effect causes humans to infer flawed reasoning strategies, hindering task execution and demonstrating impaired procedural knowledge. Additionally, incorrect explanations compromise human-AI team-performance during collaboration. With our work, we contribute to HCI by providing empirical evidence for the negative consequences of incorrect explanations on humans post-collaboration and outlining guidelines for designers of AI.","ArXiv",null,"arXiv.org",101,0,"The findings reveal a misinformation effect when incorrect explanations accompany correct AI advice with implications post-collaboration, which causes humans to infer flawed reasoning strategies, hindering task execution and demonstrating impaired procedural knowledge.","2024-09-19T00:00:00","41fd2c500ac2a55f2688ac3dbca890c27a3f4c94"], [37948,"Combating Repeated Lies: The Impact of Fact-Checking on Persistent Falsehoods by Politicians","[\"Irene Larraz\", \"Ram\\u00f3n Salaverr\\u00eda\", \"Javier Serrano-Puche\"]","The rise of repeated false claims within political discourse is undermining fact-checking efforts. By reiterating similar statements that perpetuate previous falsehoods, political actors shift from misinformation to deliberate disinformation and even propagandistic tactics. Through an analysis of 1,204 political fact-checks conducted by the Spanish fact-checking organization Newtral, this study quantifies and characterizes the prevalence of repeated false claims in political discourse, revealing that a substantial 24.8% of false statements are repeated, with each being repeated an average of four times. By delving into the nature and types of claims most susceptible to recurrence, the study identifies five primary patterns employed by political actors: nuanced variations, data manipulation, multilateral attacks, discourse qualification, and cumulative repetition. These tactics blur the lines between deception and self-correction. The annotated database of these repeated false statements can serve as a valuable resource for exploratory qualitative analysis as well as claim-matching research in automated fact-checking.","Media and Communication",null,"Media and Communication",63,0,null,"2024-09-19T00:00:00","edab2e920ecd94c447a583f4184c6ee65e5a112b"], [37949,"ERP Correlates of the Semantic Violations in the Deepfakes Containing Disinformation Regarding COVID-19: Pilot Study","[\"Eliana Monahhova\", \"Alexandra Morozova\", \"Julia Gorodnicheva\", \"O. Zinchenko\", \"Victoria Moiseeva\", \"V. Klucharev\"]","The current study examined behavioral and electrophysiological responses to attitude-consistent and attitude-inconsistent auditory deepfakes on COVID-19 vaccination topic. Deepfakes portrayed Russian media- influencers (two speaker types: a prominent medical doctor and COVID-dissident), broadcasting statements opposite to their public opinion. We hypothesized that people would evaluate the trust-associated statements higher to deepfake aligning with their internal attitudes. We employed electroencephalography (EEG) to record participants' brain responses, expecting the N400-like amplitude to be more negative when hearing a manipulated audio recording (deepfake) mismatching their internal attitudes and the speaker's public opinion on the topic. Overall, 29 participants performed a pilot study: they listened to deepfakes, rated their level of agreement to trust-related statements for each recording and completed questionnaires on analytical thinking, need for cognition and tendency to conform to others. The behavioral results suggested that trust-related statements were affected by need for cognition score and speaker type. As for the EEG results, the pro-vaccination group demonstrated a delayed N400-like response to the COVID- dissident's statements mismatching her public opinion, while anti-vaccination group demonstrated a similar N400-like response to the medical doctor's deepfakes statements mismatching his public opinion, reflecting unexpected, but attitude-supportive information.","2024 Sixth International Conference Neurotechnologies and Neurointerfaces (CNN)",null,"2024 Sixth International Conference Neurotechnologies and Neurointerfaces (CNN)",9,0,null,"2024-09-19T00:00:00","c97edb06c802935228a4a3e063d98dce8a388a40"], [37950,"Disinformation campaign of the Russian Federation during the annexation of the Crimea and Donbas","[\"O. Lysenko\", \"O. Maievskyi\"]",null,"Pages of Military History of Ukraine",null,"Pages of Military History of Ukraine",0,0,null,"2024-09-19T00:00:00","082bfcd2b2c5a07b8d2baa698d181e51f7cccbea"], [37951,"Event-Related Potentials in Response to Fake News Correction: Pilot Study","[\"Alexandra Morozova\", \"Eliana Monahhova\", \"Julia Gorodnicheva\", \"O. Zinchenko\", \"A. Shestakova\", \"V. Klucharev\"]","Fake news has become a serious problem with the development of the Internet and social networks. Due to their rapid spread and influence on people's opinions and decision-making, the need to combat media fakes become evident. This pilot study investigated behavioral and neuropsychological responses to fake news corrections that indicate the presence of the fake. We used medical- and healthcare-related news headlines, both fake and accurate, and employed a short-format debunking correction (Truth/Fake) from authoritative and non-authoritative medical sources. 22 participants took part in the pilot study, assessing their trust in news headlines and the willingness to share them with others before and after the correction, while the electroencephalography (EEG) data were recorded. We hypothesized that the trust in the news and the willingness to share them would increase after the Truth-correction (indicating that the statement is correct) from the authoritative source, and would decrease after the Fake- correction (indicating that the statement is false) from the same source. On the neuropsychological level we assumed that the correction would elicit the Feedback-Related Negativity (FRN), and its amplitude would be larger in response to the Fake-correction, than to the Truth- correction, and would correlate with the magnitude of an individual opinion change. The results showed the significant effect of the corrections on the trust in headlines and willingness to share them. Authoritative Truth-corrections increased trust and willingness to share, while authoritative Fake-corrections decreased trust and willingness to share headlines. The EEG data showed the FRN/ P600 responses to the corrections. However, no significant differences between the FRN amplitudes across experimental conditions were found, and the component only correlated with the magnitude of willingness to share changes.","2024 Sixth International Conference Neurotechnologies and Neurointerfaces (CNN)",null,"2024 Sixth International Conference Neurotechnologies and Neurointerfaces (CNN)",15,0,null,"2024-09-19T00:00:00","b90f8e519d62d913b825dd1288244fc9b7dc3327"], [37952,"Malicious Participants and Fake Task Detection Incorporating Gaussian Bias","[\"Jian Wang\", \"Delei Zhao\", \"Guo-sheng Zhao\"]","Mobile crowdsensing (MCS) is a combination of crowdsourcing ideas and mobile sensing devices, designed to enable rational allocation of resources at scale. However, the MCS platform is highly vulnerable to injection attacks from malicious participants and fake tasks that interfere with platform service capabilities and sensing activities. To this end, the participant and task submission process is modeled as a multivariate time series, and a detection model for malicious participants and fake tasks (MP-FTD) with a Gaussian prior on the attentional mechanism and a two-stage adversarial training process is proposed. The attention mechanism was corrected using Gaussian bias, and then the corrected attention mechanism was used to obtain the correlation discrepancies between the data. Using the adversarial training method of Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN), the output of the correlation discrepancy reconstruction phase is transformed into a focus score, to amplify the reconstruction error in the output of the focus score reconstruction phase, and to improve the differentiation between the injected data and normal data of malicious attackers. The detection of these malicious attackers will effectively improve the robustness of the sensing platform. Experiments on six real-world datasets showed that the average F1-score reached 93.44%, outperforming the current baseline method, and resulting in an average 12.07% improvement in participant assignment accuracy and an average 12.25% improvement in task assignment accuracy in task assignment experiments.","ACM Trans. Internet Techn.",null,"ACM Trans. Internet Techn.",5,3,"Experiments showed that the average F1-score reached 93.44%, outperforming the current baseline method, and resulting in an average 12.07% improvement in participant assignment accuracy and an average 12.25% improvement in task assignment accuracy in task assignment experiments.","2024-09-19T00:00:00","3ed1d85cb2bf28a6201802cd762aa2c3c1f6def5"], [37953,"What Comes After the Algorithm? An Investigation of Journalists’ Post-editing of Automated News Text","[\"Sina Th\\u00e4sler-Kordonouri\"]",null,"Journalism Practice",null,"Journalism Practice",37,0,null,"2024-09-19T00:00:00","12e872e668fc92572888671293a5c04f5f1f7cb3"], [37954,"Combating Disinformation With News Literacy Interventions: An Experimental Study on the Framing Effects of News Literacy Messages","[\"Patrick F. A. van Erkel\", \"Peter van Aelst\", \"Joren Van Nieuwenborgh\", \"Claes H. de Vreese\", \"M. Hameleers\", \"D. Hopmann\"]","Despite increasing academic attention, several questions about news literacy messages (NLM) remain unanswered. First, it remains unclear how differences in the framing of the NLMs may influence their effectiveness. Second, we still know little about how NLMs work and, in particular, whether people also adopt the recommendations they are given. To answer these questions, this study conducts an experiment in the Netherlands and Belgium, where we manipulate the frames of the NLM, comparing interventions using a “fake news” frame with those using a “reliable news” frame or a mix of the two. We also manipulate elements in the false news article that participants have to evaluate afterwards. Our findings show that all three types of NLMs are effective in making people resilient to misinformation, without resulting in a general decrease in trust in accurate news (=spill-over effect). In particular, news literacy media messages with a “mixed” frame are effective, as they make people critical toward false news articles, and also result in a higher perceived accuracy of accurate news articles. Additionally, the findings provide suggestive evidence that NLMs work, at least partly, because participants also adopt (some) of the recommendations being given.","The International Journal of Press/Politics",null,"The International Journal of Press/Politics",24,0,null,"2024-09-20T00:00:00","f7f66146922693902774b59c22f0ffef723cfc14"], [37955,"The economic consequences of misinformation an analysis of the impact of fake news on stock market volatility during the covid19 pandemic| International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology","[\"Oluwasegun Olakoyenikan\"]","This paper examines the economic consequences of misinformation on stock market volatility during the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting how false information significantly disrupted financial markets. The analysis explores specific high-profile cases where misinformation about vaccines, lockdowns, and treatments led to increased market volatility, panic selling, and shifts in investor behaviour. The study delves into the effects on major indices such as the S&P 500 and Dow Jones, revealing the substantial financial losses experienced by retail and institutional investors. It also discusses the regulatory and institutional responses from financial authorities and social media platforms, as well as the challenges they face in curbing misinformation’s rapid spread. The paper concludes with recommendations for enhancing market resilience, emphasising the importance of media literacy, robust fact-checking, and proactive regulatory frameworks to mitigate the impact of misinformation in future crises. This study underscores the ongoing need for vigilant market practices and improved information governance to maintain economic stability.","International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology (IJISRT)",null,"International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology",114,86,null,"2024-09-21T00:00:00","2c32dc4df96f305911d15ff4a6f76d3466745ccc"], [37956,"Effects of AI-Generated Misinformation and Disinformation on the Economy","[\"Zeynep Kara\\u015f\"]","This study investigates the potential consequences of AI-driven misinformation/disinformation on the economy, which the World Economic Forum has identified as the most significant threat to global stability in the near term. To determine the effects of false and/or fake information on the economy, qualitative research method which involves collecting and analyzing information that is rich in detail, context, and meaning was preferred within the framework of this study, and the following inferences and conclusions were drawn regarding the potential implications and consequences of AI-generated mis/disinformation. Mis/disinformation can severely damage consumer trust, leading to reduced revenue and tarnished reputations for businesses. Fake news and reviews can harm consumers by influencing their decisions and can damage brands, resulting in crisis management efforts and decreased consumer loyalty. In financial markets, dis/misinformation can create divergent opinions among investors, leading to market volatility. Within supply chains, the spread of false information can disrupt operations and have significant economic consequences. AI-driven disinformation can pose additional risks, potentially affecting political stability and economic policies. As AI technology advances, countries are implementing stricter regulations, such as the EU AI Act, which may increase compliance costs, particularly for smaller businesses. This study can be considered important as it aims to contribute to a growing awareness of the complex and multifaceted nature of the impact of AI on the economy by investigating the potential negative effects of AI.","Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi",null,"Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi",27,0,null,"2024-09-21T00:00:00","b7bcd9539d86f02603f3a3f09e9fbe19a87d19c9"], [37957,"Public Service Media and Platformization: What Role Does EU Regulation Play?","[\"Marius Dragomir\", \"Marta Rodr\\u00edguez Castro\", \"Minna Aslama Horowitz\"]","Conceived as institutions funded by the public purse and intended to exist devoid of political influence, the mandate of public service media (PSM) entities is to disseminate reliable news content and high-quality audiovisual productions to all demographic segments, inclusive of marginalized communities and audiences that are typically under-served. Over the previous ten years, the rise in prominence of global platforms in national media systems has precipitated many changes in the media sector, including unique challenges for PSM institutions guided by specific public service values. Using a holistic conceptual framework for assessing the implementation of these values, this article analyzes the impact of platformization on Europe’s PSM and discusses how the Union’s policy approaches affect related challenges to PSM. The analysis indicates that while the European Union (EU) has accorded a high priority to PSM within its media policy framework, the role that Brussels plays in protecting the independence and efficacy of PSM has been circumscribed, given that the onus of regulating PSM entities rests with national governments. This has engendered contrasting experiences wherein certain PSM outlets enjoy political independence and command significant public trust while others function as state-controlled propaganda vehicles, advancing the objectives and interests of governing bodies. The EU has addressed global platform power in recent attempts to safeguard its digital future, including the Digital Services Act (DSA), Digital Markets Act (DMA), and the European Media Freedom Act (EMFA). However, these acts do not adequately address PSM’s two central and often interconnected problems: funding challenges and political pressures.","Journalism and Media",null,"Journalism and Media",43,1,null,"2024-09-21T00:00:00","3405b33865e0819d61ec70d8daef179f0cda2e64"], [37958,"Fake news and disinformation as a challenge for modern media education","[\"Jakub Czopek\"]","Celem artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi na konieczność wprowadzenia do programów z zakresu edukacji medialnej treści poświęconych fake newsom oraz przejawom dezinformacji.Artykuł w oparciu o przegląd literatury przybliża zmiany, jakim w ostatnich latach z coraz większym nasileniem ulega mediosfera, będąca coraz mocniej nasycona informacjami o niskiej jakości. Stawia to przed edukatorami konieczność zaktualizowania programów edukacji medialnej o treści z zakresu radzenia sobie z takim środowiskiem informacyjnym.Artykuł wskazuje podstawowe kwestie i pojęcia z zakresu przeciwdziałania dezinformacji, jakie powinny być bazą do przygotowania programów edukacyjnych z zakresu nowoczesnej edukacji medialnej, przygotowującej swoich odbiorców na wyzwania związane z rozwojem współczesnej mediosfery.Jako formę rekomendacji zaproponowano trzy grupy takich treści: kompetencje związane ze znajomością konkretnych narzędzi, umiejętność krytycznego myślenia oraz świadomość konieczności ciągłego aktualizowania swojej wiedzy, a także kilka metod, jakie mogą być wykorzystane przez edukatorów zajmujących się tą tematyką.","Journal of Modern Science",null,"Journal of Modern Science",10,0,null,"2024-09-22T00:00:00","1b779112a8ce4b31c2be335b4cfa7de6dc78fe50"], [37959,"Moving Beyond “Facts Are Facts”: Managing Emotions and Legitimacy After a Fake News Attack","[\"Marie Joachim\", \"Itziar Castell\\u00f3\", \"Glenn Parry\"]","Drawing upon case study research investigating the Irish Health Service Executive’s (HSE) response to a fake news attack on their human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination campaign, we argue that responses to fake news should be analyzed from a legitimacy perspective. A model for emotional legitimacy management is proposed in which the HSE and a third-party collaborate to (a) connect with the emotional aspects of the issue; (b) leverage emotions to build vicarious legitimacy; (c) transfer the third-party’s legitimacy to the HSE; and (d) emotionally activate the public. This study contributes to fake news and legitimacy management by moving beyond fact-checking and debunking strategies. We suggest a framework centered on legitimacy in which emotions are used to counteract fake news. Finally, we emphasize the importance of third-party vicarious legitimacy building and the transfer of this legitimacy to the organization.","Business & Society",null,"Business & Society",66,0,null,"2024-09-22T00:00:00","feca71c30441aeabcff16c041df4305690153d8e"], [37960,"Role of Social Media Fake News in Directing Voting Behavior: A case study on the 2020 U.S Presidential Elections","[\"Sofia Zohir Moustafa Kamel\", \"Nermine Al Azrak\", \"Nour El-Naggar\"]",null,"المجلة المصرية لبحوث الاتصال الجماهيري",null,"المجلة المصرية لبحوث الاتصال الجماهيري",0,0,null,"2024-09-22T00:00:00","c3312fbe9bd878772d5e004c01fd5a1650dc7e3a"], [37961,"Correcting misinformation about the Russia-Ukraine War reduces false beliefs but does not change views about the War","[\"Ethan Porter\", \"R. B. Scott\", \"Thomas J Wood\", \"Raushan Zhandayeva\"]","We report results from simultaneous experiments conducted in late 2022 in Belarus, Estonia, Kazakhstan, Russia and Ukraine. The experiments focus on fact-checking misinformation supportive of Russia in the Russia-Ukraine War. Meta-analysis makes clear that fact-checking misinformation reduces belief in pro-Kremlin false claims. Effects of fact-checks are not uniform across countries; our meta-analytic estimate is reliant on belief accuracy increases observed in Russia and Ukraine. While fact-checks improve belief accuracy, they do not change respondents’ attitudes about which side to support in the War. War does not render individuals hopelessly vulnerable to misinformation—but fact-checking misinformation is unlikely to change their views toward the conflict.","PLOS ONE",null,"PLoS ONE",48,0,null,"2024-09-23T00:00:00","fe791dae4b251ca2c255408a9cd597aec60e8346"], [37962,"Evaluating AI’s Role in Combating Fake News in India: A Study","[\"Aahana B Chopra\", \"Kuhu Verma\", \"Pihu Arora\"]","This research examines AI’s role in addressing fake news in India’s digital landscape, employing a mixed-method approach. Phase 1 involves a survey among 20-40-year-olds, revealing limited awareness of fact-checking resources and AI tools, with most relying on internet news sources. Concerns about AI’s impact on news fairness are raised despite support for regulations. Expert interviews, including insights from Dr. Archana Kumari (Assistant Professor, JNU) emphasises defining fake news precisely and enhancing journalism with AI, suggesting governments leverage AI to combat misinformation. The study concludes by advocating for a nuanced understanding of AI’s potential in digital journalism, presenting advantages, disadvantages, and solutions, thereby contributing to a comprehensive discourse on AI and fake news within India.","Journal of Communication and Management",null,"Journal of Communication and Management",0,0,"This research examines AI’s role in addressing fake news in India’s digital landscape, employing a mixed-method approach and advocating for a nuanced understanding of AI’s potential in digital journalism, presenting advantages, disadvantages, and solutions thereby contributing to a comprehensive discourse on AI and fake news within India.","2024-09-23T00:00:00","9eac31fdcf22ea1f77e337bef0eff4b5eb7e8ede"], [37963,"A pandemic of COVID-19 mis- and disinformation: manual and automatic topic analysis of the literature","[\"Abdi D Wakene\", \"Lauren N. Cooper\", \"John J Hanna\", \"T. Perl\", \"Christoph U. Lehmann\", \"R. Medford\"]","Objective: Social media’s arrival eased the sharing of mis- and disinformation. False information proved challenging throughout the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic with many clinicians and researchers analyzing the “infodemic.” We systemically reviewed and synthesized COVID-19 mis- and disinformation literature, identifying the prevalence and content of false information and exploring mitigation and prevention strategies. Design: We identified and analyzed publications on COVID-19-related mis- and disinformation published from March 1, 2020, to December 31, 2022, in PubMed. We performed a manual topic review of the abstracts along with automated topic modeling to organize and compare the different themes. We also conducted sentiment (ranked −3 to +3) and emotion analysis (rated as predominately happy, sad, angry, surprised, or fearful) of the abstracts. Results: We reviewed 868 peer-reviewed scientific publications of which 639 (74%) had abstracts available for automatic topic modeling and sentiment analysis. More than a third of publications described mitigation and prevention-related issues. The mean sentiment score for the publications was 0.685, and 56% of studies had a negative sentiment (fear and sadness as the most common emotions). Conclusions: Our comprehensive analysis reveals a significant proliferation of dis- and misinformation research during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our study illustrates the pivotal role of social media in amplifying false information. Research into the infodemic was characterized by negative sentiments. Combining manual and automated topic modeling provided a nuanced understanding of the complexities of COVID-19-related misinformation, highlighting themes such as the source and effect of misinformation, and strategies for mitigation and prevention.","Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology : ASHE",null,"Antimicrobial Stewardship and Healthcare Epidemiology",22,0,"A comprehensive analysis of COVID-19 mis- and misinformation research reveals a significant proliferation of dis- and misinformation research during the COVID-19 pandemic, illustrating the pivotal role of social media in amplifying false information.","2024-09-23T00:00:00","8afbff4d43bca441959465057b79c8d378cc5eb3"], [37964,"LlamaPartialSpoof: An LLM-Driven Fake Speech Dataset Simulating Disinformation Generation","[\"Hieu-Thi Luong\", \"Haoyang Li\", \"Lin Zhang\", \"Kong Aik Lee\", \"Chng Eng Siong\"]","Previous fake speech datasets were constructed from a defender's perspective to develop countermeasure (CM) systems without considering diverse motivations of attackers. To better align with real-life scenarios, we created LlamaPartialSpoof, a 130-hour dataset that contains both fully and partially fake speech, using a large language model (LLM) and voice cloning technologies to evaluate the robustness of CMs. By examining valuable information for both attackers and defenders, we identify several key vulnerabilities in current CM systems, which can be exploited to enhance attack success rates, including biases toward certain text-to-speech models or concatenation methods. Our experimental results indicate that the current fake speech detection system struggle to generalize to unseen scenarios, achieving a best performance of 24.49% equal error rate.","ArXiv",null,"arXiv.org",36,0,"By examining valuable information for both attackers and defenders, this work identifies several key vulnerabilities in current CM systems, which can be exploited to enhance attack success rates, including biases toward certain text-to-speech models or concatenation methods.","2024-09-23T00:00:00","8aee3bb8157f9c877734e99a7787c36d4a91e9e9"], [37965,"Unmasking Deception: Strategies to Combat AI-Driven Disinformation.","[\"Brenda K. Wiederhold\"]",null,"Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking",null,"Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking",3,0,null,"2024-09-23T00:00:00","371d32061adc04eab880f15831aa587c2598e588"], [37966,"FMDLlama: Financial Misinformation Detection based on Large Language Models","[\"Zhiwei Liu\", \"Xin Zhang\", \"Kailai Yang\", \"Qianqian Xie\", \"Jimin Huang\", \"Sophia Ananiadou\"]","The emergence of social media has made the spread of misinformation easier. In the financial domain, the accuracy of information is crucial for various aspects of financial market, which has made financial misinformation detection (FMD) an urgent problem that needs to be addressed. Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated outstanding performance in various fields. However, current studies mostly rely on traditional methods and have not explored the application of LLMs in the field of FMD. The main reason is the lack of FMD instruction tuning datasets and evaluation benchmarks. In this paper, we propose FMDLlama, the first open-sourced instruction-following LLMs for FMD task based on fine-tuning Llama3.1 with instruction data, the first multi-task FMD instruction dataset (FMDID) to support LLM instruction tuning, and a comprehensive FMD evaluation benchmark (FMD-B) with classification and explanation generation tasks to test the FMD ability of LLMs. We compare our models with a variety of LLMs on FMD-B, where our model outperforms other open-sourced LLMs as well as OpenAI's products. This project is available at https://github.com/lzw108/FMD.","ArXiv",null,"arXiv.org",24,1,"FMDLlama is proposed, the first open-sourced instruction-following LLMs for FMD task based on fine-tuning Llama3.1, where the model outperforms other open-sourced LLMs as well as OpenAI's products on FMD-B.","2024-09-24T00:00:00","2c737358223ce377bb8be3ad02283af75d865162"], [37967,"Price of Censorship of a Policy Removing Misinformation in a Social Network","[\"Jeremy Petithomme\", \"Corinne Touati\", \"C. Bravard\"]","The proliferation of misinformation on social media has become a significant concern, particularly in the realms of political discourse and public health. Censorship policies have emerged as a solution to limit the spread of misinformation. However, although censorship reduces the proportion of misinformation disseminated, it also creates an implied truth effect which skews the perception of less reliable information. This paper investigates the impact of censorship policies in an online social network model where agents sequentially observe an article and decide whether to share it with others or not. We measure the impact of censorship in the virality of articles containing misinformation and observe that while censorship can effectively reduce the spread of misinformation, it also allows less reliable articles to spread over the network. Specifically, we quantify the “price of censorship”, a variation of the price of anarchy, associated with these censorship policies using a formal model that incorporates agents' beliefs, network structure, and content reliability. Unlike usual frameworks of resources allocation games in commutation networks, we show that the price of censorship is unbounded and we exhibit minimal limit case scenarios.","2024 60th Annual Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing",null,"2024 60th Annual Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing",13,0,null,"2024-09-24T00:00:00","576b3955e9d0132d37bf96aeceaf50c86082ca4c"], [37968,"The Dynamics of Misinformation Sharing: The Mediated Role of News-Finds-Me Perception and the Moderated Role of Partisan Social Identity","[\"Joseph J. Yoo\", \"Thomas J. Johnson\", \"Iv\\u00e1n Lacasa-Mas\"]",null,"Mass Communication and Society",null,"Mass Communication & Society",81,0,null,"2024-09-24T00:00:00","6f9deb45afbfeef8c4c0fab6c1a8db9425f47951"], [37969,"LLM Echo Chamber: personalized and automated disinformation","[\"Tony Ma\"]","Recent advancements have showcased the capabilities of Large Language Models like GPT4 and Llama2 in tasks such as summarization, translation, and content review. However, their widespread use raises concerns, particularly around the potential for LLMs to spread persuasive, humanlike misinformation at scale, which could significantly influence public opinion. This study examines these risks, focusing on LLMs ability to propagate misinformation as factual. To investigate this, we built the LLM Echo Chamber, a controlled digital environment simulating social media chatrooms, where misinformation often spreads. Echo chambers, where individuals only interact with like minded people, further entrench beliefs. By studying malicious bots spreading misinformation in this environment, we can better understand this phenomenon. We reviewed current LLMs, explored misinformation risks, and applied sota finetuning techniques. Using Microsoft phi2 model, finetuned with our custom dataset, we generated harmful content to create the Echo Chamber. This setup, evaluated by GPT4 for persuasiveness and harmfulness, sheds light on the ethical concerns surrounding LLMs and emphasizes the need for stronger safeguards against misinformation.","ArXiv",null,"arXiv.org",25,0,"This study built the LLM Echo Chamber, a controlled digital environment simulating social media chatrooms, where misinformation often spreads, and reviewed current LLMs, explored misinformation risks, and applied sota finetuning techniques.","2024-09-24T00:00:00","0c593336cc1cfc192c2c6a9511decedbd62f5919"], [37970,"Analyzing Sensationalism in News on Twitter (\n X\n ): Clickbait Journalism by Legacy vs. Online-Native Outlets and the Consequences for User Engagement","[\"Salman Khawar\", \"M. Boukes\"]",null,"Digital Journalism",null,"Digital Journalism",53,1,null,"2024-09-24T00:00:00","4534e8ab88c295e70f62769d5f7afd6169b4e65b"], [37971,"The gap between journalists’ and audiences’ perceptions of reporting on diversity","[\"J. Lee\", \"Kieran McGuinness\", \"Sora Park\", \"Janet Fulton\", \"William Lukamto\"]","Research suggests that the relationship between journalism and its audience is changing. As online platforms and various organisations participate in the production of information content audience expectations of what constitute news and who produces it is changing. They often seek various resources to meet their information needs, widening the gap between audiences’ and journalists’ perceptions about the role of news. This paper presents findings from a survey of n = 2266 multicultural audiences and n = 196 journalists in Australia to explore this gap. While audiences and journalists were similar in their views about traditional news values such as accuracy and timeliness, gaps emerged in their perceptions of reporting on issues of diversity. Audiences value the importance of diversity in reporting but journalists may consider it as one of the many competing priorities in their practice.","Journalism",null,"Journalism",33,0,null,"2024-09-24T00:00:00","bd4e48d4cf7d0a9f89d3e1dab6d52de6f9d8a5ed"], [37972,"Why People Accept Mental Health-Related Misinformation: Role of Social Media Metrics in Users’ Information Processing","[\"Shiyi Zhang\", \"Huiyu Zhou\", \"Yimei Zhu\"]","Drawing on dual-process theories, this study aims to investigate the factors associated with social media users’ acceptance of mental health-related misinformation (MHRM). We conducted a case study of Chinese microblogging Weibo on conversations that emerged following a publicised celebrity suicide of South Korean superstar Sulli. This incident sparked an extensive discussion on mental health issues as Sulli was reported to have suffered from depression prior to her death. Whilst previous studies on users’ information acceptance mainly adopted survey methods, our study employs a mixed-method approach (i.e. computational data collection method, content analysis and statistical analysis), which opens up new directions to utilise secondary social media data. We identified MHRM from the discussions on Weibo and labelled the responses to the misinformation as whether they indicate an acceptance of the MHRM. Binary logistic regression was used to examine the associations of receivers’ acceptance of MHRM with its information features (e.g. number of likes) and information sources (e.g. gender). Inconsistent with previous studies, our findings suggest that MHRM is less likely to be accepted when published by male users, underscoring the context-specific nature of heuristic cues. This study also revealed some novel findings, such as MHRM with more pictures or with more words is less likely to be accepted. A theoretical model was proposed based on the findings, which highlights the importance of heuristic cues and individuals’ pre-existing knowledge in information processing.","Social Science Computer Review",null,"Social science computer review",63,1,null,"2024-09-25T00:00:00","8e00196a28dbd5bbb268e43f6fc2e675bfb2e126"], [37973,"Misinformation, Free Speech and Accountability in Health Communications.","[\"Paul E. Terry\"]","Some have argued that nothing less than truth and freedom is on the ballot in the 2024 election. To be sure, fact checking politicians has become a commonplace element of vetting candidates for public service. This editorial reviews trends in the use of media to influence opinions and practices relating to health promotion and disease prevention. Has society been striking the right balance between protecting free speech while also holding individuals and organizations accountable when disinformation they promulgate causes harm? If we are to protect freedom of speech, one of America's hallmarks to democratic governance, health professionals need to develop more innovative and effective methods for curbing misinformation and for countering the ills created by super spreaders of misinformation.","American journal of health promotion : AJHP",null,"American Journal of Health Promotion",1,1,null,"2024-09-25T00:00:00","69856acb46dfc5fdbdb1a2c6cc0a04e1153788b5"], [37974,"Balancing Freedom of Speech and Online Content Regulation","[\"Dr.C K Gomathy\", \"Dr. V. Geetha\", \"Vajjala Vijaysimha\", \"Perumalla Vyshnavi Naga Satya Sreya\"]","In the digital age, the internet serves as a platform where individuals exercise their right to freedom of speech, expressing opinions, sharing information, and engaging in discourse. However, the unrestricted nature of online communication also presents challenges, including the proliferation of harmful content such as hate speech, misinformation, and incitement to violence. This paper explores the complex interplay between freedom of speech and the need for online content regulation from a cyber law and ethics standpoint. It examines the legal frameworks, technological interventions, and ethical considerations involved in striking a balance between protecting freedom of expression and mitigating the harms associated with unregulated online content. By analyzing case studies and policy approaches from around the world, this study aims to provide insights into effective strategies for promoting a safer, more inclusive digital environment while upholding fundamental rights and democratic values. Keywords: freedom of speech, Expressing opinion, online content Regulation.","INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT",null,"INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT",0,0,"Analysis of case studies and policy approaches from around the world aims to provide insights into effective strategies for promoting a safer, more inclusive digital environment while upholding fundamental rights and democratic values.","2024-09-25T00:00:00","1503c42bb2a9d4f9ab642a3b87f075854503d137"], [37975,"Predicting Health Misperceptions: The Role of eHealth Literacy and Situational Perceptions.","[\"A. Krishna\", \"James J. Cummings\", \"Yi Grace Ji\", \"Chao Chris Su\", \"Rosalynn A. Vasquez\", \"Michelle A. Amazeen\"]","This study sought to understand how health misperceptions develop among individuals after exposure to misinformation messages, and how eHealth literacy and situational motivation in problem solving are associated with the negative effects of misinformation exposure. We also sought to understand the differentiated effects of misinformation exposure on the four misinformation-susceptible publics. Results from two studies revealed that situational motivation was positively associated with the formation of misperceptions after misinformation exposure as well as individuals' likelihood of amplifying the misinformation message. However, eHealth literacy does not reduce misperceptions, as had been hypothesized. In fact, eHealth literacy was not significantly associated with misperceptions or with misinformation amplification likelihood. Results also provide support for the typology of misinformation-susceptible publics as misinformation-amplifying publics were the most susceptible to misinformation messages.","Health communication",null,"Health Communication",60,0,"EHealth literacy does not reduce misperceptions, as had been hypothesized, and results provide support for the typology of misinformation-susceptible publics as misinformation-amplifying publics were the most susceptible to misinformation messages.","2024-09-25T00:00:00","02390a17bf7f73d7c6982d076eccb86276f9b1c4"], [37976,"Pandemic and Infodemic: The Role of Social Media in Disinformation Relating to COVID-19 in Italy","[\"M. Agostino\", \"Mariachiara Mammone\", \"S. Ruberto\"]",null,"Forum for Social Economics",null,"Forum for Social Economics",60,0,null,"2024-09-25T00:00:00","46db99611746101d1ba4a9278e76792acdb6f92a"], [37977,"Deceptive Deepfakes: Is the Law Coping with AI-Altered Representations of Ourselves?","[\"C. Jasserand\"]","Deceptive deepfakes are AI-generated hyper-realistic content that harms individuals (e.g. pornographic deepfake content) or society (as disinformation and impersonation tools). The technologies are becoming increasingly sophisticated, making their detection extremely difficult. Deepfakes can impair national and international security, undermine elections, threaten democracy, and challenge justice, but also cause mental distress and reputational damage. What are the regulatory answers to these deceptive deepfakes? As this paper will show, there is no single approach and answer to the topic. Currently, the problem is tackled by existing, albeit non-specific regulations, (e.g. privacy, intellectual property, image rights), and by newly adopted regulations focusing on a specific aspect (deepfakes aimed at manipulating elections or non-consensual pornographic materials). To present an overview of these regulations, the paper compares the approaches of the USA and the EU, including examples of national legislation. Summarizing the findings, the paper shows the laws need to regulate the ecosystem of actors involved in these deceptive contents (from the creators to the distributors and possibly the viewers in case of deepfake child pornography). Beyond the ecosystem, solutions should also focus on individuals who are victims of these deepfakes created without their consent and knowledge. A different approach might be well needed to ensure they can defend their digital self and prevent malicious AI-altered reproductions and use of themselves.","2024 International Conference of the Biometrics Special Interest Group (BIOSIG)",null,"Biometrics and Electronic Signatures",0,0,"The paper shows the laws need to regulate the ecosystem of actors involved in these deceptive contents, from the creators to the distributors and possibly the viewers in case of deepfake child pornography, and compares the approaches of the USA and the EU.","2024-09-25T00:00:00","7bcf6ba13d56035df7a02fcda408ba325d85ad6e"], [37978,"From Deception to Detection: The Dual Roles of Large Language Models in Fake News","[\"Dorsaf Sallami\", \"Yuan-Chen Chang\", \"E. Aimeur\"]","Fake news poses a significant threat to the integrity of information ecosystems and public trust. The advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) holds considerable promise for transforming the battle against fake news. Generally, LLMs represent a double-edged sword in this struggle. One major concern is that LLMs can be readily used to craft and disseminate misleading information on a large scale. This raises the pressing questions: Can LLMs easily generate biased fake news? Do all LLMs have this capability? Conversely, LLMs offer valuable prospects for countering fake news, thanks to their extensive knowledge of the world and robust reasoning capabilities. This leads to other critical inquiries: Can we use LLMs to detect fake news, and do they outperform typical detection models? In this paper, we aim to address these pivotal questions by exploring the performance of various LLMs. Our objective is to explore the capability of various LLMs in effectively combating fake news, marking this as the first investigation to analyze seven such models. Our results reveal that while some models adhere strictly to safety protocols, refusing to generate biased or misleading content, other models can readily produce fake news across a spectrum of biases. Additionally, our results show that larger models generally exhibit superior detection abilities and that LLM-generated fake news are less likely to be detected than human-written ones. Finally, our findings demonstrate that users can benefit from LLM-generated explanations in identifying fake news.","ArXiv",null,"arXiv.org",31,2,"The objective is to explore the capability of various LLMs in effectively combating fake news, marking this as the first investigation to analyze seven such models and revealing that while some models adhere strictly to safety protocols, refusing to generate biased or misleading content, other models can readily produce fake news across a spectrum of biases.","2024-09-25T00:00:00","ce3da8e47b036177880afd5e8c3e7ed568a3cc0c"], [37979,"AI-Powered Approaches to Unmasking Fake News: A Simple Comparison of ML and DL Techniques","[\"Sajib Bormon\", \"Jebin Ahmed Prova\", \"Md Hasan Ahmad\", \"Rimon\", \"Sohanur Rahman Sohag\", \"Hasanur Rahman Shishir\"]","False news spreads quickly due to the extensive distribution of incorrect or misleading information across digital channels, which is a global problem. This bias undermines the credibility of information, promotes the spread of misleading information. Utilizing machine learning and deep learning models this study examines the detection of inaccurate information. Natural Language Processing methods are used for data preprocessing on the text datasets. Five machine learning models are used in this study: Logistic Regression, Decision Tree, Random Forest, Naïve Bayes, and Passive Aggressive Classifier. After preprocessing, the accuracy values of these models are 95%, 99.7%, 99.3%, 98.9%, and 99.5%, respectively. The study demonstrates that the decision tree model has superior performance, with the LSTM algorithm following closely after. The PAC and LSTM model have also demonstrated commendable results of 99.5% accuracy. The accuracies offer valuable information regarding the constraints of each model, aiding researchers in selecting suitable ways for identifying counterfeit news. The findings assist individuals in making informed decisions on the establishment of precise and effective ways for identifying false information, which is essential to maintaining the integrity of information distribution.","2024 IEEE International Conference on Computing, Applications and Systems (COMPAS)",null,"2024 IEEE International Conference on Computing, Applications and Systems (COMPAS)",35,0,"The study demonstrates that the decision tree model has superior performance, with the LSTM algorithm following closely after, and offers valuable information regarding the constraints of each model, aiding researchers in selecting suitable ways for identifying counterfeit news.","2024-09-25T00:00:00","e306c54f691631eca41e6811b80956e7c9e70ab9"], [37980,"Strategies used to deliver bad news to the family of unexpected and sudden death victims: a scoping review protocol.","[\"H. Malta\", \"R. Baptista\", \"Maria Aurora Gon\\u00e7alves Pereira\", \"Paulo Gon\\u00e7alves Parente\", \"M\\u00f3nica Alexandra Pinho da Silva\", \"E. Santos\"]","OBJECTIVE\nThis scoping review aims to map the strategies used during the communication of bad news to families of unexpected and sudden death victims from the perspective of those receiving the news.\n\n\nINTRODUCTION\nThe strategies used in communicating a person's death to their family, especially in unexpected and sudden situations, can have a profound impact on the grief management process. This communication is often carried out by a health professional (doctor, nurse, or paramedic), but may also be carried out by a police officer, depending on the context in which the situation has occurred (in or out of hospital).\n\n\nINCLUSION CRITERIA\nThis scoping review will include studies on families of victims of unexpected and sudden death. All studies focusing on the strategies used to communicate bad news of unexpected and sudden death face to face, implemented by any professional in an intra-hospital or extra-hospital context, from the perspective of those who received the news, will be considered.\n\n\nMETHODS\nThis review will follow the JBI methodology for scoping reviews. An initial search will be conducted, followed by a second search for published and unpublished studies in major health-related electronic databases. Studies published in English, Spanish, French, and Portuguese will be included, with no geographical, cultural, or time limits. Data selection, extraction, and synthesis will be performed independently by 2 reviewers and will include details of populations, study methods, and strategies used. A narrative synthesis will accompany the results and describe how they relate to the objectives of the review.\n\n\nREVIEW REGISTRATION\nOpen Science Framework https://osf.io/4rhw3.","JBI evidence synthesis",null,"JBI Evidence Synthesis",19,0,null,"2024-09-25T00:00:00","902f3e28878cd63ced23303bd1889e3adae992c0"], [37981,"Mitigating Political Bias in AI-Generated News: A Comprehensive Analysis of NLP and Algorithmic Strategies","[\"Yiming Sun\", \"Zhuoer Lin\"]","The application of artificial intelligence technology in news production is becoming more and more widespread, and this paper investigates the problem of political bias in AI-generated news. Through the comprehensive use of natural language processing, machine learning and quantitative analysis, the news generated by different AI models at home and abroad are systematically detected and evaluated to quantify their political tendencies, and the political bias exhibited by different models in news generation and its specific forms are analysed. A set of solutions to reduce bias is ultimately proposed, with improvements in terms of dataset construction, algorithm design, transparency and accountability mechanisms, supervision and integration of multiple values, aiming to enhance the fairness and objectivity of AI-generated news.","International Journal of Social Sciences and Public Administration",null,"International Journal of Social Sciences and Public Administration",6,0,"A set of solutions to reduce bias are proposed, with improvements in terms of dataset construction, algorithm design, transparency and accountability mechanisms, supervision and integration of multiple values, aiming to enhance the fairness and objectivity of AI-generated news.","2024-09-25T00:00:00","76c6bc13d4f7fe3a83c8ab492c98e0e0f5b2c493"], [37982,"What Do News Disseminators and Audiences in the Digital Age Need Most? — Skills? Knowledge? Or Accuracy-motivated Sceptical Knowing","[\"Lixuan Chang (\\u5e38\\u529b\\u8f69)\", \"Jinghong Nie (\\u8042\\u9759\\u8679)\"]",null,"Javnost - The Public",null,"Javnost - The Public",20,0,null,"2024-09-25T00:00:00","ed76f00c37d45bd9484b5251a7d3424c5984865a"], [37983,"Evaluating the Influence of Role-Playing Prompts on ChatGPT’s Misinformation Detection Accuracy: Quantitative Study","[\"M. Haupt\", \"Luning Yang\", \"T. Purnat\", \"T. Mackey\"]","Background During the COVID-19 pandemic, the rapid spread of misinformation on social media created significant public health challenges. Large language models (LLMs), pretrained on extensive textual data, have shown potential in detecting misinformation, but their performance can be influenced by factors such as prompt engineering (ie, modifying LLM requests to assess changes in output). One form of prompt engineering is role-playing, where, upon request, OpenAI’s ChatGPT imitates specific social roles or identities. This research examines how ChatGPT’s accuracy in detecting COVID-19–related misinformation is affected when it is assigned social identities in the request prompt. Understanding how LLMs respond to different identity cues can inform messaging campaigns, ensuring effective use in public health communications. Objective This study investigates the impact of role-playing prompts on ChatGPT’s accuracy in detecting misinformation. This study also assesses differences in performance when misinformation is explicitly stated versus implied, based on contextual knowledge, and examines the reasoning given by ChatGPT for classification decisions. Methods Overall, 36 real-world tweets about COVID-19 collected in September 2021 were categorized into misinformation, sentiment (opinions aligned vs unaligned with public health guidelines), corrections, and neutral reporting. ChatGPT was tested with prompts incorporating different combinations of multiple social identities (ie, political beliefs, education levels, locality, religiosity, and personality traits), resulting in 51,840 runs. Two control conditions were used to compare results: prompts with no identities and those including only political identity. Results The findings reveal that including social identities in prompts reduces average detection accuracy, with a notable drop from 68.1% (SD 41.2%; no identities) to 29.3% (SD 31.6%; all identities included). Prompts with only political identity resulted in the lowest accuracy (19.2%, SD 29.2%). ChatGPT was also able to distinguish between sentiments expressing opinions not aligned with public health guidelines from misinformation making declarative statements. There were no consistent differences in performance between explicit and implicit misinformation requiring contextual knowledge. While the findings show that the inclusion of identities decreased detection accuracy, it remains uncertain whether ChatGPT adopts views aligned with social identities: when assigned a conservative identity, ChatGPT identified misinformation with nearly the same accuracy as it did when assigned a liberal identity. While political identity was mentioned most frequently in ChatGPT’s explanations for its classification decisions, the rationales for classifications were inconsistent across study conditions, and contradictory explanations were provided in some instances. Conclusions These results indicate that ChatGPT’s ability to classify misinformation is negatively impacted when role-playing social identities, highlighting the complexity of integrating human biases and perspectives in LLMs. This points to the need for human oversight in the use of LLMs for misinformation detection. Further research is needed to understand how LLMs weigh social identities in prompt-based tasks and explore their application in different cultural contexts.","JMIR Infodemiology",null,"JMIR infodemiology",62,0,"ChatGPT’s ability to classify misinformation is negatively impacted when role-playing social identities are assigned, highlighting the complexity of integrating human biases and perspectives in LLMs.","2024-09-26T00:00:00","ad70b57bf2b5bf6d12059819dba252e4eaf3b8eb"], [37984,"Intervention Strategies for Misinformation Sharing on Social Media: A Bibliometric Analysis","[\"Juanita Zainudin\", \"Nazlena Mohamad Ali\", \"A. Smeaton\", \"Mohamad Taha Ijab\"]","Widely distributed misinformation shared across social media channels is a pressing issue that poses a significant threat to many aspects of society’s well-being. Inaccurate shared information causes confusion, can adversely affect mental health, and can lead to mis-informed decision-making. Therefore, it is important to implement proactive measures to intervene and curb the spread of misinformation where possible. This has prompted scholars to investigate a variety of intervention strategies for misinformation sharing on social media. This study explores the typology of intervention strategies for addressing misinformation sharing on social media, identifying 4 important clusters – cognition-based, automated-based, information-based, and hybrid-based. The literature selection process utilized the PRISMA method to ensure a systematic and comprehensive analysis of relevant literature while maintaining transparency and reproducibility. A total of 139 articles published from 2013–2023 were then analyzed. Meanwhile, bibliometric analyses were conducted using performance analysis and science mapping techniques for the typology development. A comparative analysis of the typology was conducted to reveal patterns and evolution in the field. This provides valuable insights for both theory and practical applications. Overall, the study concludes that scholarly contributions to scientific research and publication help to address research gaps and expand knowledge in this field. Understanding the evolution of intervention strategies for misinformation sharing on social media can support future research that contributes to the development of more effective and sustainable solutions to this persistent problem.","IEEE Access",null,"IEEE Access",103,0,null,"2024-09-26T00:00:00","d9b5e5cf438383624b082d2b24b5350bd5669de7"], [37985,"The role of narrative in misinformation games","[\"Nisha Devasia\", \"Jin Ha Lee\"]","Several existing media literacy games aim to increase resilience to misinformation. However, they lack variety in their approaches. The vast majority focus on assessing information accuracy, with limited exploration of socio-emotional influences of misinformation adoption. Misinformation correction and educational games have explored how narrative persuasion influences personal beliefs, as identification with certain narratives can frame the interpretation of information. We created a preliminary framework for designers seeking to develop narrative-driven misinformation games that synthesizes findings from psychology, narrative theory, and game design. In addition, we conducted a narrative-centered content analysis of existing media literacy games.","Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review",null,"Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review",58,0,"A preliminary framework for designers seeking to develop narrative-driven misinformation games is created that synthesizes findings from psychology, narrative theory, and game design and conducts a narrative-centered content analysis of existing media literacy games.","2024-09-26T00:00:00","d15fc592a11ab1bc5e2b769cec78ebfafda26717"], [37986,"Media Literacy and Fact-Checking as Proactive and Reactive Responses to Misinformation in Kenya and Senegal","[\"Frankline Matanji\", \"M. Tully\", \"Kevin C. Mudavadi\", \"Layire Diop\", \"Dani Madrid-Morales\"]",null,"African Journalism Studies",null,"African Journalism Studies",56,0,null,"2024-09-26T00:00:00","d9fef16ed41d9f4b261bc3128b8ae78d9a66f0ce"], [37987,"COVID-19 Vaccine Information Exposure: The Effect of Online Authority vs. Non-Authority Sources on Beliefs, Emotions and Information Engagement Behaviors","[\"Xiaowen Xu\", \"Carolyn A. Lin\"]","Background/Objectives: Limited research has examined the theoretical linkages between exposure to COVID-19 vaccine information sources, vaccination-related beliefs, vaccination-induced emotions, and vaccine information engagement. Methods: An online survey was conducted with a national sample of adults (N = 630) residing in the U.S. to test these relationships, guided by the Stimulus–Organism–Response (S-O-R) framework and the Health Belief Model. Results: Study findings showed that exposure to online authority vaccine information sources was positively related to vaccination-benefit beliefs and negatively related to vaccination-barrier beliefs, in addition to hopeful feelings connected to vaccination. Exposure to non-authority sources was positively associated with vaccination-barrier beliefs, hopeful and fearful feelings connected to vaccination, and vaccine information engagement. While vaccination-benefit beliefs and vaccination-barrier beliefs were negatively and positively linked to vaccine information engagement, respectively, these beliefs were each positively connected to hopeful feelings and fearful feelings toward vaccination in that order. Both hopeful and fearful feelings toward vaccination also emerged as positive correlates of vaccine information engagement. Conclusions: This study contributes to our understanding of how cognitive appraisals of and affective responses to risk information disseminated by different types of sources may be related to risk information engagement behavior in a public health crisis. Results bring evidence-based insights to both researchers and health professionals to better equip them to counter vaccine misinformation and reduce vaccination barriers.","Vaccines",null,"Vaccines",99,0,"Understanding of how cognitive appraisals of and affective responses to risk information disseminated by different types of sources may be related to risk information engagement behavior in a public health crisis is contributed to.","2024-09-26T00:00:00","580cd039046e5affa465e12d7ff94bfd71a6fe33"], [37988,"Gendered disinformation in Spanish-language fact-checking: origin, methodology, and perspectives","[\"Marta P\\u00e9rez Pereiro\", \"Victoria Moreno Gil\", \"Francesc Salgado de Dios\"]","The recent surge in disinformation targeting gender themes poses a substantial threat to women’s equality in democratic systems. This study investigates the efforts of three fact-checking platforms prominent in Ibero-America (Maldita.es and Newtral in Spain and Chequeado in Argentina) in countering antifeminist fake news. Employing a dual methodology, we conducted a content analysis of pieces published on gender issues over one year and semi-structured interviews with representatives from these platforms. The findings unveil a consistent production of texts addressing contemporary feminist affairs. Disinformers target both the feminist movement and its historical grievances, including gender-based violence. Fact checks emerge as the primary format for combating these hoaxes, with explainers gaining against increasingly complex disinformation narratives. The verification methodology emphasizes consulting official sources and expert testimony. Interviewees acknowledge that there is still much progress to be made in gender-related fact-checking.","Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico",null,"Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico",19,0,null,"2024-09-26T00:00:00","c1449764bc3e9aa7b4f005f414136adfdb8f47d9"], [37989,"Disinformation Threats in the Assessment of War Studies University Students","[\"Piotr Ryszard B\\u0105czek\"]","The aim of the article is to characterize disinformation as a contemporary threat to state structures, societies, individual people. Disinformation campaigns are observed in many countries of Central and Eastern Europe. In recent years, social media have become a convenient instrument for transmitting disinformation. It constitutes a threat for countries and societies. The author also presented the results of social research conducted among students of the War Studies University in Warsaw. The research was intended to present the public perception of disinformation threats and resistance to these activities.","Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska, sectio M – Balcaniensis et Carpathiensis",null,"Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska sectio M Balcaniensis et Carpathiensis",0,0,null,"2024-09-26T00:00:00","b184fa69f2f86a7bdf1fa4386f060c6ac77da7a4"], [37990,"Climate change as fake news. Positive attribute framing as a tactic against corporate reputation damage from the evaluations of sceptical, right-wing audiences","[\"Michal Chmiel\", \"Sania Fatima\", \"Ciara Ingold\", \"Jana Reisten\", \"Catalina Tejada\"]","PurposeThe paper aims to examine whether CSR communication about a company’s support for climate change created using different content framing categories (positive vs negative) can lead climate change-sceptical audiences to positively influence their evaluations of the credibility of CSR communication, of a company and its actions, and lead to higher purchase intentions.Design/methodology/approachThe paper used an experimental design. About 266 respondents recruited via the Prolific platform were invited to participate in an online study. A between-subject design was used, and data was analysed using the bootstrapping technique, allowing to identify moderators of the relationship between CSR communication framing and different evaluations of a company.FindingsThe paper provides empirical support for the role of political preferences and climate change beliefs in predicting the preference for positive attribute framing among climate change sceptical audiences. It is argued that climate change sceptics are still in the process of deliberation about whether climate change is occurring.Research limitations/implicationsThe research findings may not be generalizable to countries where support for climate change is low, and a technique like attribute framing may not lead to noticeable differences in message reception.Practical implicationsThe paper underscores the impact of the type of attribute framing in CSR communication on different aspects of company evaluations depending on beliefs in climate change. Commercial communicators should additionally invest in climate change education to address the climate change challenge.Social implications Addressing climate change effectively requires support from companies to communicate their CSR efforts purposefully and to address climate change sceptical audiences.Originality/valueThe paper identifies beliefs in climate change as an important moderator of CSR communication attribute framing effectiveness.","Corporate Communications: An International Journal",null,"Corporate Communications. An International Journal",62,0,null,"2024-09-26T00:00:00","1a2d428789965b8a024f7e071905b8dfc70d8c2c"], [37991,"A Health Media Literacy Intervention Increases Skepticism of Both Inaccurate and Accurate Cancer News Among U.S. Adults","[\"Benjamin A. Lyons\", \"Andy J. King\", \"Kimberly A Kaphingst\"]","Abstract Background Inaccurate cancer news can have adverse effects on patients and families. One potential way to minimize this is through media literacy training—ideally, training tailored specifically to the evaluation of health-related media coverage. Purpose We test whether an abbreviated health-focused media literacy intervention improves accuracy discernment or sharing discernment for cancer news headlines and also examine how these outcomes compare to the effects of a generic media literacy intervention. Methods We employ a survey experiment conducted using a nationally representative sample of Americans (N = 1,200). Respondents were assigned to either a health-focused media literacy intervention, a previously tested generic media literacy intervention, or the control. They were also randomly assigned to rate either perceived accuracy of headlines or sharing intentions. Intervention effects on accurate and inaccurate headline ratings were tested using OLS regressions at the item-response level, with standard errors clustered on the respondent and with headline fixed effects. Results We find that the health-focused media literacy intervention increased skepticism of both inaccurate (a 5.6% decrease in endorsement, 95% CI [0.1%, 10.7%]) and accurate (a 7.6% decrease, 95% CI [2.4%, 12.8%]) news headlines, and accordingly did not improve discernment between the two. The health-focused media literacy intervention also did not significantly improve sharing discernment. Meanwhile, the generic media literacy intervention had little effect on perceived accuracy outcomes, but did significantly improve sharing discernment. Conclusions These results suggest further intervention development and refinement are needed before scaling up similarly targeted health information literacy tools, particularly focusing on building trust in legitimate sources and accurate content.","Annals of Behavioral Medicine: A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine",null,"Annals of Behavioral Medicine",36,1,"Results suggest further intervention development and refinement are needed before scaling up similarly targeted health information literacy tools, particularly focusing on building trust in legitimate sources and accurate content.","2024-09-26T00:00:00","64f47bfe1e0fc4aa026a1aef9fcb36d7fc2859b0"], [37992,"From Criticism to Anger and Hate: The Vulgarisation of Digital Anti-Press Criticism on News Outlets’ Facebook Pages","[\"D. Jontes\", \"Vasja Vehovar\"]",null,"Digital Journalism",null,"Digital Journalism",44,0,null,"2024-09-26T00:00:00","e6eac70e0eaeab0e03cf255286086753a274608b"], [37993,"Social media algorithms can curb misinformation, but do they?","[\"Chhandak Bagchi\", \"Filippo Menczer\", \"Jennifer Lundquist\", \"Monideepa Tarafdar\", \"Anthony Paik\", \"Przemyslaw A. Grabowicz\"]","A recent article in $\\textit{Science}$ by Guess et al. estimated the effect of Facebook's news feed algorithm on exposure to misinformation and political information among Facebook users. However, its reporting and conclusions did not account for a series of temporary emergency changes to Facebook's news feed algorithm in the wake of the 2020 U.S. presidential election that were designed to diminish the spread of voter-fraud misinformation. Here, we demonstrate that these emergency measures systematically reduced the amount of misinformation in the control group of the study, which was using the news feed algorithm. This issue may have led readers to misinterpret the results of the study and to conclude that the Facebook news feed algorithm used outside of the study period mitigates political misinformation as compared to reverse chronological feed.","ArXiv",null,"arXiv.org",10,3,"It is demonstrated that a series of temporary emergency changes to Facebook's news feed algorithm in the wake of the 2020 U.S. presidential election that were designed to diminish the spread of voter-fraud misinformation systematically reduced the amount of misinformation in the control group of the study, which was using the news feed algorithm.","2024-09-27T00:00:00","66ce76643aa7e78f48add837758221dd5267b613"], [37994,"Empowering Third-Year Medical Students to Detect Bias and Medical Misinformation Online via Experiential Learning of \"Lateral Reading,\" A Fact-Checker's Technique.","[\"Zeke J McKinney\", \"Katelyn M Tessier\", \"Zachary R Shaheen\", \"Gary Schwitzer\", \"Andrew P J Olson\", \"Johannah M. Scheurer\", \"Kristina M Krohn\"]","Problem: Misleading health information is detrimental to public health. Even physicians can be misled by biased health information; however, medical students and physicians are not taught some of the most effective techniques for identifying bias and misinformation online. Intervention: Using the stages of Kolb's experiential learning cycle as a framework, we aimed to teach 117 third-year students at a United States medical school to apply a fact-checking technique for identifying bias and misinformation called \"lateral reading\" through a 50-minute learning cycle in a 90-minute class. Each student's concrete experience was to independently read a biased article and rate its credibility, demonstrating their baseline skills at identifying bias. Students were given structured opportunities for reflective observation through individual and large group discussion. Students were guided through abstract conceptualization to determine techniques and frameworks utilized by fact checkers, specifically \"lateral reading\"-utilizing the internet to research the background of the author, organization, and citations using independent sources before exploring the article itself in depth. Students' active experimentation included re-rating the credibility of the same article and discussing further implications with classmates and instructors. Context: In January 2020, sessions were offered to third-year medical students during their required, longitudinal transition-to-residency course. Impact: Compared to baseline, when using lateral reading, students deemed the article less credible. Students' active experimentation changed whether they identified the organization and sources behind the article as credible. Notably, 86% (53/62) of students who viewed the organization positively pre-intervention did not describe the organization positively post intervention. Similarly, 66% (36/55) of students who cited the sources as positive pre-exercise changed their assessment after the exercise. While three students mentioned the author negatively pre-intervention, none of the 21 students who described the author in a negative fashion post-intervention described the author negatively pre-intervention. Positively describing the organization, author, or sources pre-intervention correlated with differences in credibility rating after the intervention. These findings indicate that teaching students to read laterally may increase their ability to detect bias in online medical information. Lessons Learned: Further research is needed to determine whether students who learned lateral reading via experiential learning will apply this skill in their education and career. Additionally, research should assess whether this skill helps future physicians counter bias and misinformation in ways that improve health.","Teaching and learning in medicine",null,"Teaching and learning in medicine",15,1,"Teaching students to read laterally may increase their ability to detect bias in online medical information, and research should assess whether this skill helps future physicians counter bias and misinformation in ways that improve health.","2024-09-27T00:00:00","a5b051ba7c9ee5484afe83f984d6f5794243bbcd"], [37995,"Towards Mitigating Misinformation: A Structured Dataset of Fact-Checked Claims from News Media","[\"Oam Bhanushali\", \"Aditya Mer\", \"Rishikesh Giridhar\", \"Bhavormi Somaiya\", \"Arish Manasia\", \"Shivam Singh\", \"Neha Sharma\", \"Mrityunjoy Panday\", \"M. Nemade\", \"Sejal Shah\", \"G.S Mani\"]","False information has become an unavoidable endeavor in the digital world, endangering public discourse and influencing people's decisions. Misinformation comes from a variety of sources and can travel quickly through online networks, drastically altering public perceptions, influencing political beliefs, and escalating audience prejudices. It is possible to come across several types of false information through text, picture, or video recordings. Misinformation has grown to be a significant problem in a world where memes are common, improved technologies are easily accessible, and mind-sharing is unrestrained. In order to address this widespread issue, researchers have gathered news information from many websites that provide truth-checking services, including India Today and ANI. Python libraries and modules, inclusive of BeautifulSoup and Selenium, were utilized to scrape those web sites and create the labeled dataset called “Factrix” indicating the veracity of the records (e.g., fake, true, half-true, mostly-false). Factrix dataset is intended to train models for the purpose of identifying false information through the use of textual records. These statistics can also be applied to pictorial analysis. Furthermore, these datasets enable trend analysis spanning from 2019 to 2024, providing insights into the evolution of incorrect information through the years.","2024 IEEE Region 10 Symposium (TENSYMP)",null,"2024 IEEE Region 10 Symposium (TENSYMP)",0,1,"Researchers have gathered news information from many websites that provide truth-checking services and created the labeled dataset called “Factrix” indicating the veracity of the records, intended to train models for the purpose of identifying false information through the use of textual records.","2024-09-27T00:00:00","f4997ab75d4e507e7f41d0d641c6483c3fe06101"], [37996,"A Hybrid DistilBERT-BiGRU Model for Enhanced Misinformation Detection: Leveraging Transformer-Based Pretraining Language Model","[\"Arati Chabukswar\", \"P. D. Shenoy\", \"V. R.\"]","Misinformation spreads quickly and poses a serious threat to society since it has the power to influence elections, change the public's views, and incite disturbances. The capacity to recognize fake information in a variety of languages is crucial for the survival of an informed and trustworthy information ecology. The article proposes a transformer-based pretrained model for the detection of fake news in English utilizing Distilled Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (DistilBERT) a distilled version of the BERT model with Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU). A sizable dataset of English news stories pertaining to politics is collected that includes examples of both real and fake news. The text preprocessing technique is employed using NLTK library. Further, using this dataset, the DistilBERT model is optimized to grasp the semantic links and contextual data discovered in the English language by fine-tuning the model. The input text is encoded into contextualized embeddings. After that, one or more BiGRU layers are applied to the DistilBERT output. To capture the dependencies between neighbouring tokens in the text, these Bidirectional GRU layers are used to process the sequential information. As demonstrated by the experimental results, the proposed model has achieved 97.26% accuracy rate in identifying English fake news.","2024 IEEE Region 10 Symposium (TENSYMP)",null,"2024 IEEE Region 10 Symposium (TENSYMP)",22,0,"A transformer-based pretrained model for the detection of fake news in English utilizing Distilled Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (DistilBERT) a distilled version of the BERT model with Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU).","2024-09-27T00:00:00","c2f977a59bee55c03d62c5579381649b766d2d8c"], [37997,"Automated Detection of Misinformation: A Hybrid Approach for Fake News Detection","[\"Fadi Mohsen\", \"Bedir Chaushi\", \"Hamed Abdelhaq\", \"Dimka Karastoyanova\", \"Kevin Wang\"]","The rise of social media has transformed the landscape of news dissemination, presenting new challenges in combating the spread of fake news. This study addresses the automated detection of misinformation within written content, a task that has prompted extensive research efforts across various methodologies. We evaluate existing benchmarks, introduce a novel hybrid word embedding model, and implement a web framework for text classification. Our approach integrates traditional frequency–inverse document frequency (TF–IDF) methods with sophisticated feature extraction techniques, considering linguistic, psychological, morphological, and grammatical aspects of the text. Through a series of experiments on diverse datasets, applying transfer and incremental learning techniques, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our hybrid model in surpassing benchmarks and outperforming alternative experimental setups. Furthermore, our findings emphasize the importance of dataset alignment and balance in transfer learning, as well as the utility of incremental learning in maintaining high detection performance while reducing runtime. This research offers promising avenues for further advancements in fake news detection methodologies, with implications for future research and development in this critical domain.","Future Internet",null,"Future Internet",18,0,"This study addresses the automated detection of misinformation within written content, a task that has prompted extensive research efforts across various methodologies, and introduces a novel hybrid word embedding model, and implements a web framework for text classification.","2024-09-27T00:00:00","0c887210f141ab80d92916aadf547dccf0c1c56f"], [37998,"A qualitative study of knowledge, beliefs and misinformation regarding COVID-19 in selected districts in Zimbabwe","[\"Nicholas Midzi\", \"M. J. Mutsaka-Makuvaza\", \"L. Charimari\", \"Priscilla Mangwiro\", \"Tonderai Manengureni\", \"Gladys Mugadza\"]",null,"BMC Public Health",null,"BMC Public Health",56,0,"Zimbabwean communities were conversant with public health measures such as maintaining social distancing, wearing masks, and maintaining hand hygiene, however, misinformation was also observed to have circulated among the communities.","2024-09-27T00:00:00","d7b87b6b0603e86735c05049209b34a357276e71"], [37999,"How Does Topical Diversity Affect Source Credibility? Fact-Checking Coverage of Politics, Science, and Popular Culture","[\"Hwayong Shin\"]","News sources that correct misinformation seek to foster an informed citizenry and promote democratic accountability. One such effort is being made by fact-checking sites across the globe. However, public trust in these outlets remains limited. Is their politics-focused coverage one factor behind the limited trust? Politics-focused coverage highlights partisan competition, which can harm credibility by activating identity-protective biases or resistance to persuasive intent. Prior research suggests depoliticized contexts can help mitigate defensive psychological tendencies in news source assessments. Thus, a potential approach to build broad-based trust could be to broaden the scope of coverage to include nonpolitical topics. Through a preregistered survey experiment in the United States, I test how the topical scope of coverage affects source credibility perceptions. Compared to politics-focused coverage, science-focused coverage improves credibility assessments. Focusing solely or partially on popular culture topics such as entertainment, sports, and lifestyle reduces source credibility. The effects of nonpolitical coverage on source credibility perceptions are similar across partisan groups. The results suggest the public shares the notion that serious public affairs coverage is central to reputable journalism. Overall, coverage of politics and science fares relatively well in building source credibility, whereas coverage of popular culture undermines credibility assessments. People find news sources that correct misinformation more credible when they cover a range of serious topics, but less credible when they cover lighter topics.","The International Journal of Press/Politics",null,"The International Journal of Press/Politics",80,0,null,"2024-09-27T00:00:00","cb2cb680c1af8980da9122cabe568fbaaebc7c18"], [38000,"Surveillance, Disinformation, and Legislative Measures in the 21st Century: AI, Social Media, and the Future of Democracies","[\"Bilge Azg\\u0131n\", \"\\u015eevki K\\u0131ralp\"]","In contemporary society, the internet, particularly social media, has become a significant area where individuals spend considerable amounts of time engaging in various activities. Concurrently, the growing utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a critical component of the propaganda that is disseminated online within economic, social, and political spheres. AI encompasses a broad range of applications, including data collection for microtargeting and the dissemination of diverse forms of disinformation. Additionally, AI can be effectively employed to detect and remove content from social media platforms that contradicts democratic principles, such as disinformation or hate speech. This study reviews the existing literature on the use of AI in political propaganda, examining not only how AI has become an integral part of propaganda strategies, but also how it is utilized to counter propaganda that violates democratic values. It explores the legislation in various countries that enables (and mandates) the removal of propaganda content contrary to democratic principles from social media platforms with the assistance of AI, and it discusses perspectives that highlight the potential conflict between these practices and the principle of freedom of expression.","Social Sciences",null,"The social science",63,0,"The legislation in various countries that enables (and mandates) the removal of propaganda content contrary to democratic principles from social media platforms with the assistance of AI is explored, and perspectives that highlight the potential conflict between these practices and the principle of freedom of expression are discussed.","2024-09-27T00:00:00","8cd4402640ef2b0ed4c9efa7f29602d1e54271e2"], [38001,"Truth Politics and Social Media","[\"Leon Cvrtila\"]","Social media platforms continue to struggle with the proliferation of falsehoods, despite years of fervent calls to address the issue and recent attempts at regulation. In social science literature this issue is mostly approached with the motive of identifying and suppressing false information, advocating for institutional action to restore truth. This article proposes approaching the matter through the notion of truth politics, derived from the works of Michel Foucault, with the focus on investigating the power dynamics that determine the possibilities of truth in the present. The article lays out the requisite theoretical and conceptual elements. First, by distinguishing between different uses of the term “truth” in Foucault’s writings, the emphasis is shifted from epistemic evaluation of truth claims to the analysis of the conditions of possibility of truth. Second, the crucial concept – truth regime – is presented as it appears in Foucault’s work. Third, the concept of truth regime is further developed to make it applicable to technical systems. Fourth, the paper provides an example of technological operation of truth regimes using the case of Facebook’s News Feed algorithm","Politička misao",null,"Politička Misao",0,1,null,"2024-09-27T00:00:00","7890847f373a450fab09995f97c740a6c5c62103"], [38002,"Misinformation and higher-order evidence","[\"Brian Ball\", \"A. Koliousis\", \"Amil Mohanan\", \"Mike Peacey\"]",null,"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications",null,"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications",13,0,null,"2024-09-28T00:00:00","06d882cb4040e56f849a4503d97ced8b3ed6341b"], [38003,"Fake News and Gendered Public Labor: Burundian Peace Activists Combat COVID-19 Disinformation","[\"Miriam J Anderson\", \"Madeline F Eskandari\"]",null,"International Studies Review",null,"International Studies Review",5,1,null,"2024-09-28T00:00:00","63c7573fc03be2a244014f391b24e18f115450db"], [38004,"Developing and Validating a 15-Item True/False Measure of News Literacy Knowledge","[\"Adam Maksl\", \"Peter Boedeker\", \"E. Vraga\", \"Stephanie Craft\", \"M. Tully\", \"Seth Ashley\"]","Given growing interest in the potential importance of news literacy around the world, a theoretically grounded and empirically validated measure of news literacy is essential. Building on existing theory, we developed and validated a 15-item true/false measure of news literacy knowledge. This measure comprehensively operationalizes the five C’s of news literacy—context, creation, content, circulation, and consumption—in a concise, adaptable, knowledge-based format. Using item response theory and differential item functioning analysis, we followed a three-survey process with representative U.S. samples, developing and assessing 80 true/false items in Study 1 ( N = 1,502) to reduce to 43 items in Study 2 ( N = 1,273). The final reduced set of 15 items was evaluated and validated in Study 3 ( N = 681) along with related measures of civics and current events knowledge, which were positively predicted by the news literacy knowledge measure. While this measure is designed and tested in the U.S. context, our process of operationalizing these complicated concepts and the novel true/false format facilitates its applicability to those interested in studying news literacy around the globe.","Communication Research",null,"Communication Research",51,0,null,"2024-09-28T00:00:00","67ce33f881146498296e5a18b011b27c724b8196"], [38005,"A data-centric approach for ethical and trustworthy AI in journalism","[\"Laurence Dierickx\", \"A. Opdahl\", \"Sohail Ahmed Khan\", \"Carl-Gustav Lind\\u00e9n\", \"Diana Carolina Guerrero Rojas\"]",null,"Ethics Inf. Technol.",null,"Ethics and Information Technology",87,1,"A data quality assessment framework to support the collection and pre-processing stages in machine learning that relies on three of the core principles of ethical journalism—accuracy, fairness, and transparency—and participates in the shift from model-centric to data-centric AI.","2024-09-28T00:00:00","93483bddc8b7994d93490eec468bcadcb489c563"], [38006,"Influential Factors in Media Credibility","[\"Naqibullah Atish\"]","Humans require information to perform their individual and social activities. Today, it is easier than ever to access a wide range of information. Mass media plays a crucial role in gathering and disseminating messages on various subjects to the public. Media outlets that have established trustworthiness in their operations hold a greater sway over audiences compared to others. In today's competitive media landscape, each media organization must earn and uphold the trust of its audience to ensure its longevity. The accurate delivery of messages through media plays an important role in shaping public opinion and aims to attract audiences while establishing credibility among different media channels. This research aims to identify the factors that can assist media organizations in maintaining and upholding their professional credibility with their audiences. In order to gain the trust of their audience, media outlets can follow these guidelines: -Depicting real-life situations accurately, -Refraining from getting involved in any subject matter, -Remaining unbiased in their activities, -Utilizing reliable sources for news, -The way news is delivered.","RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary",null,"RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary",0,0,null,"2024-09-28T00:00:00","24f7a52e4c69e5aa2a95be18130c5cc4b9e9fba5"], [38007,"Multimodal Misinformation Detection by Learning from Synthetic Data with Multimodal LLMs","[\"Fengzhu Zeng\", \"Wenqian Li\", \"Wei Gao\", \"Yan Pang\"]","Detecting multimodal misinformation, especially in the form of image-text pairs, is crucial. Obtaining large-scale, high-quality real-world fact-checking datasets for training detectors is costly, leading researchers to use synthetic datasets generated by AI technologies. However, the generalizability of detectors trained on synthetic data to real-world scenarios remains unclear due to the distribution gap. To address this, we propose learning from synthetic data for detecting real-world multimodal misinformation through two model-agnostic data selection methods that match synthetic and real-world data distributions. Experiments show that our method enhances the performance of a small MLLM (13B) on real-world fact-checking datasets, enabling it to even surpass GPT-4V~\\cite{GPT-4V}.","{\"pages\": \"10467-10484\"}",null,"Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",81,1,"Experiments show that the proposed method enhances the performance of a small MLLM on real-world fact-checking datasets, enabling it to even surpass GPT-4V~\\cite{GPT-4V}.","2024-09-29T00:00:00","570aefa173b255a083c6c5e625a8f8393e446ecd"], [38008,"THE WEAPONIZATION OF INFORMATION: HOW DISINFORMATION CAMPAIGNS UNDERMINE SELF-DETERMINATION","[\"Maryum Majeed\", \"Raja Ishtiaq Ahmed\", \"Muhammad Rashid Aziz\"]","This research paper examines how disinformation campaigns harm self-determination processes by examining the psychological mechanisms by which public opinion can be manipulated, including confirmation bias and emotional manipulation. This body of work takes on task of understanding how these tactics can affect political choices, from voting behavior to the support of a protest, hampering the development of democracy. The paper reveals real-world consequences of disinformation on self-determination movements through a case study of a selection of significant events, such as Brexit referendum and 2016 U.S. presidential election. It is vital to have high-level international legal frameworks and accountability mechanisms to address this problem. The proposals include establishing international conventions, increasing transparency in social media, strengthening public media literacy & establishing partnerships among stakeholders. This study concludes that protecting self-determination rights demands shared work to address misinformation, ensuring that people can interact suitably with right information for participation in democratic procedures. Addressing these challenges ensures respect for the integrity of public discourse and fundamental rights of the people worldwide in an increasingly complex information landscape.","Journal of Social Research Development",null,"Journal of Social Research Development",0,0,null,"2024-09-29T00:00:00","efcb14b8662730662c2aec939e717a95b767b363"], [38009,"Reported speech and gender in the news: Who is quoted, how are they quoted, and why it matters","[\"Maite Taboada\"]","News stories have a well-defined generic structure, consisting of components such as headline, lede, and body, with reported speech a prominent feature, especially in hard news stories. Reported speech serves multiple purposes, from providing evidentiality and intertextuality to contributing to the construction of newsworthiness and to the context creation of news. It is also a site of potential bias in who is cited and how, including with respect to the gender of sources. Using a large corpus of English-language news stories for all of 2023 from the main five mainstream news outlets in Canada (over 370,000 articles from news websites), I examine the gender distribution of those quoted, the syntactic variation in the structure of quotes, and the types of reporting verbs. The study provides a comprehensive overview of the extend of gender bias in contemporary Canadian news, at the same time offering insights into the nature of reported speech in modern news and how it endures and evolves, including in news meant for digital-only publication.","Discourse & Communication",null,"Discourse & Communication",33,1,null,"2024-09-29T00:00:00","60a1051b1d618990d6dbb337248e9d45e98fe870"], [38010,"Framing Analysis of Policy News Analog Switch off (ASO) on Medcom.id and Okezone.com","[\"Abdul Jalil\", \"P. Utari\", \"Sri Hastjarjo\"]","This study examines how Okezone.com and Medcom.id construct reality in their reporting on ASO policies using Robert N. Entman's framing analysis. A qualitative descriptive method was used, focusing on eight news articles (four from each outlet). This study analyzes how the media defines the implementation of ASO policies, diagnoses the causes, makes moral judgments, and proposes solutions. The findings point to a different framing strategy: Medcom.id, which is connected to Surya Paloh, the chairman of the NasDem Party, supports the policy through sources connected to the government. On the contrary, Hery Tanoesoedibjo's Okezone.com criticized the ASO policy so that it affected negative framing and the selection of critical sources. These different approaches describe how the construction of media reality is shaped by external factors and ideological influences. Understanding these dynamics encourages critical news consumption and awareness of media bias in shaping public opinion.","East Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research",null,"East Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research",14,0,null,"2024-09-29T00:00:00","5ec00a93a84dbd56ccbda642c8bdfd869c709466"], [38011,"Collaboration, crowdsourcing, and misinformation","[\"Chenyan Jia\", \"Angela Y. Lee\", \"Ryan C. Moore\", \"Cid Halsey-Steve Decatur\", \"S. Liu\", \"Jeffrey T. Hancock\"]","Abstract One of humanity's greatest strengths lies in our ability to collaborate to achieve more than we can alone. Just as collaboration can be an important strength, humankind's inability to detect deception is one of our greatest weaknesses. Recently, our struggles with deception detection have been the subject of scholarly and public attention with the rise and spread of misinformation online, which threatens public health and civic society. Fortunately, prior work indicates that going beyond the individual can ameliorate weaknesses in deception detection by promoting active discussion or by harnessing the “wisdom of crowds.” Can group collaboration similarly enhance our ability to recognize online misinformation? We conducted a lab experiment where participants assessed the veracity of credible news and misinformation on social media either as an actively collaborating group or while working alone. Our results suggest that collaborative groups were more accurate than individuals at detecting false posts, but not more accurate than a majority-based simulated group, suggesting that “wisdom of crowds” is the more efficient method for identifying misinformation. Our findings reorient research and policy from focusing on the individual to approaches that rely on crowdsourcing or potentially on collaboration in addressing the problem of misinformation.","PNAS Nexus",null,"PNAS Nexus",13,1,"Results suggest that collaborative groups were more accurate than individuals at detecting false posts, but not more accurate than a majority-based simulated group, suggesting that “wisdom of crowds” is the more efficient method for identifying misinformation.","2024-09-30T00:00:00","bb1e01fb06b8dc430a4305ef4886684b09c7787d"], [38012,"How Can Journalists Strengthen Their Fight Against Misinformation in a Changing Media Landscape?","[\"Marina Tulin\", \"M. Hameleers\", \"Christofer Talvitie\", \"Claes de Vreese\"]","This paper reflects on challenges and opportunities for journalistic practices in the fight against misinformation in light of recent changes in the online media landscape. On the one hand, recent innovations in technology and social media facilitate a rapid spread of disinformation placing increased pressure on journalists to fight falsehoods and (re)build trust in reliable information. On the other hand, journalists might be positively affected by the EU’s recent introduction of the Digital Services Act (DSA), which aims to regulate online platforms and facilitate the fight against mis- and disinformation.\nWe focus on fact-checking because it is among the most powerful journalistic tools against misinformation and a practice that is directly affected by the DSA. We discuss five concrete challenges and provide evidencebased suggestions backed by practice examples that may be applied by journalists who seek to advance the efficacy of their fact-checking efforts on social media.","VIEW Journal of European Television History and Culture",null,"VIEW Journal of European Television History and Culture",0,0,null,"2024-09-30T00:00:00","c6fa2336fe00eb35dfa2348d58a7764f9432f6e5"], [38013,"Analysis and Simulation of Misinformation Spread in Social Networks: A Hybrid Stochastic-Deterministic Approach with NEAB Model","[\"Ghada A . Ahmed\"]","This paper examined and simulated the dynamics of misinformation spread within social networks using the NEAB model [32]. In this model, (N) represents non-believers, (E) denotes individuals exposed to the information but undecided, (A) refers to those who accept the information and may propagate it, and (B) are the believers. Similar to epidemiological models like SEIR (Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Recovered), the NEAB model adapts to study the spread of various types of information and behaviors within a population [20]. By combining elements of network theory [28] and epidemiology, the model investigates how behaviors and network structures influence information transmission. Our simulations, particularly when applied to real-world scenarios like misinformation spread during events such as COVID-19 or natural disasters, highlight key factors influencing dissemination [7]. Rates of exposure to misinformation, the transition of individuals from exposed to active spreaders, and the rate of recovery all play crucial roles in shaping how misinformation spreads [33]. Misinformation propagates more easily when exposure rates are high, while higher recovery rates help limit its spread. Sensitivity analysis shows that variations in (β) and (δ) significantly impact the spread, emphasizing the importance of targeted interventions during these critical stages [22]. The objective of this study is to evaluate strategies for reducing the effects of misinformation on public discourse and health outcomes while offering insights into the key factors that drive its dissemination based on model simulations.","Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis",null,"Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis",30,0,"The objective of this study is to evaluate strategies for reducing the effects of misinformation on public discourse and health outcomes while offering insights into the key factors that drive its dissemination based on model simulations.","2024-09-30T00:00:00","3e855ea3c6e696ceb7673ab3989dabaf6729a279"], [38014,"The Audiovisual Archive in an Era of Disinformation and Misinformation","[\"Jacqueline Pietsch\"]","Audiovisual archives should reflect on their mission and goals in an era of overwhelming computer power. Will they be able to make good use of Large Language Models (LLMs) to unlock archived materials? Should they and can they be an ally in combating misinformation and disinformation? As part of a larger project on data literacy for journalists and other media and creative industries professionals, archivists were questioned about the challenges facing audiovisual archives today. Rather than focus on the specific missions of either national or broadcaster’s archives, they focus on how the archive has an important role when it comes to the politics of representation in public debate and civil life. In convivial conversation they speak from their experience at the French National Audiovisual Institute INA, The Netherlands Institute for Sound & Vision, the EBU Academy, the Spanish RTVE archive and WITNESS, a human rights non-profit organisation based the United States that supports activists in archiving and preserving their video.","VIEW Journal of European Television History and Culture",null,"VIEW Journal of European Television History and Culture",0,0,"In convivial conversation archivists speak from their experience at the French National Audiovisual Institute INA, The Netherlands Institute for Sound & Vision, the EBU Academy, the Spanish RTVE archive and WITNESS, a human rights non-profit organisation based the United States that supports activists in archiving and preserving their video.","2024-09-30T00:00:00","cbffa524274d09cb89afbc112db3f893e3a0d206"], [38015,"When news is entertainment: explaining the persistence of misinformation through the information environment","[\"S. Bhalla\", \"Rik Ray\", \"H. Taneja\"]",null,"Information, Communication & Society",null,"Information, Communication & Society",42,0,null,"2024-09-30T00:00:00","d5fab628510cb2954e4d4611155cd5549b7a1c09"], [38016,"Find the Fake: Boosting Resistance to Health Misinformation in Jordan with a WhatsApp Chatbot Game","[\"Michelle Dugas\", \"Daniel Pinz\\u00f3n\", \"Jungkyu Rhys Lim\", \"Renos Vakis\", \"Z. Afif\", \"Takahiro Hasumi\", \"Diya Elfadel\"]",null,null,null,"",0,0,null,"2024-09-30T00:00:00","a9f50ccc6d10101032d36d04b8602b4624c91b43"], [38017,"Data Journalism, Digital Verification and AI. The Case for Newsroom Convergence","[\"Laura Postma\"]","This article discusses the opportunities and challenges of implementing data journalism, digital verification and AI in the centre of the newsroom. Data journalism, digital verification and fact-checking continue to be seen like jobs for specialists. As has AI, they have all entered newsrooms in various forms over the past two decades. This article comes out of preparatory work for an online course on data literacy for journalism, communication and creative industries students called MediaNumeric. The course focuses on search and exploration of data, digital skills, and tracking and debunking misinformation. As part of this special issue, this article wants to offer a sense of what is at stake in data entering newsrooms, and editorial and media production offices.","VIEW Journal of European Television History and Culture",null,"VIEW Journal of European Television History and Culture",0,0,"What is at stake in data entering newsrooms, and editorial and media production offices, and editorial and media production offices is offered.","2024-09-30T00:00:00","90b2ebfe861ccd73a128bfb7e110cac0c7c799fe"], [38018,"Media, Doctors, Friends or No One? Predictors of Credibility of Health Information Sources in Ukraine","[\"K. Balashov\", \"A.O. Mohilnytskyi\", \"L.H. Shevchenko\", \"S. Turianytsia\", \"M.S. Pasenko\", \"Alla Navolokina\", \"Svitlana Doan\", \"G.\\u041e. Slabkiy\", \"Olesia P. Hulchiy\"]","One of the most important scientific areas of healthcare in Ukraine is communication, which requires the active involvement of doctors as authoritative communicators. This will help to improve the medical literacy of the population, which is one of the key factors in the formation of social resistance to misinformation and infodemics. Trust in doctors is associated with higher values of the internal locus of control – the perception of one’s own responsibility for one’s health. At the same time, it is necessary to study in more detail which of the behavioral factors are independent predictors of higher authority, and which ones demonstrate statistically probable connections with the perception of authority due to the presence of correlation with independent factors.\nThe objective: to analyze the independent predictors of authority of health information sources for further use in the formation of information campaigns.\nMaterials and methods. The research used the results of a survey of a sample representative of Ukraine (n=402). The relationships between the frequency of using health information channels and their authority were analyzed. To determine the predictors of authority of traditional media, doctors, friends, or lack of authoritative sources of information on health issues, binary logistic regression models were formed. Demographic factors such as age, gender, place of residence, and level of education were used as controlled variables.\nResults. The authority of doctors and physician-associated services is NOT related to the frequency of receiving information from doctors (BF=2.5), as well as from pharmacy staff (BF=0.7), friends (BF=0.3), or traditional mass media (BF=0.2-1.5). Doctors are considered more authoritative by individuals who more often receive health information from medical websites in social media (BF=663.5) and medical websites (BF=366.1), as well as from mobile applications (BF=161.9), from teachers (BF=85.1) and from the Internet (BF=6.4). The authority of traditional mass media is related to the frequency of receiving information from them: the following statistically probable relationships are established for TV (BF=61.9), radio (BF=72.5), print media (BF=71.8), pharmacy staff (BF=13.7) and e-mails (BF=6.9). The attributes which are associated with perceived authority of physicians include behavioral factors (locus of control), demographic factors (age), and health literacy. The level of physical activity and the proportion of smokers are not related to the perception of the authority of doctors.\nConclusions. Barriers in communication with a doctor encourage the population to switch to non-specialized, potentially less reliable sources of information. Strengthening the authority of healthcare professionals and building mutual trust is an important basis for ensuring effective and sustainable behavior change in the interests of health and strengthening the capacity of the healthcare system to respond to emergency situations.","Family medicine. European practices",null,"Family medicine. European practices",0,0,"To analyze the independent predictors of authority of health information sources for further use in the formation of information campaigns, binary logistic regression models were formed and attributes which are associated with perceived authority of physicians include behavioral factors, demographic factors, and health literacy.","2024-09-30T00:00:00","5a70c658cf39da62e6f00b3e4790cc7d583201ff"], [38019,"Fake images: how much do they matter? Towards building quantitative modeling of misinformative images","[\"Sabina Caldwell\", \"F. Temmermans\"]",null,"Applications of Digital Image Processing XLVII",null,"Applications of Digital Image Processing XLVII",0,0,null,"2024-09-30T00:00:00","283035172e10afa78a2144e41b6ee64678d4c353"], [38020,"A Pragmatic Study of Media Disinformation: Yemeni Conflict as a Representative","[\"Hani Kamil Al-Ebadi\"]","The concept of disinformation is widely spread in media discourse, particularly in relation to the Yemeni conflict. The study examines the impact of media coverage on shaping an unfavorable disinformation among the population by Al-Hadath satellite channel. Regarding the channel, it exhibits hostility towards the Houthi government in Yemen and shows support for the opposing party. In terms of linguistic means, the study aims to examine media disinformation in order to identify the pragmatic tools employed to fabricate this disinformation and deceive the audience with a false version of the truth. The data under scrutiny represent selected an interview and a news report that are broadcasted by Al-Hadath satellite channel. The study adopts two models to examine media disinformation: the first one is an ideological (Van Dijk, 1998), aiming at investigating ideology behind media disinformation while the second is an eclectic pragmatic model, including Levinson (1983) and Yule (1996), aiming at analyzing the pragmatic strategies, particularly the types and triggers of presuppositions. Ultimately, the study concludes that the media discourse of Al-Hadath satellite channel addressing the Yemeni conflict is disinforming, as it seeks to vilify the Houthi government and create a negative impression of them among the public by highlighting fabricated negative features.\nKeywords: Pragmatics; media; disinformation; presupposition; Yemeni conflict.\n ","Wisdom Journal For Studies & Research",null,"Wisdom Journal For Studies & Research",15,0,null,"2024-09-30T00:00:00","2e97bffb95c856babdc1b77d48b75c48e0e6a841"], [38021,"Disinformation and Fake News: The Infodemic in the Global Health Field","[\"Jairo Eduardo M\\u00e1rquez D\\u00edaz\"]",null,"Computación y Sistemas (CyS)",null,"Journal of Computacion y Sistemas",0,0,null,"2024-09-30T00:00:00","5f347e7d6198cbaba6c122494a0a913c87aa9c15"], [38022,"AI Act, 2024 Presidential Election, and Human-AI Public Communication Verification Project to Fight Disinformation","[\"Jinsoon Song\"]",null,"Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems",null,"Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems",0,0,null,"2024-09-30T00:00:00","e26d48a0c7744ce251cee3ce66dea7a77a835660"], [38023,"The nexus of scam and fake news: An exploratory study of cases of fake news-scams in Singapore","[\"X. Chen\", \"S. Diong\", \"Bethany Leong\", \"Rong Hui Tan\", \"Shannon Su Yan Ng\", \"Stephanie Chan\"]","The increasing prevalence of fake news as well as scams has been a cause for concern for authorities in Singapore in recent years. In particular, the concurrent rise in fake news and online scams has shown signs of convergence in the form of fake news-scams, where false information is manipulated and employed in scams. However, literature examining this emerging phenomenon is scarce. As such, this study aims to deepen our understanding of this novel issue by exploring how scammers employ fake news in terms of type, channels of transmission, and persuasion techniques. Drawing from local case studies ( n = 90) collected from 2016 to 2021, it was found that authority appeals were the most common theme employed in fake news-scams, and persuasion cues of authority were the most prevalent. In addition, Facebook was identified as the most common channel of transmission in the spread of fake news-scams. These findings serve to inform anti-scam prevention measures by local authorities and suggestions are made as to how various stakeholders (e.g. authorities, companies, and individuals) can be involved in dealing with fake news-scams.","Criminology & Criminal Justice",null,"Criminology & Criminal Justice",27,0,"It was found that authority appeals were the most common theme employed in fake news-scams, and persuasion cues of authority were the most prevalent, and Facebook was identified as the most common channel of transmission in the spread of fake news-scams.","2024-09-30T00:00:00","6ef2603d38d93ef62c9cc45b43492e6eb28d63ec"], [38024,"Jogos educativos sobre Fake News: uma mapeamento sistemático","[\"Camille Braga\", \"Diana Sasaki\"]","No mundo digital em constante evolução, a disseminação de notícias falsas vem se tornando uma preocupação significativa. Com a proliferação de plataformas de mídia social e a facilidade de compartilhamento de informações, tem se tornado cada vez mais desafiador para as pessoas discernirem entre notícias verdadeiras e falsas. Diante desse cenário, a importância de educar sobre Fake News e desenvolver habilidades críticas tem se tornado crucial. Neste contexto, a utilização de jogos educativos surge como uma abordagem para envolver e capacitar os jovens a lidar de forma mais efetiva com a proliferação de notícias falsas.","{\"pages\": \"890-901\"}",null,"Brazilian Symposium on Games and Digital Entertainment",24,0,null,"2024-09-30T00:00:00","1835b9482bcc3b521624d9a753d0bf95f45a5c41"], [38025,"Abuse of Criticism: T.S. Eliot and Northrop Frye’s Academic Ramp-up to “Fake News”","[\"Richard H Goranowski\"]","Percy Bysshe Shelley’s “Defence of Poetry” originates T.S. Eliot’s 1932 Harvard Norton Lecture on “taste” maligning “a marked swing in his feelings toward Shelley's verse from fervid imitation to contemptuous disdain.” Lowe, P.J., 2002. Eliot’s acolyte, Northrop Frye, in 1957 follows similar tautology to exclude Shelley’s straw-man agonist, Thomas Love Peacock, from Anatomy of Criticism commentary over Sir Philip Sidney’s “Apology for Poesy,” Shelley’s obvious rhetorical target. Here we treat Eliot and Frye’s methodologies as a Prigozhin troll factory authoritarian oligarchic academic coup that, “like the Internet Research Agency, engage in … ‘coordinated inauthentic activity, ranging from the use of false names and the creation of false audiences to the publication of false stories and the creation of divisive narratives.”","Athens Journal of Humanities & Arts",null,"Athens Journal of Humanities & Arts",0,0,null,"2024-09-30T00:00:00","d1d1ab92157369f547a5c3adec83022634e8eb41"], [38026,"Content moderation and the digital transformations of gatekeeping","[\"Ralph Schroeder\"]","This essay provides an overview of the current state of content moderation on social media platforms. The question the essay addresses is why there are a number of unresolved issues in tackling dysfunctional content. The argument is that there are two intersecting new phenomena which make effective content moderation difficult: one is that social media platforms lack the gatekeeping of content that was characteristic of traditional news media. The second is that the regulation of this un‐gatekept content is still unsettled; it falls between social media companies that span the globe and the regulations or absence thereof bounded by nation‐states. To understand both, an analysis restricted to law and regulation is insufficient. Instead, it is necessary to examine the role of media systems in society in a holistic way, and in a way that distinguishes between gatekept media and the absence of gatekeeping or new forms of gatekeeping. Such a broader account points to why the institutionalization of content moderation is likely to be a protracted and uneven process. The conclusion spells out how the tensions that have arisen with new media could be resolved, but also why they are likely to remain imperfectly resolved.","Policy & Internet",null,"Policy & Internet",23,1,"There are two intersecting new phenomena which make effective content moderation difficult: one is that social media platforms lack the gatekeeping of content that was characteristic of traditional news media, and the regulation of this un‐gatekept content is still unsettled; it falls between social media companies that span the globe and the regulations or absence thereof bounded by nation‐states.","2024-09-30T00:00:00","509ddc0554782f42b7f89515706c1b4bfb29e1ed"], [38027,"Towards a processual understanding of trust: A study of trust-building strategies of constructive journalists","[\"Diego Garusi\", \"Birte M. Leonhardt\"]","Trust in news media is a hot topic in media research, and although several attempts have been made to explore it, the concept has commonly been viewed as a matter of audiences’ reception of news products. In contrast, we conceptualize trust as an integral part of all stages of the news production process and focus on the journalists’ perspective. Based on semi-structured interviews with Austrian constructive journalists, we investigate which strategies they use to improve the perception of their trustworthiness among audiences and what they want to achieve by being trusted. Trust-building strategies are identified across various stages of news production, with a notable emphasis on traditional journalistic values like objectivity, particularly in the context of separating facts from opinions to enhance audiences’ trust. Objectivity is sought through reliance on scientific sources, which are considered objective in their own right. This approach contrasts with conventional notions of objectivity in journalistic and academic discourse on constructive journalism. The findings reveal a focus on fostering trust to promote a solution-oriented approach to public issues, facilitating a more vibrant and constructive public discourse.","Journalism",null,"Journalism",27,0,null,"2024-09-30T00:00:00","bf4046c715aa38d5ee249152bf7df6a6233ed729"], [38028,"Cloning Journalism Practices and Violations of Journalistic Ethics (Case Study of Press Company Organizations in Bengkulu Local Media)","[\"Tri Yulianti Imran\", \"Gushevinalti Gushevinalti\", \"Neneng Cucu Marlina\"]","This thesis is entitled \"Clone Journalism Practices and Violations of Journalistic Ethics (Case Study of Press Company Organizations in Bengkulu Local Media)\". The aim of this research is to present the practice of cloned journalism and violations of journalistic ethics in case studies of press company organizations in the local Bengkulu media. This research uses a descriptive analysis method with a qualitative approach. In the practice of cloning journalism and violations of journalistic ethics based on the code of ethics guidelines created by the Press Council and regulated in Law No. 40 of 1999. By paying attention to news elements such as news titles, leads, news content, and quotations using Galtung's gate keeper theory and Ruge (McQuail, 2010:310). The research results show that local media in Bengkulu have carried out the practice of cloning journalism on news published in their respective media. Researchers also found that the media that most often practice clone journalism are media that are members of the Benkulu press company organization, namely the Indonesian Cyber Media Union (SMSI). The practice of cloning journalism is an ethical violation committed by many elements. Starting from journalists, and editors to editor-in-chief. This practice is carried out systematically and the editors do not function in editing and editing news. The practice of cloning journalism is a violation of journalistic ethics in article 2 which states that Indonesian journalists must use professional methods in carrying out journalistic practices.","East Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research",null,"East Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research",11,0,null,"2024-09-30T00:00:00","5baba63445d78d005660b78a7981c3fd45c9fbc5"], [38029,"“Unfortunately, we couldn’t reach a definitive diagnosis”: the interactional management of uncertainty in genetic counseling","[\"Ana Cristina Ostermann\", \"Min\\u00e9ia Frezza\"]","This paper examines how participants in genetic counseling sessions interactionally manage situations where the results of tests to investigate the causes of identified fetal malformations are inconclusive or missing. The dataset consists of 54 audio-recorded interactions at a unit specialized in moderate- and high-risk pregnancies at a Brazilian public hospital. Conversation analysis was used to examine the data, revealing that the participants deployed interactional actions that exhibited highly negative valence toward diagnostic inconclusiveness, demonstrating that when there is a motivation for a medical examination, insofar as its results will serve as a basis for subsequent decision-making (in this case about future pregnancies), there is a preference for bad diagnostic news over absent or inconclusive diagnostic news. These findings are consistent with prior interactional studies.","Revista Eletrônica de Comunicação, Informação & Inovação em Saúde",null,"Revista Eletrônica de Comunicação, Informação & Inovação em Saúde",0,0,"Conversation analysis was used to examine data, revealing that the participants deployed interactional actions that exhibited highly negative valence toward diagnostic inconclusiveness, demonstrating that when there is a motivation for a medical examination, insofar as its results will serve as a basis for subsequent decision-making (in this case about future pregnancies), there is a preference for bad diagnostic news over absent or inconclusive diagnostic news.","2024-09-30T00:00:00","34692cb4e1db964735278c5c1c4177e287607dcb"], [38030,"Combating Misinformation on Social Media Using Social Noise and Social Entropy as a Measure of Uncertainty","[\"Manar Alsaid\", \"Siva Parvathi Panguluri\", \"Suliman Hawamdeh\"]","Recent events around the world, including the war in Ukraine and the conflict in Gaza have highlighted the effective use of social media as a tool to voice concerns about social issues to create awareness. At the same time, social media has become a fertile ground for spreading misinformation, fake news, and conspiracy theories. Misinformation and conspiracy theories have existed since the existence of mankind. What is new today is the speed by which misinformation can be created, magnified and spread using social media. Efforts to regulate social media and control the widespread spread of misinformation are still lacking due to rapid advances in technology and concerns regarding free speech. One approach to minimizing the impact of misinformation is to focus on social noise as an important factor in magnifying and spreading misinformation. In this paper, we investigate methods of identifying and quantifying social noise using social entropy as a measure of uncertainty and topic modeling. Results from the study have shown a direct relationship between social noise and social entropy. The results have also shown that social noise and social entropy decrease with the use of URLs and rich content (sematic information). Further studies will include the use of machine learning and AI techniques to improve the definition of social news and social entropy.","Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology",null,"Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology",24,2,"Methods of identifying and quantifying social noise using social entropy as a measure of uncertainty and topic modeling are investigated, which have shown a direct relationship between social noise and social entropy.","2024-10-01T00:00:00","040e6396e42a1bcfc89020bcaa8c0b0bd891a37c"], [38031,"Dark patterns, dark nudges, sludge and misinformation: alcohol industry apps and digital tools.","[\"Elliott Roy-Highley\", \"Katherine K\\u00f6rner\", \"Claire Mulrenan\", \"M. Petticrew\"]","Many alcohol-industry-funded (AIF) organizations disseminate eHealth/mHealth tools that claim to assist users in making health decisions by monitoring alcohol consumption, e.g. blood alcohol calculators, AUDIT scores, consumption trackers. Previously, AIF materials were found to contain health misinformation that could increase consumption (dark nudges) or make healthy behaviour change more difficult (sludge). The accuracy and functionality of AIF tools have never been analysed, and given the history of AIF materials it is possible they contain misinformation and function as covert marketing channels to promote alcohol-industry-friendly narratives on the causes and possible solutions of alcohol-related harms. We evaluated the information accuracy and framing, behaviour change techniques (BCTs), and functions of AIF digital tools (n = 15, from the UK, Ireland, the USA, Canada, New Zealand, Australia; including Drinkaware, Drinkwise, Educ'alcool and others), compared to a non-industry-funded independent sample (n = 10). We identified misinformation and 'dark patterns' (interface design strategies for influencing users against their interest) throughout AIF tools; significantly fewer provided accurate feedback (33% vs 100%), and significantly more omitted information on cancer (67% vs 10%) and cardiovascular disease (80% vs 30%) and promoted industry-friendly narratives (47% vs 0%). AIF tools encouraged consumption through priming nudges (53%) and social norming (40%). AIF tools utilized fewer BCTs, provided users with more limited pre-set options (54%), and fewer drink choices (mean 24 vs 275). Their input structure often impeded their ability to provide guideline advice. We conclude that AIF tools contain pro-industry misinformation strategies and dark patterns that misinform users about their consumption and could 'nudge' them towards continuing to drink alcohol-characteristics of 'Dark Apps' designs.","Health promotion international",null,"Health Promotion International",44,2,"It is concluded that AIF tools contain pro-industry misinformation strategies and dark patterns that misinform users about their consumption and could 'nudge' them towards continuing to drink alcohol-characteristics of 'Dark Apps' designs.","2024-10-01T00:00:00","bfc7e564709e8407872131783bc3adb6a68fa83b"], [38032,"Critical thinking and misinformation vulnerability: Experimental evidence from Colombia","[\"John A List\", \"Lina M Ramirez\", \"Julia Seither\", \"Jaime Unda\", \"B. Vallejo\"]","Abstract Misinformation represents a vital threat to the societal fabric of modern economies. While skills interventions to detect misinformation such as de-bunking and prebunking, media literacy, and manipulation resilience have begun to receive increased attention, evidence on de-biasing interventions and their link with misinformation vulnerability is scarce. We explore the demand for misinformation through the lens of augmenting critical thinking in an online framed field experiment during the 2022 Presidential election in Colombia. Data from roughly 2.000 individuals suggest that providing individuals with information about their own biases (obtained through a personality test) has no impact on skepticism towards news. But (additionally) showing participants a de-biasing video seems to enhance critical thinking, causing subjects to more carefully consider the truthfulness of potential misinformation.","PNAS Nexus",null,"PNAS Nexus",25,1,null,"2024-10-01T00:00:00","98ce98792eb05a560215f4dd870c4529309cea24"], [38033,"Integrating Social Explanations Into Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) for Combating Misinformation: Vision and Challenges","[\"Yeaeun Gong\", \"Lanyu Shang\", \"Dong Wang\"]","This article overviews the state of the art, research challenges, and future directions in our vision: integrating social explanation into explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) to combat misinformation. In our context, “social explanation” is an explanatory approach that reveals the social aspect of misinformation by analyzing sociocontextual cues, such as user attributes, user engagement metrics, diffusion patterns, and user comments. Our vision is motivated by the research gap in the existing XAI that tends to overlook the broader social context in which misinformation spreads. In this article, we first define social explanation, demonstrating it through examples, enabling technologies, and real-world applications. We then outline the unique benefits social explanation brings to the fight against misinformation and discuss the challenges that make our vision complex. The significance of this article lies in introducing the “social explanation” concept in XAI, which has been underexplored in the previous literature. Also, we demonstrate how social explanations can be effectively employed to tackle misinformation and promote collaboration across diverse fields by drawing upon interdisciplinary techniques spanning from computer science, social computing, human–computer interaction, to psychology. We hope that this article will advance progress in the field of XAI and contribute to the ongoing efforts to counter misinformation.","IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems",null,"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems",170,1,"The significance of this article lies in introducing the “social explanation” concept in XAI, which has been underexplored in the previous literature, and demonstrating how social explanations can be effectively employed to tackle misinformation and promote collaboration across diverse fields by drawing upon interdisciplinary techniques.","2024-10-01T00:00:00","cf6e0ac752beac9cf6187552c303089255b527e3"], [38034,"Large language models (LLMs) and the institutionalization of misinformation","[\"M. Garry\", \"Way Ming Chan\", \"Jeffrey L. Foster\", \"Linda A. Henkel\"]",null,"Trends in Cognitive Sciences",null,"Trends in Cognitive Sciences",48,3,null,"2024-10-01T00:00:00","cde99760cd617ec2a2c5af5f9edf44e2d2cd1bae"], [38035,"Misinformation spreading on activity-driven networks with heterogeneous spreading rates.","[\"Yongwang Gong\", \"Michael Small\"]","The spread of misinformation on social media is inextricably related to each user's forwarding habits. In this paper, given that users have heterogeneous forwarding probabilities to their neighbors with varied relationships when they receive misinformation, we present a novel ignorant-spreader-refractory (ISR) spreading model with heterogeneous spreading rates on activity-driven networks with various types of links that encode these differential relationships. More exactly, in this model, the same type of links has an identical spreading rate, while different types of links have distinct ones. Using a mean-field approach and Monte Carlo simulations, we investigate how the heterogeneity of spreading rates affects the outbreak threshold and final prevalence of misinformation. It is demonstrated that the heterogeneity of spreading rates has no effect on the threshold when the type of link follows a uniform distribution. However, it has a significant impact on the threshold for non-uniform distributions. For example, the heterogeneity of spreading rates increases the threshold for normal distribution while it lowers the threshold for an exponent distribution. In comparison to the situation of a homogeneous spreading rate, whether the heterogeneity of spreading rates improves or decreases the final prevalence of misinformation is also determined by the distributions of the type of links.","Chaos",null,"Chaos",43,0,"A novel ignorant-spreader-refractory (ISR) spreading model with heterogeneous spreading rates on activity-driven networks with various types of links that encode these differential relationships, where the same type of links has an identical spreading rate, while different types of links have distinct ones.","2024-10-01T00:00:00","c06ef1a4dd047590485388ef51e74879f8eea2e4"], [38036,"Mind Over Misinformation: Investigating the Factors of Cognitive Influences in Information Acceptance","[\"Mouly Dewan\", \"Chirag Shah\"]","Many scholars have tried to investigate the identification, characterization, dissemination, and prevention of misinformation in recent years. But a fundamental question that lies behind these investigations is ‘Why do people believe in a piece of information, whether true or false?’. The primary objective of this study is to understand the psychological drivers of belief systems that makes individuals believe any information prior assessing its veracity. The study specifically tries to understand cognitive biases that influence an individual's decision making about information in digital settings. Based on a quantitative survey with 41 participants, we try to induce cognitivity among the participants and try to measure the effect in their decision making. We find a major portion of our participants being cognitively induced which in turn had a significant effect on their decision making while engaging with information. Furthermore, we try to assess whether an individual's political affiliation has any effects in perceived truthfulness while engaging with political information. This study shows us how easily cognitive bias can be induced and how it affects an individual's belief structure in digital platforms.","Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology",null,"Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology",4,0,null,"2024-10-01T00:00:00","04fb1349fe02d15c1f259bfde7bb10562e16046a"], [38037,"\"I don't trust them\": Exploring Perceptions of Fact-checking Entities for Flagging Online Misinformation","[\"Hana Habib\", \"Sara Elsharawy\", \"Rifat Rahman\"]","The spread of misinformation through online social media platforms has had substantial societal consequences. As a result, platforms have introduced measures to alert users of news content that may be misleading or contain inaccuracies as a means to discourage them from sharing it. These interventions sometimes cite external sources, such as fact-checking organizations and news outlets, for providing assessments related to the accuracy of the content. However, it is unclear whether users trust the assessments provided by these entities and whether perceptions vary across different topics of news. We conducted an online study with 655 US participants to explore user perceptions of eight categories of fact-checking entities across two misinformation topics, as well as factors that may impact users' perceptions. We found that participants' opinions regarding the trustworthiness and bias of the entities varied greatly, aligning largely with their political preference. However, just the presence of a fact-checking label appeared to discourage participants from sharing the headlines studied. Our results hint at the need for further exploring fact-checking entities that may be perceived as neutral, as well as the potential for incorporating multiple assessments in such labels.","ArXiv",null,"arXiv.org",0,0,"It is found that participants' opinions regarding the trustworthiness and bias of the entities varied greatly, aligning largely with their political preference, and just the presence of a fact-checking label appeared to discourage participants from sharing the headlines studied.","2024-10-01T00:00:00","d8adaaa0d7b9963e84d344e81793d27b14460ee2"], [38038,"The cardiovascular scamdemic: The epidemic spread of cardiovascular treatment scams and misinformation","[\"U. Demirk\\u0131l\\u0131\\u00e7\", \"Burcu Tosun\"]","Recently, some cardiovascular surgeons have been increasingly using social media for marketing, often employing misleading terminology. This trend, which we termed the “cardiovascular scamdemic,” involves the widespread dissemination of deceptive advertisements for cardiovascular treatments, resembling an epidemic. Exposure to such misinformation not only endangers patients, who naturally rely on information from professional sources, but also erodes public trust in medical ethics and scientific integrity. Additionally, it contributes to treatment refusal and adverse health outcomes. The lack of comprehensive global regulations addressing these issues highlights the urgent need for more effective enforcement measures.","Turkish Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery",null,"Turk gogus kalp damar cerrahisi dergisi",13,0,"The “cardiovascular scamdemic” involves the widespread dissemination of deceptive advertisements for cardiovascular treatments, resembling an epidemic, and the lack of comprehensive global regulations addressing these issues highlights the urgent need for more effective enforcement measures.","2024-10-01T00:00:00","160872317a2d2e9b104c9a802ee2ffd97a62253e"], [38039,"Twitter as Knowledge Commons: What Twitter Users Think and Do About Managing Misinformation Issues","[\"Kyung\\u2010Sun Kim\", \"Sin Sei\\u2010Ching Joanna\"]","Based on the Governing Knowledge Commons framework, this study examines what users do and think about managing misinformation issues in the Twitter community, and how these are affected by user characteristics. Undergraduates from a public university in the US participated in the study (n = 464) by completing an online survey. Findings shed light on how Twitter community members tackle misinformation issues and inform policies and system designs to support the members' actions and preferences.","Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology",null,"Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology",3,0,"What users do and think about managing misinformation issues in the Twitter community, and how these are affected by user characteristics are examined to shed light on how Twitter community members tackle misinformation issues and inform policies and system designs to support the members' actions and preferences.","2024-10-01T00:00:00","c4c917788f5f682f829f3680d58850d52463602f"], [38040,"Factors driving misinformation production and user engagement with toothache content on Facebook","[\"T. S. Menezes\", \"M. M. Martini\", \"M. Lotto\", \"O. S. Jorge\", \"A. M. Juc\\u00e1\", \"P. E. Aguirre\", \"T. Cruvinel\"]","Objectives: This study characterized toothache-related Portuguese Facebook posts, identifying factors driving misinformation production and user engagement. Methods: Investigators qualitatively analyzed 500 posts published between August 2018 and August 2022, screening on language and theme. Posts were selected using CrowdTangle and assessed for motivation, author profile, content, sentiment, facticity, and format. The interaction metrics (total interactions/overperforming scores) were compared between groups of dichotomized characteristics, including time of publication. Data were evaluated by descriptive analysis, the Mann-Whitney U test, and the path analysis by generalized structural equation modeling. Results: 39.6% of posts (n = 198) contained misinformation, significantly linked to noncommercial posts with positive sentiment, links, and videos from regular users motivated by financial motivation. Additionally, user engagement was only positively associated with business/health authors' profiles and the time of publication. Conclusion: Toothache-related posts often contain misinformation, shared by regular users in links and video formats, tied to positive sentiments, and generally with financial motivation.","Health informatics journal",null,"Health Informatics Journal",32,0,null,"2024-10-01T00:00:00","7f10f94df5d0ba7de3bbfe8d63f6148de2e71457"], [38041,"Managing Misinformation","[\"D. Allchin\", \"Jocelyn Miller\", \"Molly Proudfit\"]","This paper catalogs previous articles in American Biology Teacher on various aspects of teaching about science misinformation and identifies which of the core concepts are addressed in each. A concise overview of relevant themes is provided, along with how the concepts align with the Next Generation Science Standards. This may serve as a practical guide for organizing and planning science media literacy education, to help students negotiate the growing flood of misinformation.","The American Biology Teacher",null,"The American history teacher",4,0,"This paper catalogs previous articles in American Biology Teacher on various aspects of teaching about science misinformation and identifies which of the core concepts are addressed in each and how the concepts align with the Next Generation Science Standards.","2024-10-01T00:00:00","7dec19f7a3c1ce1750c5bccd5762555e5075af3d"], [38042,"Health Misinformation Research","[\"Devon L. Greyson\", \"Morgan Lundy\", \"Sophie Rutter\", \"David Walugembe\"]","Health misinformation research has dramatically increased since the start of the COVID‐19 pandemic, although not all of this work has taken advantage of the rich theoretical and methodological background information science as a discipline has to contribute. This panel presentation will feature information scientists conducting health misinformation research from and in various settings, to showcase the value and range of information science approaches to health misinformation research. Each panelist will describe their work in the area of understanding and/or addressing health misinformation in institutions such as libraries and schools, health systems and interventions such as vaccination or public health promotion, or the general public in their online or offline information environments. Presentations will also highlight the ways researchers are applying information science theory, methods, and/or approaches to health misinformation topics, as well as lessons panelists have learned through this work. The panel will conclude with an interactive audience discussion that will center on the ways in which information science can help understand and address health misinformation challenges around the world.","Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology",null,"Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology",16,0,"This panel presentation will feature information scientists conducting health misinformation research from and in various settings, to showcase the value and range of information science approaches to health misinformation research.","2024-10-01T00:00:00","c36bbc927f1f3562932aaa2c8a9c7716b6a66152"], [38043,"Medical misinformation and fear of recurrence in patients with breast cancer.","[\"K. Lapen\", \"Marisa C. Weiss\", \"E. C. Dee\", \"Junzo P. Chino\", \"S. Meske\", \"F. Chino\"]","\n 354\n \n \n Background:\n Fear of recurrence is a common yet underappreciated burden patients experience during and after cancer treatment. Medical misinformation about factors that influence risk of cancer progression/recurrence is also common. Little is known about the spread of medical misinformation and how it affects fear of cancer recurrence.\n Methods:\n From 7/2023 to 8/2023 patients completed an anonymous online survey administered by Breastcancer.org. Surveys were available in English and Spanish with eligibility: US resident, age ≥18 years, and breast cancer diagnosis within 10 years. Surveys assessed patient awareness of various factors purported to increase or decrease risk of cancer progression/recurrence and fear of recurrence (via validated FCRI-SF, scored 0-36, higher scores indicate greater fear, score ≥22 indicate clinical relevance). Multivariate analysis (MVA) assessed awareness of misinformation after controlling for age, race and ethnicity, marital status, and level of education. Chi-square assessed association between misinformation exposure and fear of recurrence.\n Results:\n Overall, 997 completed the survey. Median age was 62 (IQR 53-69), 86% were White, 5% Black, 4% Hispanic, and 3% Asian. 76% were married and 77% had completed a college or advanced degree. 52% were undergoing active cancer treatment at the time of assessment. Most (65%) reported hearing misinformation regarding factors that may INCREASE risk of cancer progression/recurrence. Specifically, patients heard that sugar (61%), deodorant (22%), vaccines (8%), cell phones (8%), and bra type (8%) could increase risk. Half (54%) reported hearing misinformation regarding factors that may DECREASE risk of cancer progression/recurrence. Specifically, patients heard that eating organic food (41%), oral vitamins/supplements (29%), alkaline diet/alkalized water (12%), vitamin infusions (7%), cleanses (5%), essential oils (5%), and oxygen therapy (4%) could decrease risk. Overall, 76% had reported at least one incorrect factor influencing risk of cancer progression/recurrence. On MVA, younger age (OR 0.99/year of age, 95%CI 0.97-1.00, p=0.044) and Hispanic ethnicity (OR 2.98, 95%CI 1.02-8.25, p=0.047) were associated with hearing misinformation. Fear of recurrence score was available for 695 (70%) patients. Median score was 19 (IQR 13-24), 38% had a clinically significant level of fear (≥22). Awareness of medical misinformation was not associated with clinically significant fear (38% vs. 35%, χ\n 2\n 0.53, p=0.469).\n Conclusions:\n In a large cohort of patients with breast cancer, medical misinformation about risk of progression/recurrence was common. Fear of recurrence was high in over a third of surveyed patients, but was not associated with awareness of false information. Further understanding of how patients perceive and process medical misinformation is essential, especially in populations at highest risk for misinformation spread.\n","JCO Oncology Practice",null,"JCO Oncology Practice",0,0,"In a large cohort of patients with breast cancer, medical misinformation about risk of progression/recurrence was common and Fear of recurrence was high in over a third of surveyed patients, but was not associated with awareness of false information.","2024-10-01T00:00:00","da20cb3ebe3d82e5d8e43dd927a47cd1e493a8b4"], [38044,"Source inference for misinformation spreading on hypergraphs","[\"Xiaohang Yu\", \"Yanyi Nie\", \"Wenyao Li\", \"Ganzhi Luo\", \"Tao Lin\", \"Wei Wang\"]",null,"Chaos, Solitons & Fractals",null,"Chaos, Solitons & Fractals",53,1,null,"2024-10-01T00:00:00","82a844db89d0e93fc2228e6af883ab011a3bb45b"], [38045,"Our life amid fake news: Self-perceived vulnerability to misinformation","[\"Pablo S\\u00e1nchez L\\u00f3pez\", \"Nuria Navarro Sierra\", \"Mar\\u00eda Alcal\\u00e1-Santaella Oria de Rueda\"]","The internet offers the ability to access a large amount of information quickly. However, this immediacy and oversaturation has negative aspects, such as informative disorders. This research aims to clarify whether the complex global landscape introduces scenarios which differ from one another by factors that we can point to as being responsible for different levels of vulnerability towards information disorders. Thus, this study applied a qualitative methodology based on the collection of relevant information of 50 participants, using online groups to generate a common space which offered a certain degree of intimacy. Within the results obtained, there is a remarkable hypersubjectivism amid all the groups that stands out above individual and/or ideological differences. Finally, this research demonstrates that citizens, regardless of their ideological positioning, perceive different factors which can make them more vulnerable to disinformation: the importance of fact-checking, abundance of information and immediacy.","Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies",null,"Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies",19,0,null,"2024-10-01T00:00:00","d677db8f71c529afa5652acd706bd27a62e64231"], [38046,"Science and sanity: A social epistemology of misinformation, disinformation, and the limits of knowledge","[\"Laurence J. Kirmayer\"]","Recent challenges to scientific authority in relation to the COVID pandemic, climate change, and the proliferation of conspiracy theories raise questions about the nature of knowledge and conviction. This article considers problems of social epistemology that are central to current predicaments about popular or public knowledge and the status of science. From the perspective of social epistemology, knowing and believing are not simply individual cognitive processes but based on participation in social systems, networks, and niches. As such, knowledge and conviction can be understood in terms of the dynamics of epistemic communities, which create specific forms of authority, norms, and practices that include styles of reasoning, habits of thought and modes of legitimation. Efforts to understand the dynamics of delusion and pathological conviction have something useful to teach us about our vulnerability as knowers and believers. However, this individual psychological account needs to be supplemented with a broader social view of the politics of knowledge that can inform efforts to create a healthy information ecology and strengthen the civil institutions that allow us to ground our action in well-informed picture of the world oriented toward mutual recognition, respect, diversity, and coexistence.","Transcultural Psychiatry",null,"Transcultural Psychiatry",65,0,null,"2024-10-01T00:00:00","6a1af55020b720bdae9f4809df6911d88e8c860d"], [38047,"I've been studying misinformation for a decade - here are the rumours to watch out for on US election day.","[\"Kate Starbird\"]",null,"Nature",null,"Nature",0,0,null,"2024-10-01T00:00:00","d648b3a93ed4b53f3abfd9e7d3ca36976cf1c373"], [38048,"5.22 Misinformation Mayhem: The Effects of TikTok Content on ADHD Knowledge, Stigma, and Treatment-Seeking Intentions","[\"Ashley Schiros\", \"Kevin M Antshel\"]",null,"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry",null,"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry",0,0,null,"2024-10-01T00:00:00","c6a67dadc0960bdb864d6c83041b1d782beb9469"], [38049,"To keep health as a unifying force, we must put resources into tackling health misinformation and disinformation","[\"J. Bagenal\", \"Sian Crucefix\", \"Chloe Wilson\", \"Tim Dehnel\", \"Hugh Thomas\", \"Pierre Nauleau\", \"Claire Lenahan\", \"Ursula Hofer\"]",null,"The Lancet",null,"The Lancet",15,0,null,"2024-10-01T00:00:00","486d7ef47bfa938012620b2b01c8ba656f1b5436"], [38050,"81.1 Can Parents Fall Prey To “TikTok Diagnoses?”: Caregivers and Social Media Misinformation","[\"Meredith Gansner\"]",null,"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry",null,"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry",0,0,null,"2024-10-01T00:00:00","d58522f456eafd8eb4c02beaacc9652a0d57151f"], [38051,"Reddit, Discord, and the Spreadsheet: Misinformation About Residency Programs and How to Combat It.","[\"Ryan J. Keneally\", \"Luis H. Lemos Lopes\"]",null,"Journal of graduate medical education",null,"Journal of Graduate Medical Education",12,0,null,"2024-10-01T00:00:00","7030c976431dc5e75ca6351d2d675fdab9ba4035"], [38052,"Researchers confront a rising tide of cancer misinformation: A fledgling field of research has documented major harms from misinformation on cancer treatment and prevention and is weighing how physicians can best counter the bad advice.","[\"Bryn Nelson\", \"W. Faquin\"]",null,"Cancer cytopathology",null,"Cancer Cytopathology",0,0,null,"2024-10-01T00:00:00","21b089d8983736aa62d08709cc7635b29201fcbd"], [38053,"Combating medical misinformation and rebuilding trust in the USA.","[\"Clara E Tandar\", \"John C Lin\", \"F. C. Stanford\"]",null,"The Lancet. Digital health",null,"The Lancet Digital Health",8,0,null,"2024-10-01T00:00:00","2017098f0a0ecb48e5a510463f70cc3587a9638e"], [38054,"PAGING DOCTOR TIKTOK: SOCIAL MEDIA PSYCHOEDUCATION, MISINFORMATION, AND CONTAGION","[\"Paul E. Weigle\", \"Bushra Rizwan\"]",null,"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry",null,"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry",0,0,null,"2024-10-01T00:00:00","44516c0fe9ed2aa554a7081ef937db639880af91"], [38055,"Digital Distractions and Misinformation","[\"Kristopher Kaliebe\", \"Kaushal Shah\"]",null,"Pediatric Clinics of North America",null,"The Pediatric clinics of North America",57,0,null,"2024-10-01T00:00:00","5e78a3f7e58a2fdac984b482dda1365ab8860ed9"], [38056,"Voters distrust delayed election results, but a prebunking message inoculates against distrust","[\"Mackenzie Lockhart\", \"Jennifer Gaudette\", \"Seth J Hill\", \"Thad Kousser\", \"Mindy Romero\", \"Laura Uribe\"]","Abstract Counting and certifying election results in the United States can take days and even weeks following election day. These delays are often linked to distrust in elections but does delay cause distrust? What can election officials do to counteract distrust if counting most ballots and announcing results cannot occur on election night? Using a preregistered survey experiment of nearly 10,000 Americans, this article shows that informing voters about longer-than-expected vote counting time induces a large, significant decrease in trust in the election. However, viewing a “prebunking” video in advance of being informed of the delay in results more than makes up for the delay-induced decrease in election trust. Our findings have two important implications. First, unexpected delays in calling elections induce distrust even without misinformation from third parties. Second, providing voters with information about vote counting and the legitimate reasons for delays increases trust and mitigates the distrust induced by delays.","PNAS Nexus",null,"PNAS Nexus",27,1,null,"2024-10-01T00:00:00","a8a21c198c6cd511c035c8a77763de0a57bf0d05"], [38057,"Parental perceptions of COVID-19 mitigation measures: Analysis of mis- and disinformation shared during school board meetings within Tennessee’s five largest counties","[\"B. White\", \"Olufunto A. Olusanya\", \"Chad A. Melton\", \"F. Kumsa\", \"Nupur Singh\", \"A. Shaban-Nejad\"]","\n \n \n The COVID-19 pandemic has affected healthcare systems and significantly strained educational systems nationwide. When school districts returned to in-person learning in the Fall of 2021, measures such as mask mandates, social distancing, and frequent hand washing were introduced to mitigate the surge in COVID-19 infections. However, these policies related to disease prevention measures, the COVID-19 vaccine, and mask mandates were often met with varying levels of opposition from parents and caregivers. To express their concerns, parents and guardians attended community school board meetings as an open forum to debate and voice their opposition to these COVID-related policies. In some of these meetings, mis- and disinformation, misconceptions, and conspiracy theories became a dominant theme. The proliferation of misinformation poses significant challenges to vaccination behavior and, as a result, impedes efforts to prevent the spread of diseases. This study investigated how parents perceive pandemic-related policies such as vaccine and mask mandates. It also explored the misinformation, misconceptions, and conspiracy theories shared regarding COVID-19-related policies during school board meetings (SBMs) held within Tennessee’s five largest school districts during the Fall of 2021.\n \n \n \n From August to September 2021, the largest school districts in Tennessee uploaded a series of publicly available recordings of school board meetings (SBMs) to YouTube, and comments made by participants were extracted. To gain insight into parents’ perceptions regarding pandemic-related policies and the spread of COVID-19 misinformation within statewide educational settings, audio recordings were transcribed verbatim. The analysis was conducted using a rapid qualitative analysis framework, guided by the grounded theory and inductive approach. Overall, six recordings were obtained representing SBM recordings from the following counties: Hamilton (Chattanooga Metro), Knox (Knoxville Metro), Montgomery (Clarksville Metro), Shelby (Memphis Metro), and Williamson/Davidson (Nashville Metro).\n \n \n \n Our study highlights that parents’ perceptions shared regarding COVID-19-related policies during Tennessee SBMs contributed to the dissemination of varying patterns of misinformation. These misinformation-related topics were categorized into nine major themes: (1) enforcing pediatric mask usage was child abuse, (2) masks were unsafe and (3) ineffective, (4) COVID-19-related statistics were being erroneously reported, (5) pediatric COVID-19 vaccines were unsafe and (6) ineffective, (7) use of alternative therapeutics were more effective than COVID-19 vaccinations, (8) COVID-19 infections were not severe in children, and (9) governmental agencies could not be trusted.\n \n \n \n This study underscores the importance of facilitating evidence-based, culturally appropriate COVID-19 education to combat misinformation that negatively impacts vaccination behavior. We expect these findings will help guide the development of comprehensive digital interventions, including targeted educational campaigns among vaccine-hesitant populations and those who spread misinformation.\n","Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society",null,"Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society",0,0,null,"2024-10-01T00:00:00","a1f7169b944241b88cb04491e0d5b58cc46935f4"], [38058,"A bibliometric analysis of the impact of media manipulation on adolescent mental health: Policy recommendations for algorithmic transparency","[\"Alfonso Pellegrino\", \"Alessandro Stasi\"]","This bibliometric study examines the relationship between media manipulation and adolescent mental health, analyzing 101 articles published from 2016 to 2024. The research reveals a significant increase in attention post-2016, with the United States, Spain, Australia, and Italy leading contributions. Using PRISMA guidelines and VOSviewer for keyword co-occurrence and co-citation mapping, three main research clusters are identified: cognitive dynamics of misinformation, digital literacy, and the social implications of misinformation. The study emphasizes the need for multidisciplinary efforts to enhance digital literacy and develop informed policy interventions. Findings advocate for proactive strategies to mitigate the negative effects of digital misinformation on youth, including policy reforms for effective content moderation and greater transparency in algorithmic processes. Additionally, the study highlights the importance of context-aware AI systems and better access to mental health services to address the psychological impacts of media manipulation on adolescents. These efforts are essential for fostering a sustainable digital environment that supports the mental well-being of young people.","Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies",null,"Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies",46,0,null,"2024-10-01T00:00:00","aa9b1c5ae17274444fd128ca46225c18602e8371"], [38059,"Disinformation in Science: Ethical Considerations for Citing Retracted Works","[\"A. J. Million\", \"John M Budd\"]","This paper discusses the ethical implications of citing retracted biomedical literature, particularly in the context of spreading misinformation within scholarly discourse. It examines the responsibility of scientists to combat disinformation and uphold ethical standards in their research practices. To guide our discussion, we studied citations of the most often cited retracted works containing disinformation in Web of Science. Our findings confirm prior research and demonstrate that most citations to retracted papers reference them to bolster arguments or use methodologies without acknowledging their status. We conclude by interpreting our findings through a framework of moral obligation and argue that scientists have a special responsibility to combat disinformation, which may harm others. Cognitive authorities, namely scientists, citing invalid publications may perpetuate false beliefs and erode trust in scientific integrity.","Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology",null,"Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology",56,0,"The ethical implications of citing retracted biomedical literature, particularly in the context of spreading misinformation within scholarly discourse, are discussed and it is argued that scientists have a special responsibility to combat disinformation, which may harm others.","2024-10-01T00:00:00","a85a13f00d1650726c6bb3a92ee8bcae9cdfb248"], [38060,"When the public does not trust science: What can journalists do about it?","[\"Suzannah Lyons\", \"Johan Lidberg\"]","While overall levels of trust and interest in science are high, a significant proportion of audiences are distrustful of or disinterested in science. This is not an esoteric concern. Science literacy is important for the meaningful participation of the public in discussions about the impact of science on society at a time when many key global problems have some basis in science. There are also private benefits for individuals, like preventing them from being misled by misinformation and disinformation. What can science journalists do to address these issues? Using a global media ethics lens, this study deployed a mixed methods approach including surveys and semi-structured interviews, to evaluate how science journalists can produce stories that better engage audiences with science, thereby potentially increasing science literacy. By revealing the cultural barriers holding science back, inherent tensions between journalistic working practices and conveying the true nature of science but also how these might be overcome, the project outlined what strong science journalism could look like in Australia in 2024.","Australian Journalism Review",null,"Australian Journalism Review",26,0,null,"2024-10-01T00:00:00","ff7464a838f06d79fcd527511d43cae74ce40b8b"], [38061,"Determining Trust in Information: Initial Literature Review","[\"Tara Zimmerman\", \"J. Allen\"]","Pew Research Center's findings reveal a notable trend: U.S. adults under the age of thirty exhibit a level of trust in information on social media that is comparable to their trust in traditional news outlets (Liedke & Gottfriend, 2022). This is particularly significant given the growing concern over misinformation, with a staggering 95% of Americans acknowledging its prevalence in society (Seitz & Fingerhut, 2021). To explore the factors influencing individuals' trust in information, researchers conducted a preliminary review of the literature, focusing on information science. This preliminary review identified seven major themes (health, politics & business, information sources, social factors, age groups, education & language, and privacy & security) that will guide a more extensive systematic review in the future. These themes provide valuable insights into the complexities of trust in information and should serve as a foundation for further investigation. Insights derived from this preliminary review are invaluable for scholars and practitioners seeking a deeper understanding of information trust dynamics. By illuminating these complex factors, this research lays the groundwork for future studies and interventions aimed at enhancing information trust among the general public.","Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology",null,"Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology",5,0,null,"2024-10-01T00:00:00","7a23e864f323f0ade77c028760b8ce59434cb869"], [38062,"Empowering Students to Understand Climate Change and Recognize Disinformation","[\"Henry Jakubowski\", \"Nicholas Bock\"]","Climate change caused predominately by carbon dioxide (CO2) from fossil fuel use is a critical issue for our future. It is incumbent on science educators to learn about it and teach it in ways that illustrate the power of science to understand climatic changes and model past, present, and possible climate futures. It is equally important for educators to address alternative explanations that do not cause present warming. We provide sufficient background to understand the effects of atmospheric CO2 on climate, how we know past values of both CO2 and temperature, and how mathematical models lead to a quantitative understanding and predictions of increases in temperature on doubling atmospheric CO2. We discuss alternative but incorrect explanations for present warming that are employed by those who use misinformation and disinformation to take attention away from the main cause, the burning of fossil fuels. Guided student activities are provided to help students develop an understanding of the causes and strategies to mitigate the worst effects of climate change. We must provide students with a sound understanding of climate change to empower them with the knowledge to make effective choices. Informed students can develop into agents of change as we prepare them to live in their changing climate futures.","The American Biology Teacher",null,"The American history teacher",17,0,null,"2024-10-01T00:00:00","78167e2c4df2ce8b030f39c038b41bee208829dd"], [38063,"AI For Real-Time Detection And Mitigation Of Fake News Via Multi-Source Verification","[\"Aayam Bansal\"]","The drought of fake news in the cover of the digital age makes information quality and its influence by senses. To address this issue, this paper introduces an innovative process to counter the misinformation spread by designing a real-time detection and mitigation model which is based on an AI Environment. Existing solutions do postpublication fact-checking, but our proposed system performs cross-verification of news sources for extracting facts from publications, it observes language patterns and compares content with trusted databases, analyzing the reliability among them in real-time. We empirically show that this approach achieves a significant improvement in performance over the state-of-the-art on both the LIAR dataset and real-time social media analysis. Our results demonstrate that the system is able to attain 89% of accuracy on detecting fake news, with a processing latency lower than 1.5s per article. It provides a real-time scalable solution to detect and combat fake news, assisting in the continued fight to keep online information accurate","IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering",null,"IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering",0,0,"This paper introduces an innovative process to counter the misinformation spread by designing a real-time detection and mitigation model based on an AI Environment which is able to attain 89% of accuracy on detecting fake news, with a processing latency lower than 1.5s per article.","2024-10-01T00:00:00","ca2caa31c52c49eccb7e72f514f5058a21dcec4f"], [38064,"86.2 The Good, the Bad, and the Misinformed: Social Media Psychoeducation","[\"Jennifer Yen\"]",null,"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry",null,"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry",0,0,null,"2024-10-01T00:00:00","f16c523236258ac65b81a26d8bbe971718e49de2"], [38065,"Divide & Conquer: Critical Informatics Approaches to Disinformation","[\"Emma May\", \"Britt Paris\"]","In this paper, we use a critical informatics approach to investigate institutional disinformation around 2022–23 labor organizing at three higher education institutions: Rutgers University, Temple University, and the University of California. Our contribution to the study of disinformation is the application of critical informatics perspectives that attend to structural power dynamics of disinformation within an institutional context. Understanding the political economic dynamics of disinformation and how these dynamics function can help more solidly contextualize and clarify how and why disinformation exists across different information systems, so that solutions to this social and institutional problem of disinformation can be more appropriately addressed and understood. The study describes disinformation tactics employed by institutional leaders during higher education labor organizing including: non‐performative commitments to “community”, legal threats, misleading victories, and elite capture.","Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology",null,"Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology",30,0,"The study describes disinformation tactics employed by institutional leaders during higher education labor organizing including: non‐performative commitments to “community”, legal threats, misleading victories, and elite capture.","2024-10-01T00:00:00","db422e1c2b94e35680f4760feac2375aef97ac8b"], [38066,"Are Prompts All You Need?: Chatting with ChatGPT on Disinformation Policy Understanding","[\"Haihua Chen\", \"Komala Subramanyam Cherukuri\", \"Xiaohua Awa Zhu\", \"Shengnan Yang\"]","ChatGPT has shown promise in assisting qualitative researchers with coding. Previous efforts have primarily focused on datasets derived from interviews and observations, leaving document analysis, another crucial data source, relatively unexplored. In this project, we address the rapidly emerging topic of disinformation regulatory policy as a pilot to investigate ChatGPT's potential for document analysis. We adapt our existing qualitative research framework, which identifies five key components of disinformation policy: context, actors, issue, instrument, and channel, to sketch out policy documents. We then designed a two‐stage experiment employing a multi‐layer workflow using a dataset with highly relevant policy documents from US federal government departments. Through iteratively developing and refining six different prompt strategies, we identified an effective few‐shot learning strategy that achieved 72.0% accuracy and a 70.8% F‐score with the optimal prompt. Our experimental process and outcomes explore the feasibility of using ChatGPT to support manual coding for policy documents and suggest a coding approach for conducting explicit document analysis through an interactive process between researchers and ChatGPT. Furthermore, our results initiate a wider debate on how to integrate human logic with ChatGPT logic, along with the evolving relationship between researchers and AI tools.","Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology",null,"Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology",13,0,null,"2024-10-01T00:00:00","36c3b6ad30da918818cd887850ff3dc8c7381f6e"], [38067,"State responses to counter disinformation in USA, Greece and Republic of Moldova","[\"Theofilos Marousis\"]","In several countries, there are voices that ask for government to take steps to restrict information falseness, reduce the news that misrepresent reality and restore people’s trust in media. In USA, legislation is introduced regarding political advertisement, public’s protection from deceptive practices and audience manipulation. Greece endeavors for digital transformation across the spectrum of the public sector, which will promote to have eventually more valid and transparent information flow. The Republic of Moldova is making legislation reforms to modernize its policies and create a more stable environment that potentially brings her closer to the European reforms. In this article, we focus on public policies against disinformation in three different countries including United States, Greece and Moldova. Each state applies its own approach in order to deal with the problem","Studia Universitatis Moldaviae. Seria Ştiinţe Umanistice",null,"Studia Universitatis Moldaviae. Seria Ştiinţe Umanistice",0,0,null,"2024-10-01T00:00:00","4ff845d4f52344750f460a366ebce2abd321257f"], [38068,"Artificial intelligence and disinformation literacy programmes used by European fact-checkers","[\"Hada M. S\\u00e1nchez Gonzales\", \"Mar\\u00eda S\\u00e1nchez Gonz\\u00e1lez\", \"Mari\\u00e1n Alonso-Gonz\\u00e1lez\"]","Media literacy is a tool of prevention, which is useful in strengthening the resilience to disinformation. Artificial intelligence (hereinafter AI) offers solutions in the fight against fake news, but also implies ethical challenges regarding its use. This research explores the use of AI in Europe for verifying information, as well as the development of training programmes focused on AI literacy in relation to disinformation. To this end, the authors have used semi-structured interviews with verifiers who belong to the European Fact-Checking Standards Network. The results confirm that the literacy of fact-checkers is still in the nascent stages, and that the use of AI continues to evolve, especially around image verification. Although its implementation in newsrooms is quite common nowadays, there is still a lack of policies and principles needed in order to achieve a true symbiosis.","Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies",null,"Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies",52,0,"This research explores the use of AI in Europe for verifying information, as well as the development of training programmes focused on AI literacy in relation to disinformation, and confirms that the literacy of fact-checkers is still in the nascent stages.","2024-10-01T00:00:00","e475a5a7473edcd836019f26382d8c38d8295ef6"], [38069,"Children and young people’s views on disinformation: A qualitative study from Portugal","[\"Sara Pereira\", \"Daniel Brand\\u00e3o\", \"Mariana Menezes Neumann\", \"Margarida Toscano\"]","This article aims to analyse the perspectives of children and young people about disinformation and news consumption. Based on the inputs of participants and their own perceptions on the matter we explore how the disinformation phenomenon is present in their daily lives, the different ways they experience and perceive its potential impact on society, as well as strategies adopted to tackle it. The analysis is based on data obtained from 38 focus groups held with 257 children and young people attending sixth (11–13 years old), ninth (14–16 years old) and twelfth (17–20 years old) grades in public schools in mainland Portugal. Results indicated that they have access to news regularly; however, it is not pursued to fulfil a particular purpose. Televised news constitutes the main source of news consumption. News broadcasted on TV are perceived as the most reliable source if compared to online information and social networks, which are considered more susceptible to fake news, although responses indicated that children and youth do not analyse information thoroughly. Disinformation is a relatively familiar issue for a portion of the participants but is seen as neither a problem nor a concern. There is a weak awareness about the impacts and consequences of this phenomenon, although there are differences according to age.","Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies",null,"Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies",17,0,null,"2024-10-01T00:00:00","de2506c35ab46bac33a960b28838911213de824f"], [38070,"Fuelling climate change disinformation: Global narratives distorting environmental risks in North America, Europe and Latin America","[\"Dolors Palau-Sampio\", \"Paz Cris\\u00f3stomo Flores\", \"Maria Josep Pic\\u00f3 Garc\\u00e9s\"]","The production and dissemination of disinformation is a global phenomenon in relation to sensitive issues such as climate change. This article analyses the activity (n = 419) of nine independent platforms debunking disinformation in North America, Europe and Latin America. Findings show that most fact-checking results were false or misleading (86.4%). Four main conclusions are drawn. Firstly, regardless of language, geographical or cultural differences, there is a consistent presence of manipulated content across countries, confirming the worrying levels of disinformation on climate change. Secondly, three central narratives for spreading disinformation have been identified: denial of scientific evidence, distortion of science and attribution of ulterior motives to action on climate change, often linked to conspiracy theories. Although there are differences in terms of representation, these narratives are prevalent in the three regions. Thirdly, these narratives revolve around topics such as meteorology, natural phenomena and temperature or the distortion of evidence about the effects of climate change. Finally, social media (52.5%) and websites and pseudo-media (25.8%) are the main sources of climate change disinformation.","Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies",null,"Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies",42,0,null,"2024-10-01T00:00:00","75e72d388bf6258f546a9605a26789e2602ba6a2"], [38071,"The consolidation of disinformation as a discipline: Reflections, challenges and perspectives for future action","[\"Mar\\u00eda Jos\\u00e9 Ufarte Ru\\u00edz\"]","This viewpoint presents an overview of the theoretical developments and main research lines in the areas of disinformation, fact-checking and civic responsibility. To that end, it analyses the academic response to this issue in order to consider the primary trends and map out these questions in general terms. Three areas for future research are identified: proposals to achieve territorial, social and economic cohesion to fight this threat; exploratory studies into the new state of information and media literacy; the development of artificial intelligence systems that are free of bias to assist journalists in the early detection of disinformation.","Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies",null,"Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies",30,0,null,"2024-10-01T00:00:00","f7f699f164ba7940828741f6a70ce481641cb174"], [38072,"Disinformation and climate crisis: Challenges and proposals for the future","[\"Ra\\u00fal Magall\\u00f3n-Rosa\", \"Mabel S\\u00e1nchez-Torres\"]","This viewpoint analyses the relationship between the climate crisis and democratic quality, considering the various reports and studies that have been published on the role of disinformation in identifying the main global risks. To define the lines of action, a cross-cutting perspective is required to distinguish between obstructionist, denialist and sceptical narratives, but at the same time, another perspective, from the consequences for citizens in terms of apathy, disconnection or information anxiety. To this end, we define the main challenges in research on climate disinformation in the coming years and the types of social and academic response that have the greatest potential, including media literacy, specialized training for journalism and communication professionals, as well as the creation of institutional collaboration networks.","Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies",null,"Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies",18,0,null,"2024-10-01T00:00:00","0535927c87a91aec3622038d0b6f5a221f2e146b"], [38073,"Tracking of Disinformation Sources: Examining Pages and URLs","[\"Chun-Ming Lai\", \"Yi-Hua Guo\"]","Online social media (OSM) platforms have become hotbeds for various cybercrimes. Attackers often employ “shotgun” approaches, slightly altering their malicious content to evade detection and distributing it across multiple OSM channels to target more victims. This tactic is used to launch fake news, political propaganda, and social engineering attacks. To address these issues, we propose a novel framework that uses artificial intelligence (AI) to effectively trace the source of disinformation and detect content with abnormal similarities. Our approach not only analyzes the content itself but also focuses on the external uniform resource locators (URLs) associated with the content and the specific pages where the malicious content appears. The framework is designed to filter out suspicious content, external URLs, and channels based on a few verified instances of disinformation, using an adaptive approach that can quickly respond to evolving disinformation tactics. The framework was evaluated using a real dataset and revealed that certain channels on OSM platforms function as critical bridges between normal and disinformation clusters. Our study offers valuable insights for OSM platforms and administrators to proactively detect clusters of disinformation messages, external URLs, and channels with only a small number of manually verified samples. Additionally, it illuminates the role and dynamics of how disinformation evolves and spreads, which can aid in developing more effective strategies to combat disinformation on OSM platforms.","IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems",null,"IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems",21,0,"A novel framework that uses artificial intelligence (AI) to effectively trace the source of disinformation and detect content with abnormal similarities is proposed, which illuminates the role and dynamics of how disinformation evolves and spreads, which can aid in developing more effective strategies to combat disinformation on OSM platforms.","2024-10-01T00:00:00","b9e67d8ff7114d25cc3d10ebacfa2c4d4b1a0435"], [38074,"Concerning disinformation.","[\"D. Hassall\"]",null,"British dental journal",null,"British Dental Journal",3,1,null,"2024-10-01T00:00:00","a762a1d926c5826dd0f22bf97bb2af12d3734ca9"], [38075,"Do Markets Pay Attention to Political Disinformation?","[\"Christopher A. Hartwell\", \"Elena Hubschmid-Vierheilig\"]",null,"Finance Research Letters",null,"Finance Research Letters",18,1,null,"2024-10-01T00:00:00","cdad1752ae7d4696bedbdf69ac866e9f424c6b37"], [38076,"Dictators, disinformation, disputed outcomes and more: must-read books for a big election year.","[\"Rumman Chowdhury\", \"Ole J Forsberg\", \"Li Qian Tay\", \"Roukaya Kasenally\", \"Bridgett A King\"]",null,"Nature",null,"Nature",0,0,null,"2024-10-01T00:00:00","9e8bd13304efca7971bfefef5ed5f5dd7c2d240a"], [38077,"AIpocalypse Now? Disinformation, AI, and the Super Election Year","[\"Randolf Carr\", \"Paula K\\u00f6hler\"]",null,null,null,"",0,0,null,"2024-10-01T00:00:00","d2efbefb6e7ea4a1c3fe7207dbac3ac3edab562b"], [38078,"Debunking practices and topics: Fact-checking agencies from the United Kingdom, France and Spain","[\"Pablo Hidalgo-Cobo\", \"Casandra L\\u00f3pez-Marcos\", \"Bel\\u00e9n Puebla-Mart\\u00ednez\"]","This study focuses on debunking social media hoaxes as a critical issue for both fact checkers and democracies, as it is partially linked to the international and geopolitical scope of disinformation. The objective is to compare the debunking practices of seven fact-checking agencies from United Kingdom, France and Spain classified by its international, national or regional scope: Les Observateurs (France), Logically (United Kingdom), Les Vérificateurs (France), Full Fact (United Kingdom), Newtral (Spain), Ferret Fact (United Kingdom) and Verificat (Spain). Explorative, descriptive and inferential statistical quantitative research based on the analysis of content over eight hundred posts between July and August 2023 was conducted. The results partly confirm the objective of debunking as preventing the spread of a story, since the public health approach based on verification (labelling as ‘false’ rather offering in-depth explanation) is the prevailing trend, irrespective of the section. Nevertheless, the public health or public reason approach depends on the agency, as some agencies – including the two French – provide more detailed explanations with clear public reason approach, even in the treatment of international conflicts. Results also show significant homogeneity in terms of the major issues covered (inclusion and migration, environment, health and science, international conflicts, etc.), although the relative weight of each section varies significantly in each agency, including those of the same scope.","Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies",null,"Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies",41,0,null,"2024-10-01T00:00:00","2bfeba5c4b69a404680fad37482e70e2b9f1c365"], [38079,"Parliamentary discourse and fact-checkers: Strategies of verification and political agenda","[\"E. Campos-Dom\\u00ednguez\", \"Cristina Renedo-Farp\\u00f3n\"]","Disinformation, a pervasive issue in contemporary society, significantly influences citizens’ political decision-making. In response, fact-checking has emerged as a prominent movement, striving to enhance journalistic standards. Although this trend has sparked substantial academic research, only a few studies have thoroughly examined the impact of these journalistic practices on society. Moreover, while fact-checking agencies monitor parliamentary messages, research on the interplay between fact-checkers and legislative activity remains in its infancy. This research addresses the role of fact-checkers in the context of parliamentary disinformation in Spain and their presence in the speeches of MPs, as well as the importance given by fact-checking agencies themselves to parliamentary speeches and the perception citizens have when discussing disinformation. We are interested in knowing what presence they have in parliamentary speeches, what importance the fact-checkers themselves give to parliamentary speeches and what perception citizens have of them when disinformation in parliament is discussed. To this aim, we propose a mixed methodological approach in three phases: (1) documentary analysis of disinformation published in the Bulletins of Congress and the Spanish Parliament, as well as in the speeches made by the Joint Commission on National Security; (2) in-depth interviews with three journalists from the main Spanish verification agencies working on parliamentary activity: Newtral, Maldita and Efe Verifica; (3) citizen focus groups to address different questions about the ecosystem of information disinformation in Spain. The results show growing attention to disinformation in the parliamentary context; verifiers occupy a relevant space in the political discourse, even replacing mentions of traditional journalists when discussing disinformation, and this contrasts with the lack of recognition by citizens who, despite referring to it as a problem for democracy, barely mention the work of verification agencies in their discourse.","Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies",null,"Catalan Journal of Communication & Cultural Studies",24,0,null,"2024-10-01T00:00:00","ae533ef4dd5c81b52a43d6fca32be6092c8f5f25"], [38080,"Subjetividad y fake news: Análisis de las noticias falsas en el proceso de sujeción","[\"Gonzalo Correa Rivera\", \"Gonzalo Lobos Sep\\u00falveda\", \"Johan S\\u00e1nchez Salazar\"]",null,"Límite (Arica)",null,"Límite",0,0,null,"2024-10-01T00:00:00","61c7da6504a24077ef024d258addddcdfd6d28c4"], [38081,"The Role of Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Spreading Rumors and Fake News, and Their Effect on National Security","[\"Hala Ahmed Elhoussainy\"]",null,"المجلة العلمية لبحوث الصحافة",null,"المجلة العلمیة لبحوث الصحافة",0,0,null,"2024-10-01T00:00:00","63f0d85c0c5544b206bbe449c4da7ee58a16bc74"], [38082,"Stochastic bilevel interdiction for fake news control in online social networks","[\"Kati Moug\", \"Siqian Shen\"]",null,"Comput. Oper. Res.",null,"Computers & Operations Research",34,0,null,"2024-10-01T00:00:00","d22d905459793cf738361eef81142dea2a4d9ea8"], [38083,"AI in Fake News Detection: Balancing Technological Efficacy and Ethical Integrity","[\"Aditya Sheth\"]","